Biography:Mileva Marić

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Mileva Marić
Милева Марић
Mileva Maric.jpg
Mileva Marić 1896
Born
Titel, Austro-Hungarian Empire, Modern day Serbia
DiedAugust 4, 1948(1948-08-04) (aged 72)
Zürich, Switzerland
Resting placeFriedhof Nordheim, Zürich, Switzerland
Other namesMileva Marić-Einstein,
Mileva Marić-Ajnštajn
Alma materEidgenössisches Polytechnikum (known today as the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule)
Occupationmathematician
Spouse(s)
Albert Einstein
(m. 1903; div. 1919)
Children"Lieserl" Einstein
Hans Albert Einstein
Eduard "Tete" Einstein
Parent(s)Miloš Marić
Marija Ružić-Marić

Mileva Marić (Serbian Cyrillic: Милева Марић; December 29, 1875 – August 4, 1948), sometimes called Mileva Marić-Einstein or Mileva Marić-Ajnštajn, was a Serbian mathematician. She was the only woman among Albert Einstein's fellow students at Zürich's Polytechnic and was the second woman to finish a full program of study at the Department of Mathematics and Physics.[1] Marić and Einstein were lovers and had a daughter Lieserl in 1902; the daughter died in 1903 before their marriage later that year.[2] They later had two sons, Hans Albert and Eduard.

They separated in 1914, with Marić taking the boys and returning to Zurich from Berlin. They divorced in 1919; that year Einstein married again. When he received the Nobel Prize in 1921, he transferred the money to Marić, chiefly to support their sons; she had access to the interest. In 1930 at about age 20, their second son Eduard had a breakdown and was diagnosed with schizophrenia. With expenses mounting by the late 1930s for his institutional care, Marić sold two of the three houses she and Einstein had invested in. He made regular contributions to his sons' care, which he continued after emigrating to the United States with his second wife (Elsa, his first cousin).

Biography

On December 19, 1875, Mileva Marić was born into a wealthy family in Titel in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy (today Serbia) as the eldest of three children of Miloš Marić (1846–1922) and Marija Ružić-Marić (1847–1935).[3] Shortly after her birth, her father ended his military career and took a job at the court in Ruma and later in Zagreb.

She began her secondary education in 1886 at a high school for girls in Novi Sad, but changed the following year to a high school in Sremska Mitrovica.[4] Beginning in 1890, Marić attended the Royal Serbian Grammar School in Šabac. In 1891 her father obtained special permission to enroll Marić as a private student at the all-male Royal Classical High School in Zagreb.[4] She passed the entrance exam and entered the tenth grade in 1892. She won special permission to attend physics lectures in February 1894 and passed the final exams in September 1894. Her grades in mathematics and physics were the highest awarded. That year she fell seriously ill and decided to move to Switzerland, where on November 14, she started at the "Girls High School" in Zurich. In 1896, Marić passed her Matura-Exam, and started studying medicine at the University of Zurich for one semester.[4]

In the autumn of 1896, Marić switched to the Zurich Polytechnic (later Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH)), having passed the mathematics entrance examination with an average grade of 4.25 (scale 1–6).[5] She enrolled for the diploma course to teach physics and mathematics in secondary schools (section VIA) at the same time as Albert Einstein. She was the only woman in her group of six students, and the fifth woman to enter that section, an impressive feat at a time when women were not usually admitted. She would have had to have been extraordinarily talented to overcome the restrictions on the admission of women.[4][5] She and Einstein became close friends quite soon. In October Marić went to Heidelberg to study at Heidelberg University for the winter semester 1897/98, attending physics and mathematics lectures as an auditor. She rejoined the Zurich Polytechnic in April 1898,[4] where her studies included the following courses: differential and integral calculus, descriptive and projective geometry, mechanics, theoretical physics, applied physics, experimental physics, and astronomy.[5]

She sat the intermediate diploma examinations in 1899, one year later than the other students in her group. Her grade average of 5.05 (scale 1–6) placed her fifth out of the six students taking the examinations that year.[5] (Einstein had come top of the previous year's candidates with a grade average of 5.7)[6] Marić's grade in physics was 5.5 (the same as Einstein). In 1900, she failed the final teaching diploma examinations with a grade average of 4.00, having obtained only grade 2.5 in the mathematics component (theory of functions). Einstein passed the exam in fourth place with a grade average of 4.91. Passing required a grade of 4 or higher.[7]

