Biography:Hermann Oberth

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Short description: Austro-Hungarian-born German physicist and rocketry pioneer (1894–1989)
Hermann Oberth
Hermann Oberth 1950s.jpg
Oberth in the 1950s
Born
Hermann Julius Oberth

(1894-06-25)25 June 1894
Nagyszeben (Hermannstadt), Austria-Hungary (today Sibiu, Romania)
Died28 December 1989(1989-12-28) (aged 95)
Nuremberg, West Germany
NationalityGerman
Alma materUniversity of Cluj
AwardsPrix REP-Hirsch, 1929; Wilhelm Exner Medal 1969[1]
Scientific career
FieldsAstronautics and physics
Doctoral advisorAugustin Maior
Notable studentsWernher von Braun[2]
Signature
Oberth signature.jpg

Hermann Julius Oberth (German: [ˈhɛrman ˈjuːli̯ʊs ˈoːbɛrt]; 25 June 1894 – 28 December 1989) was an Austro-Hungarian-born German physicist and rocket pioneer of Transylvanian Saxon descent.[3] He is considered one of the founding fathers of rocketry and astronautics, along with Robert Esnault-Pelterie, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert H. Goddard and Herman Potočnik (also known under the pseudonym Hermann Noordung).[4][5] Oberth supported Nazi Germany's war effort and received the War Merit Cross (1st Class) in 1943.[6]

Early life

Hermann Oberth as a young boy, c. 1901

Oberth was born into a Transylvanian Saxon family in Nagyszeben (Hermannstadt), Kingdom of Hungary (today Sibiu in Romania);[7] and besides his native German, he was fluent in Hungarian and Romanian as well. At the age of 11, Oberth's interest in rocketry was sparked by the novels of Jules Verne, especially From the Earth to the Moon and Around the Moon. He was fond of reading them over and over until they were engraved in his memory.[8] As a result, Oberth constructed his first model rocket as a school student at the age of 14. In his youthful experiments, he arrived independently at the concept of the multistage rocket. During this time, however, he lacked the resources to put his ideas into practice.

In 1912, Oberth began studying medicine in Munich, Germany, but after World War I broke out, he was drafted into the Imperial German Army, assigned to an infantry battalion, and sent to the Eastern Front against Russia. In 1915, Oberth was moved into a medical unit at a hospital in Segesvár (German: Schäßburg; Romanian: Sighișoara), Transylvania, in Austria-Hungary (today Romania).[9] There he found the spare time to conduct a series of experiments concerning weightlessness, and later resumed his rocketry designs. By 1917, he showed designs of a missile using liquid propellant with a range of 290 km (180 mi) to Hermann von Stein, the Prussian Minister of War.[10]

On 6 July 1918, Oberth married Mathilde Hummel, with whom he had four children. Among Oberth's children, one lost his life as a soldier during World War II. His daughter, Ilse (born 1924), died on August 28, 1944, in an accidental explosion at the Redl-Zipf V-2 rocket engine test facility and liquid oxygen plant where she worked as a rocket technician. In 1919, Oberth once again moved to Germany, this time to study physics, initially in Munich and later at the University of Göttingen.

In 1922, Oberth's proposed doctoral dissertation on rocket science was rejected as "utopian". However, professor Augustin Maior of the University of Cluj in Romania offered Oberth the opportunity to defend his original dissertation there in order to receive a doctorate.[11] He did so successfully on 23 May 1923.[9] He next had his 92-page work published privately in June 1923 as the somewhat controversial book, Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen[12] ("The Rocket into Planetary Space").[13] By 1929, Oberth had expanded this work to a 429-page book titled Wege zur Raumschiffahrt ("Ways to Spaceflight").[14] Oberth commented later that he made the deliberate choice not to write another doctoral dissertation. He wrote, "I refrained from writing another one, thinking to myself: Never mind, I will prove that I am able to become a greater scientist than some of you, even without the title of Doctor."[15] Oberth criticized the German system of education, saying "Our educational system is like an automobile which has strong rear lights, brightly illuminating the past. But looking forward, things are barely discernible."[15]

Oberth became in 1927 a member of the Verein für Raumschiffahrt (VfR) – the "Spaceflight Society" – an amateur rocketry group that had taken great inspiration from his book, and Oberth acted as something of a mentor to the enthusiasts who joined the Society, which included persons such as Wernher von Braun, Rolf Engel, Rudolf Nebel or Paul Ehmayr. Oberth lacked the opportunities to work or to teach at the college or university level, as did many well-educated experts in the physical sciences and engineering in the time period of the 1920s through the 1930s – with the situation becoming much worse during the worldwide Great Depression that started in 1929. Therefore, from 1924 through 1938, Oberth supported himself and his family by teaching physics and mathematics at the Stephan Ludwig Roth High School in Mediaș, Romania.[9]