Marić's academic career was disrupted in 1901 when she became pregnant by Einstein. When three months pregnant, she resat the diploma examination, but failed for the second time without improving her grade.[8] She discontinued work on her diploma dissertation that she had hoped to develop into a PhD thesis under the supervision of the physics professor Heinrich Weber.[9]

She went to Novi Sad, where her daughter was born in 1902, probably in January. The girl was referred to in correspondence between the couple as Hansel before she was born and Lieserl after. Some sources say Lieserl was put up for adoption in Serbia,[10] but others suggest she died in 1903.[2]

Center: the Einsteinhaus Kramgasse 49 in Bern. On the second floor: the flat where Albert and Mileva Einstein lived from 1903 to 1905

Debate over collaboration with Einstein

Albert and Mileva Einstein, 1912

The question whether (and if so, to what extent) Marić contributed to Einstein's early work, and to the Annus Mirabilis Papers in particular, is the subject of debate. Many professional historians of physics argue that she made no significant scientific contribution,[11] while others suggest that she was a supportive companion in science and may have helped him materially in his research.[12][13] The couple's first son, Hans Albert, said that when his mother married Einstein, she gave up her scientific ambitions.[14]

Part of the case for Marić as a co-author of some of Einstein's early work, putatively culminating in the 1905 papers, is based on the following evidence: "The testimony of the well-known Russian physicist Abram Joffe, who gave the name of the author of the three Annus Mirabilis Papers as Einstein-Marity, erroneously attributing the addition of the name Marity, Marić's official name, to a non-existing Swiss custom."[15]

In the paragraph in question, in which Joffe stated that "Einstein's" entrance into the arena of science in 1905 was "unforgettable", he described the author (singular) of the 1905 papers as "a bureaucrat at the Patent Office in Bern", i.e., Albert Einstein.[16]

  • Mileva told a Serbian friend, referring to 1905, that "we finished some important work that will make my husband world famous."[17] Historians Highfield and Carter argue that this statement is "hometown folklore."[18]
  • John Stachel argues that letters in which Einstein referred to "our" theory and "our" work were written in their student days, at least four years before the 1905 papers. Stachel also suggests that some of the instances in which Einstein used "our" in relation to scientific work referred to their diploma dissertations, for which they had each chosen the same topic (experimental studies of heat conduction).[19] Stachel argues that Einstein used "our" in general statements, while he invariably used "I" and "my" when he recounted "specific" ideas he was working on: "the letters to Marić show Einstein referring to 'his' studies, 'his' work on the electrodynamics of moving bodies over a dozen times... as compared to 'one' reference to 'our' work on the problem of relative motion."[20] Stachel also suggests that in two cases where letters from Marić survive that directly respond to those from Einstein in which he had recounted his latest ideas, she gives no response at all. Her letters, in contrast to Einstein's, contain only personal matters, or comments related to her Polytechnic coursework. Stachel writes: "In her case we have no published papers, no letters with a serious scientific content, either to Einstein nor to anyone else; nor any objective evidence of her supposed creative talents. We do not even have hearsay accounts of conversations she had with anyone else that have a specific, scientific content, let alone claiming to report her ideas."[21]

Thus, while some scholars have argued that there is not enough evidence to support the idea that Marić helped Einstein to develop his theories,[22][23][24] others have argued that their letters suggest a collaboration between them, at least through 1901 before their children were born.[25]

Marriage and family

In 1903, Marić and Einstein married in Bern, Switzerland, where Einstein had found a job at the Federal Office for Intellectual Property. In 1904 their first son, Hans Albert, was born. The Einsteins lived in Bern until 1909, when Einstein got a teaching position at the University of Zürich. In 1910, their second son Eduard was born. In 1911, they moved to Prague, where Einstein held a teaching position at the Charles University. A year later, they returned to Zurich, as Einstein had accepted a professorship at his alma mater.