Rocketry and spaceflight

During portions of 1928 and 1929, Oberth served as a scientific advisor in Berlin for the film "Frau im Mond" ("The Woman in the Moon"). This pioneering film was directed and produced by the renowned filmmaker Fritz Lang, in collaboration with the Universum Film AG company. The film was of enormous value in popularizing the ideas of rocketry and space exploration. One of Oberth's main assignments was to build and launch a rocket as a publicity event just before the film's premiere. He also designed the model of the Friede, the main rocket portrayed in the film.

On June 5, 1929, Oberth won the inaugural Prix REP-Hirsch (REP-Hirsch Award) from the French Astronomical Society. This honor recognized his significant contributions to the field of astronautics and interplanetary travel, specifically highlighted in his book Wege zur Raumschiffahrt[14] ("Ways to Spaceflight"). The book, an expanded version of Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen ("The Rocket to Interplanetary Space"), secured his position as a prominent figure in the field.[16] The volume is dedicated to Fritz Lang and Thea von Harbou.[14]

Opel RAK.1 - World's first public flight of a manned rocket-powered plane on September 30, 1929

Oberth's student Max Valier joined forces with Fritz von Opel to create the world's first large-scale experimental rocket program Opel-RAK, leading to speed records for ground and rail vehicles and the world's first rocket plane. Opel RAK.1, a purpose-built design by Julius Hatry,[17] was demonstrated to the public and world media on September 30, 1929, piloted by von Opel. Valier's and von Opel's demonstrations had a strong and long-lasting impact on later spaceflight pioneers, in particular on another of Oberth's students, Wernher von Braun.

Shortly after the Opel RAK team's successful liquid-fuel rocket launches of April 10 and 12, 1929 by Friedrich Wilhelm Sander at Opel Rennbahn in Rüsselsheim, Oberth conducted in the autumn of 1929 a static firing of his first liquid-fueled rocket motor, which he named the Kegeldüse. The engine was built by Klaus Riedel in a workshop space provided by the Reich Institution of Chemical Technology, and although it lacked a cooling system, it did run briefly.[18] He was helped in this experiment by an 18-year-old student Wernher von Braun, who would later become a giant in both German and American rocket engineering from the 1940s onward, culminating with the gigantic Saturn V rockets that made it possible for man to land on the Moon in 1969 and in several following years. Indeed, Von Braun said of him:

Hermann Oberth was the first who, when thinking about the possibility of spaceships, grabbed a slide-rule and presented mathematically analyzed concepts and designs ... I, myself, owe to him not only the guiding-star of my life, but also my first contact with the theoretical and practical aspects of rocketry and space travel. A place of honor should be reserved in the history of science and technology for his ground-breaking contributions in the field of astronautics.[2]

Basic research and technical drafts

The rocket in spaceflight

In 1923, Oberth's book The Rocket to the Planetary Spaces was published.[12] This publication is generally regarded as a kind of initial spark for rocket and space travel enthusiasm in Germany. Many later rocket engineers were inspired by his precise and comprehensive theoretical considerations and his bold conclusions.[19] The work sparked heated debates, known at the time as the Battle of the Many Formulas. The second edition appeared in 1925, and it was also sold out after a short time.[20] In his book, Oberth puts forward the following theses:

  • Premise 1: With the current level of science and technology, the construction of machines that can fly higher than the Earth's atmosphere is likely.
  • Premise 2: With further refinement, these machines can reach such speeds that they do not have to fall back to the Earth's surface and are even able to leave the Earth's sphere of attraction.
  • Premise 3: Such machines can be built in such a way that people (probably without health problems) can ride up with them.
  • Premise 4: Under certain economic conditions, the construction of such machines can be worthwhile. Such conditions can occur in a few decades.

With the launch of Sputnik (1957) and the flight of Yuri Gagarin (1961) into space, these ideas, which were still completely utopian at the beginning of the 1920s, became a reality less than four decades later. "The rockets were only a means to an end, his goal was space travel."[21] Oberth thought of interplanetary space travel, of a multiplanetary humanity. In his first book in 1923 he gives the first "outlook": He goes into more detail on physical and physical-chemical, as well as physiological experiments in weightless space, on the space telescope, research into the solar corona, the space station for Earth observation and the space mirror in Earth orbit for influencing the weather[12] The third, greatly expanded edition of his first book was published by Oberth in 1929 with the new title Ways to Spaceflight.[14] In the years that followed, the book became the standard work for space exploration and rocket technology and was called the "Bible of scientific astronautics" by the French aviation and rocket pioneer Robert Esnault-Pelterie[20] (page 117). In this book, Oberth describes possible uses of his two-stage rocket, among other things on pages 285 to 333 the crewed space flight including space suit for external use, the space telescope for Earth observation and the duration of interplanetary flights, on pages 333 to 350 his ideas and the theoretical basis for space stations in near Earth orbit from 700 to 1200 km above the ground for Earth and weather observation and as a starting point for flights to the Moon and to the planets, on pages 336 to 351 he explains the construction and function of the space mirror[12][14] he invented in 1923 with 100 bis 300 km in diameter in Earth orbit, with which, among other things, the weather is to be influenced in a targeted regional manner or the solar radiation is to be weakened in a targeted regional manner. On pages 350 to 386 in the chapter "Journeys to Strange Worlds", Hermann Oberth presents his scientific considerations and calculations for flights (including landings) to the Moon, to Asteroids, to Mars, to Venus, to Mercury and to Comets.

Space Mirror

In 1923, Oberth initially outlined the concept of his space mirrors in his book Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen ("The Rocket to Interplanetary Space"). These mirrors, with diameters ranging from 100 to 300 km, were envisioned to be composed of a grid network consisting of individually adjustable facets.

Oberth's concept of space mirrors in orbit around the Earth serves the purpose of focusing sunlight on specific regions of the planet's surface or redirecting it into space. This approach differs from creating shaded areas at the Lagrange point between the Earth and the Sun, as it does not involve diminishing solar radiation across the entire exposed surface. According to Oberth, these colossal orbital mirrors possess the potential to illuminate individual cities, safeguard against natural disasters, manipulate weather patterns and climate, and even create additional living space for billions of people. He places significant emphasis on their capacity to influence the trajectories of barometric high and low-pressure areas. However, it is important to acknowledge that the implementation of such climate engineering interventions, including space mirrors, requires further extensive research before their practical applicability can be fully realized.

Further publications followed in which he took into account the technical progress achieved up to that point: "Ways to Spaceflight" (1929), Menschen im Weltraum. Neue Projekte für Raketen-und Raumfahrt ("People in Space. New Projects for Rocket and Space", 1957), and Der Weltraumspiegel ("The Space Mirror", 1978).

To optimize costs, Oberth's concept proposes the utilization of lunar minerals for producing components on the Moon. The Moon's lower gravitational pull necessitates less energy for launching these components into lunar orbit. Additionally, the Earth's atmosphere is spared the burden of numerous rocket launches. The envisioned process involves launching the components from the lunar surface into lunar orbit using an electromagnetic lunar slingshot, subsequently "stacking" them at a 60° libration point. These components could then be transported into orbit via electric spaceships, designed by Oberth with minimal recoil. Once in orbit, the components would be assembled into mirrors with diameters ranging from 100 to 300 km. Oberth's estimate in 1978 suggested that the realization of this concept could occur between 2018 and 2038.

Oberth emphasized that these mirrors could potentially serve as weapons. Given this aspect, coupled with the complexity of the project, the realization of these mirrors would only be feasible as a peace initiative undertaken by humanity.[12](pages=87–88),[14](pages=177–506),[22](pages=125–182),[23][24]

In 2023, the space mirror devised by Oberth is categorized within the field of Climate Engineering, specifically under Solar Radiation Management (SRM) as a subset of Space-Mirrors. The associated risks of these deliberate interventions in weather and climate are also examined and deliberated upon within this classification.

The Moon Car

Hermann Oberth published his concept of a moving and jumping lunar vehicle for future, extensive lunar exploration in 1953.[25][26] In his considerations, he assumed that large distances should be covered quickly and that extensive fissures/ravines or impassable terrain that block the way should be overcome so that large detours can be avoided. The vehicle, which would weigh about 10000 kg on Earth and only 1654 kg on the Moon due to the weak gravitational pull, would be built on Earth, transported to the Moon and dropped on the lunar surface. The tower-like structure has only one leg and it stands on a tracked chassis with a footprint of 2.5 m x 2.5 m. A motor with 51.5 kW of power is sufficient to drive at a speed of up to 150 km/h, depending on the terrain. The required energy in the form of electrical current is supplied by the solar power plant above the crew cabin and the gyroscope. The leg is a gas-tight cylinder in which the 4.5 m long "jumping leg" can move up and down like a piston in a shock absorber and can be extended and retracted for jumping. The powerful gyroscope above the crew cabin keeps the vehicle vertical and ensures that the vehicle can never tilt more than 45 degrees. The jumps could be up to 125 m high and several 100 m wide. Jumping would occur if the vehicle had to overcome an impassable area or fissures/ravines, or if it had to get from a higher location (e.g. a mountain terrace) to a lower location or vice versa.[27] Oberth writes: "I wanted to present my readers not just with a rough sketch of the lunar car, but with drawings and descriptions based on precise calculations and designs. So I racked my brains over hundreds of details, calculated, compared, constructed, rejected and re-planned until the design was such that I could present it with a clear conscience. Now I can say: I am sure that my moon car can be built." Feasibility studies or development work on Oberth's lunar vehicle have not begun until 2023 because there are no concrete plans for lunar exploration in which such a large vehicle could be used.

Ion propulsion for interplanetary spaceflight

The principle of ion propulsion was first presented in 1929 by the space pioneer Hermann Oberth in his work Ways to Spaceflight,[14] which is referred to as the "Bible of Space Technology"[20](page 117), in which he describes for the first time the physics, the function, the construction and the use for the interplanetary flight of an ion engine on pages 386 to 399. Oberth also presented at the 12th Rocket and Space Conference of the Deutsche Raketen-Gesellschaft (DRG) (German Rocket Society) in September 1963 in Hamburg/FRG a new idea for the electric spaceship.[28] Quote: "My proposal concerns an electric spaceship that does not emit ions and electrons, but rather nebula droplets that are 1,000 to 100,000 times larger in size depending on the project and to form an ion or electron as a condensation nucleus."

Tasks in World War II

From 1923 to 1938 Oberth worked with short breaks in 1929 and 1930 as a high school teacher for physics and mathematics in his home country Transylvania in Romania.[20] The Romanian Hermann Oberth, known worldwide in the professional world, with his many foreign contacts, was regarded as a security risk for the secrecy of the development work on Aggregate 4 in Peenemünde. Therefore, from June 1938 he was employed / sidelined from June 1938 by means of a two-year research contract with the German Research Institute for Aviation (DVL) at the Vienna University of Technology and then from July 1940 at the University of Technology Dresden in the Greater German Reich.[29] When he wanted to return to Transylvania in May 1941, he received German citizenship and was conscripted in August 1941 under the alias "Friedrich Hann"[30](page 58) to the Army Research Institute Peenemünde, where the world's first large rocket, the Aggregat 4 - later called "Vergeltungswaffe V2" - was developed under the direction of Wernher von Braun. Oberth was not involved in this work[30](page 58),[19](page 150),[29](page 157–164 ) and[31](Page 101), but placed in the patent review[32](page 144),[19](page 94) and wrote various reports, for example " About the best outline of multi-stage rockets" and about " Defense against enemy planes with large, remote-controlled solid missile".[32][19] (Oberth criticized the V2 design because, in his view, it was too complicated and too expensive for military purposes. He would have developed a solid fuel rocket for the V2's intended purposes.)[20] Around September 1943, he was awarded the Kriegsverdienstkreuz I Klasse mit Schwertern (War Merit Cross 1st Class, with Swords) for his "outstanding, courageous behavior ... during the attack" on 17./18. Aug 1943 on Peenemünde by Operation Hydra, part of Allied operations against the German rocket programme.[6] In December 1943 Oberth asked for his transfer[31](Page 101) to WASAG in Reinsdorf near Wittenberg/FRG to develop the anti-aircraft solid missile recommended by him. He fled from there in April 1945, had to go to two different US internment camps, was released in August 1945 as a "person unaffected by the Nazi era" and came to live with his family in Feucht (Middle Franconia) FRG,[20][21][19] where his family had already moved in 1943.[20] Feucht is located near the regional capital of Nuremberg, which became part of the American Zone of occupied Germany, and also the location of the high-level war-crimes trials of the surviving Nazi leaders.

Post-war period

Hermann Oberth (forefront) with officials of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency at Huntsville, Alabama in 1956. Left to right around Oberth: Ernst Stuhlinger (seated), Major General Holger Toftoy, Commanding Officer responsible for "Project Paperclip", Wernher von Braun, Director, Development Operations Division, Robert Lusser, a Project Paperclip engineer who returned to Germany in 1959.

Oberth was not involved in the American "Project Paperclip" because he was not involved in the development of the Aggregat 4 - later called "Vergeltungswaffe V2". For Oberth there was no employment in Germany either as a teacher of physics or mathematics or as a scientist. That is why Hermann Oberth went to Switzerland in 1948 and worked there both as a scientific consultant and as an author for the specialist journal Interavia. In the years 1950 to 1953 he was in the service of the Italian Navy and developed a solid fuel rocket. In 1953, Oberth returned to Feucht, Germany, to publish his book Menschen im Weltraum (Man into Space), in which he described his ideas for space-based reflecting telescopes, space stations, electric-powered spaceships, and space suits. Oberth eventually worked from 1955 for his former assistant Wernher von Braun, who was developing space rockets for NASA in Huntsville, Alabama. Among other things, Oberth was involved in preparing the study "The Development of Space Technology in the Next Ten Years". In 1958 Oberth was back in Feucht, Germany, where he published his ideas for a lunar exploration vehicle, a "moon catapult", and "damped" helicopters and airplanes. In 1961, back in the United States, Oberth worked for Convair Corporation as a technical consultant for the Atlas missile program. He then retired in 1962.[32][21][29][20]

During the 1950s and 1960s, Oberth offered his opinions regarding unidentified flying objects (UFOs). He was a supporter of the extraterrestrial hypothesis for the origin of the UFOs that were seen from Earth. For example, in an article in The American Weekly magazine of 24 October 1954, Oberth stated: "It is my thesis that flying saucers are real, and that they are space ships from another solar system. I think that they possibly are manned by intelligent observers who are members of a race that may have been investigating our earth for centuries".[33] He also published in the second edition of Flying Saucer Review, an article titled, "They Come From Outer Space". He discussed the history of reports of "strange luminous objects" in the sky, mentioning that the earliest historical case is of "Shining Shields" reported by Pliny the Elder. He wrote, "Having weighed all the pros and cons, I find the explanation of flying discs from outer space the most likely one. I call this the "Uraniden" hypothesis, because from our viewpoint the hypothetical beings appear to come from the sky (Greek – 'Uranos')."[34]

Later life

Wernher von Braun holds the coveted Hermarn Oberth award presented to him by Oberth during the banquet hosted by the Alabama Section of the American Rocket Society (ARS), on October 19, 1961. Hermann Oberth wears Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany.

Oberth retired in 1962 at the age of 68. From 1965 to 1967 he was a member of the National Democratic Party of Germany, which was considered to be far right. In July 1969, Oberth returned to the United States to witness the launch of the Apollo project Saturn V rocket from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida that carried the Apollo 11 crew on the first landing mission to the Moon.[35]

The 1973 oil crisis inspired Oberth to look into alternative energy sources, including a plan for a wind power station that could utilize the jet stream. However, his primary interest during his retirement years was to turn to more abstract philosophical questions. Most notable among his several books from this period is Primer For Those Who Would Govern.

Oberth returned to the United States to view the launch of STS-61-A, the Space Shuttle Challenger launched 30 October 1985.

Oberth died in Nuremberg, West Germany, on 28 December 1989, just shortly after the fall of the Iron Curtain.[10][36]

According to an obituary by Stille Hilfe, Oberth was "a loyal supporter and donor" of the Stille Hilfe Nazi support organization.[37]

Awards and honors

  • Member of the Coetus Chlamydatorum Schaessburgiensis (Assembly of the Schaeßburg Gymnasium)[38]

List from the Oberth biography by Hans Barth[20]

  • 1927: Honorary member of the German Verein für Raumschiffahrt (Space Flight Association), Berlin
  • 1929: International Award for Astronautics (Robert Esnault-Pelterie-Hirsch-Award) of the Société astronomique de France, Paris
  • 1946: Honorary Member of the Astronautical Section of the French Academy of Sciences, Paris
  • 1948: Honorary President of the Gesellschaft für Weltraumforschung (Society for Space Research), Stuttgart, Germany
  • 1949: Honorary memberships of the British Interplanetary Society, London / Dansk Selskab for Rumfartsforskening, Copenhagen / Pacific Rocket Society / Detroit Rocket Society and of Northwest German Society for Space Flight
  • 1950: The Gesellschaft für Weltraumforschung (Society for Space Research) donates the Hermann Oberth Medal
  • 1951: Honorary President of the Detroit Rocket Society
  • 1952: Honorary President of the Deutsche Raketen-Gesellschaft (German Rocket Society), Bremen, Germany
  • 1952: Honorary President of the Vereinigte Astronautische Vereinigung (United Astronautical Association), Leipzig
  • 1953: Honorary member of the Schweizerischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Raumfahrt (Swiss Association for Astronautics), Lucerne
  • 1954: Diesel Medal in gold from the Deutschen Erfinderverbandes (German Inventors' Association), Nuremberg
  • 1954: Honorary memberships of the Austrian Society for Space Research, Vienna and of the German Association of Inventors
  • 1955: Plaque of Honor of the American Astronautical Society
  • 1956: Edward Pendray Award from the American Rocket Society, New York
  • 1958: The American Astronautical Society donates the Hermann Oberth Award
  • 1959: The American Rocket Society donates the Hermann Oberth Award
  • 1960: Honorary Member of the Hellenic Astronautical Society, Athens, Greece
  • 1961: Honorary Doctorate from Wesley College in Mount Pleasant (Iowa, USA)
  • 1961: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Great Cross of Merit, Order of Merit of the FRG
  • 1961: Awarded the Yuri Gagarin Medal
  • 1961: Honorary memberships of the Association Internazionale "Uomini nello Sazio", Rome and of Centro Italiano Ricerche Elettroniche Nuclear, Rome
  • 1961: Hat of Honor and Golden Key of the City of El Paso, USA
  • 1962: Prix Galabert, Paris
  • 1962: Odre du Merite pour la Recherche et l'Invention of the Société d'Encouragement pour la he et l'Invention, Paris
  • 1963: Honorary Member of the Spanish Astronautical Association
  • 1963: Honorary doctorate Dr.-Ing. eh of the Technical University of Berlin
  • 1963: The Deutsche Raketen-Gesellschaft (German Rocket Society) is renamed to Hermann-Oberth-Gesellschaft, today Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrt, Lilienthal - Oberth
  • 1963: Joseph-Ritter-von-Prechtl-Medal of the University of Vienna
  • 1963: Honorary memberships of the Portuguese Astronautical Association and of Society for Interplanetary Science, Vienna
  • 1965: Pioneer necklace of the compass rose with brilliant from the International Committee of Aerospace Activities
  • 1968: Honorary member of the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin (German Society for Aerospace Medicine)
  • 1969: Honorary doctorate from the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya[39]
  • 1969: Medal of the International Academy for Astronautics (IAA)
  • 1969: The Hermann Oberth Society donates the Hermann Oberth Ring of Honor and a Hermann Oberth Award
  • 1969: Honorary Member of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) and AIAA Medal of Honor
  • 1969: Honorary member of the Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Weltraumforschung und Flugkörpertechnik (Austrian Society for Space Research and Missile Technology), Vienna
  • 1969: Honorary Member of the Centro de Estudios Interplanetaios, Madrid
  • 1969: Golden Key of the City of Cleveland, Ohio, USA
  • 1969: Badge of honor from the Ostdeutschen Kulturrats. Stiftung für kulturelle Zusammenarbeit (East German Cultural Council. Foundation for Cultural Cooperation), Bonn
  • 1969: Founding of the Internationaler Förderkreis für Raumfahrt Hermann Oberth - Wernher von Braun (International Promotional Group for Astronautics, Hermann Oberth - Wernher von Braun), Nuremberg, Germany
  • 1970: The Hermann Oberth-Geselllschaft donates the Hermann Oberth Medal in Gold
  • 1970: Wilhelm Exner Medal in gold from the Österreichischen Gewerbeverband (Austrian Trade Association), Vienna
  • 1970: Culture Award of the Transylvanian Saxons Landsmannschaft in Germany and Austria
  • 1971: Opening of the Hermann Oberth Raumfahrt-Museum (Hermann Oberth Space Flight Museum) in Feucht/Nuremberg, Germany
  • 1972: Honorary doctorate from the Babeș Bolyai University in Cluj-Napoca (Klausenburg), Romania
  • 1974: Scientific Order of Merit 1st Class of the Socialist Republic of Romania
  • 1974: Dozens of 80th birthday medals and honors
  • 1976: Hermann Oberth monument in the city park of Feucht/Nuremberg, Germany
  • 1976: Oberth department in the Technical Museum, Bucharest, Romania
  • 1979: Jubilee Congress in Salzburg on the occasion of the 85th birthday
  • 1981: Relief portrait in the main hall of Berlin-Tegel Airport[40]
  • 1982: Tsiolkovsky Medal from the USSR Academy of Sciences
  • 1984: Honorary doctorate from the Technical University Graz, Austria
  • 1984: Cross of Merit of the Bavarian Order of Merit, Munich, Germany
  • 1984: Golden Ring of Honor of the Deutsches Museum, Munich, Germany
  • 1984: Leibnitz plaque of honor from the Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR (Academy of Sciences, GDR)
  • 1985: Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Grand Cross of Merit with star, Order of Merit of FRG
  • 1997: A moon crater is named after Hermann Oberth.[41]
  • 1999: An asteroid is named after Hermann Oberth: (9253) Oberth
  • Hermann Oberth School in Mediaș, Romania
  • Hermann Oberth kindergarten and high school in Bucharest, Romania
  • Hermann Oberth Faculty of Engineering in Hermannstadt at the Lucian Blaga University, Romania
  • Hermann-Oberth-Place in Schaeßburg, Romania
  • Oberth effect - the effect for fuel-saving maneuvers in interplanetary space travel is named after him. He was the first to describe it.

Legacy

Hermann Oberth is memorialized by the Hermann Oberth Space Travel Museum in Feucht, Germany, and by the Hermann Oberth Society. The museum brings together scientists, researchers, engineers, and astronauts from the East and the West to carry on his work in rocketry and space exploration.

In 1980, Oberth was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.[42]

The Danish Astronautical Society has named Hermann Oberth an honorary member.[43]

In Romania, the Faculty of Engineering of Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu is named after him.[44] In 1994, a memorial house was established in Mediaș on the 100th anniversary of his birth. It exhibits various items related to rocket technology and space travel, and also has an audio-video room for documentary films.[45]

He discovered the Oberth effect (powered flyby or Oberth maneuver), the effect for fuel-saving maneuvers in interplanetary space flights. There is also a crater on the Moon and asteroid 9253 Oberth named after him.

In Star Trek III: The Search for Spock, the USS Grissom was classified as an Oberth-class starship. Several other Oberth-class starships also appeared in subsequent Star Trek films and television series.

Books

  • Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen (1923) (By Rocket into Planetary Space) (in German) OCLC 6026491
  • Ways to Spaceflight (1929) OCLC 255256956
  • The Moon Car (1959) OCLC 574140
  • The Electric Spaceship (1960) OCLC 20586236
  • Primer for Those Who Would Govern (1987) ISBN:0-914301-06-3
  • Georgiy Stepanovich Vetrov, S. P. Korolyov and space. First steps. — 1994 M. Nauka, ISBN:5-02-000214-3.
  • S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity" – edited by C. A. Lopota, RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev, 2014 ISBN:978-5-906674-04-3

See also

References

  1. ↑ Editor, ÖGV. (2015). Wilhelm Exner Medal. Austrian Trade Association. ÖGV. Austria.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hermann Oberth Raumfahrt Museum. Oberth-museum.org (1989-12-28). Retrieved on 2015-06-27.
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named neufeld
  4. ↑ "Robert Esnault-Pelterie". New Mexico Museum of Space History. http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=7. 
  5. ↑ "Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky". http://www.allstar.fiu.edu/aero/tsiolkovsky.htm. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Ordway, Frederick I. III. The Rocket Team. Apogee Books Space Series 36. p. 36. 
  7. ↑ Angelo, Joseph E. (2003). Space Technology. Greenwood Press. p. 70. ISBN 1-57356-335-8. https://archive.org/details/spacetechnology0000ange/page/70. 
  8. ↑ Winter, Frank (1990). Rockets Into Space. Harvard University Press. pp. 18. ISBN 0-674-77660-7. https://archive.org/details/rocketsintospace0000wint/page/18. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Ianzer, Jürgen Heinz. "Hermann Oberth, pǎrintele zborului cosmic" (in ro). pp. 3, 11, 13, 15. http://aspera.ro/files/user_uploaded/108/oberth.pdf. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Mort de Hermann Oberth, pionnier de la conquête spatiale ("The Death of Hermann Oberth, Space Conquest Pioneer"), in Le Monde, 1 January 1990, pp. 3, 16, accessed on 7 October 2006.
  11. ↑ Augustin Maior. 19 October 2016. http://phys.ubbcluj.ro/despre/Augustin%20Maior/Augustin%20Maior.htm. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Oberth, Hermann (1923). Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen. Oldenburg, Munich, Germany. 
  13. ↑ Oberth, Hermann (2014). The Rocket into Planetary Space. Berlin: De Gruyter Oldenbourg. ISBN 978-3-486-75463-6. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 Oberth, Hermann (1970) (in en). Ways to Spaceflight. NASA. https://archive.org/details/nasa_techdoc_19720008133. Retrieved 21 December 2017. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Hermann Oberth, Father of Space Travel", at. Kiosek.com (29 December 1989). Retrieved on 2015-06-27.
  16. ↑ L'Aerophile, 1–15 June 1929, p.176; L. Blosset, Smithsonian Annals of Flight, No. 10, p. 11
  17. ↑ "Opel Video Portal". https://opel-tv-footage.com/v/The+RAK+Protocoll?p=4&c=86&l=1. 
  18. ↑ Neufeld, Michael J. (1996). The Rocket and the Reich. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-77650-X. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Brandau, Daniel (2019). Raketenträume, Raumfahrt- und Technikenthusiasmus in Deutschland 1923-1963 (Rocket dreams, space and technology enthusiasm in Germany 1923-1963). Schöning & Bill, Paderborn, FRG. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.6 20.7 20.8 Barth, Hans (1985). Hermann Oberth, Leben-Werk-Wirkung. Uni-Verlag, Feucht/FRG. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Freeman, Marsha (1993). How we got to the Moon, the Story of the German Space Pioneers. 21st Century Associates, Washington, D.C.. 
  22. ↑ Oberth, Hermann (1957) (in german). Menschen im Weltraum. Econ Duesseldorf Germany. 
  23. ↑ Oberth, Hermann (1957) (in en). Man into Space. Harper&Brothers. 
  24. ↑ Oberth, Hermann (1978) (in german). Der Weltraumspiegel. Kriterion Bucharest. 
  25. ↑ Oberth, Hermann (1953). "Vom Ruhm allein kann man nicht leben" (in de). Revue (Hamburg: Bauer) (32). 
  26. ↑ Büdeler, Werner (1954). "Das Mond-Auto kann springen" (in de). Weltbild (Th. Martens) (1). 
  27. ↑ Oberth, Hermann (1959). The Moon Car. Harper & Brothers, New York. 
  28. ↑ Oberth, Hermann (1963). The electric spaceship. EBÖ-Druck und Verlag der DRG, Hannover/FRG, Bölkow-Library. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Rauschenbach, Boris (1995). Über die Erde hinaus, eine Biographie, Hermann Oberth (Beyond the Earth, a Biography, Hermann Oberth). Böttinger, Wiesbaden, FRG. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Bode, Volkhard (1995). Raketenspuren, Waffenschmiede und Militärstandort Peenemünde (Rocket tracks, weaponsmiths and military base in Peenemünde). Links, Berlin, FRG. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Barber, Murray (2020). Die V2, Entwicklung-Technik-Einsatz (V2 - The A4 Rocket. From Peenemünde to Redstone). Motorbuch, Stuttgart, FRG. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Fritz, Alfred (1969). Der Weltraumprofessor Hermann Oberth (The space professor Hermann Oberth). Ensslin & Laibling, Reutlingen, FRG. 
  33. ↑ Schuessler, John L., "Statements about Flying Saucers and Extraterrestrial Life Made by Prof. Hermann Oberth, German Rocket Scientist" 2002 ; for example, the American Weekly article also appeared in The Washington Post and Times-Herald, pg. AW4, and Milwaukee Sentinel
  34. ↑ Hermann Oberth, "They Come From Outer Space", Flying Saucer Review, Volume 1 Number 2, May–June 1955, pp. 12–14.
  35. ↑ "Hermann Oberth" , at the U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission
  36. ↑ "Hermann Oberth, 95, German Rocket Expert". The New York Times. 31 December 1989. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEFD81F3DF932A05751C1A96F948260. 
  37. ↑ Ernst Klee: Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. 2nd, revised edition. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN:3-596-16048-0, p. 442 referring to the Rundbrief of Stille Hilfe 1/1990.
  38. ↑ Wolfgang Bahr: Namhafte Männer siebenbürgischer Pennalien. In: Junges Leben. 2/2012, p. 13f.
  39. ↑ "Acte d'investidura dels professors August Friedrich Staats i Hermann Julius Oberth com a doctors honoris causa per la UPB". https://upcommons.upc.edu/handle/2117/125769. 
  40. ↑ tegel/ Kunst auf dem Tegel Airport at frankkoebsch.wordpress.com, accessed on October 11, 2014.
  41. ↑ Oberth In: USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature.
  42. ↑ Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These We Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. ISBN:978-1-57864-397-4.
  43. ↑ Official Website of the Danish Astronautical Society . Rumfart.dk. Retrieved on 27 June 2015.
  44. ↑ "Acasă – Facultatea de Inginerie". Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu. 20 June 2014. http://inginerie.ulbsibiu.ro/. 
  45. ↑ "Casa memorială "Hermann Oberth"" (in ro). sibiu-turism.ro. http://www.sibiu-turism.ro/Ce-vedem-Cultura-si-patrimoniu-Muzee-si-expozitii-Casa-memoriala-Hermann-Oberth.aspx. 

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