Move to Berlin and separation

In July 1913, Max Planck and Walther Nernst asked Einstein to come to Berlin, which he agreed to, but the decision caused Marić distress.[26] In August the Einsteins planned a walking holiday with their sons and Marie Curie and her two daughters. Marić was delayed temporarily due to Eduard being ill, but then joined the party. In September 1913, the Einsteins visited Marić's parents near Novi Sad, and on the day they were to leave for Vienna, Marić had her sons baptised as Orthodox Christians.[26] After Vienna, Einstein visited relatives in Germany while Marić returned to Zurich. After Christmas, she traveled to Berlin to stay with Fritz Haber, who helped her look for accommodation for the Einsteins' impending move in April 1914. The Einsteins both left Zurich for Berlin in late March. On the way, Einstein visited an uncle in Antwerp and then Ehrenfest and Lorentz in Leiden, while Marić took a swimming holiday with the children in Locarno, arriving in Berlin in mid-April.[26]

The marriage had been strained since 1912, in the spring of which Einstein became reacquainted with his cousin, Elsa. They began a regular correspondence. Marić, who had never wanted to go to Berlin, became increasingly unhappy in the city. Soon after settling in Berlin, Einstein insisted on harsh terms if she were to remain with him. In 1914, she took the boys back to Zürich, a separation that was to become permanent. Einstein made a legal commitment to send her an annual maintenance of 5600 Reichsmarks in quarterly instalments, just under half of his salary.[27][28] After the required five years of separation, the couple divorced on February 14, 1919.[29]

They had negotiated a settlement[30] whereby the Nobel Prize money that Einstein anticipated he would soon receive was to be placed in trust for their two boys. Einstein would receive the prize for his work, and she would receive the money. Marić could draw on the interest, but had no authority over the capital without Einstein's permission.[31][32] After Einstein married his cousin Elsa in June 1919, he returned to Zurich to talk to Marić about the children's future. During the visit, he took Hans Albert for a sail on Lake Constance and Eduard to Arosa for convalescence.[citation needed]

In 1922, Einstein received news that he had won the Nobel Prize in November. His divorce agreement promised her his Nobel Prize money. Under the terms of the agreement, the money was to be held in trust for their two boys, while she was able to draw on the interest.[33] Based on newly released letters (sealed by Einstein's step-granddaughter, Margot Einstein, until 20 years after her death), Walter Isaacson reported that Marić eventually invested the Nobel Prize money in three apartment buildings in Zurich to produce income.[34][35] Marić lived in one, a five-storey house at Huttenstrasse 62; the other two were investments.

In 1930, at around 20, Eduard had a breakdown and was diagnosed with schizophrenia. By the late 1930s the costs of his care at the University of Zürich's psychiatric clinic "Burghölzli" overwhelmed Marić. She sold two houses to raise funds for his care and maintenance.[36] In 1939, Marić agreed to transfer ownership of the Huttenstrasse house to Einstein to prevent its loss as well, but retained power of attorney. Einstein made regular cash transfers to Marić for Eduard's and her own livelihood.[37]

Death

Mileva Marić died at age 72 on August 4, 1948, in Zürich. She was interred there at Nordheim-Cemetery. Eduard Einstein was institutionalized until his death in 1965.[citation needed]

Honours

Memorial gravestone at the Nordheim Cemetery in Zürich
Bust on the campus of the University of Novi Sad

In 2005, Marić was honoured in Zürich by the ETH and the Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster. A memorial plaque was unveiled on her former residence in Zürich, the house Huttenstrasse 62, in her memory.[38][39][40] In the same year a bust was placed in her high-school town, Sremska Mitrovica. Another bust is located on the campus of the University of Novi Sad. A high school in her birthplace of Titel is named after her.[41] Sixty years after her death, a memorial plate was placed on the house of the former clinic in Zürich where she died. In June 2009 a memorial gravestone was dedicated to her at the Nordheim-Cemetery in Zürich where she rests.[42]

In 1995, Narodna knjiga in Belgrade published (in Serbian) Mileva Marić Ajnštajn by Dragana Bukumirović, a journalist with Politika.[43]

Three years later, in 1998, Vida Ognjenović produced a drama, Mileva Ajnštajn, which was translated into English in 2002.[44] Ognjenović later adapted the play into a libretto for the opera Mileva, composed by Aleksandra Vrebalov, which premiered in 2011 in the Serbian National Theatre in Novi Sad.[45][46]

Popular culture

  • In her novel The Other Einstein (2016) Marie Benedict gives a fictionalized account of the relationship between Mileva Marić and Albert Einstein.[47]
  • In 2017, her life was depicted in the first season of the TV series Genius, which focuses on Einstein's life. She was played by Samantha Colley.[48]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Pusch, Luise. "Mileva Einstein-Marić". http://www.fembio.org/english/biography.php/woman/biography/mileva-maric-einstein. Retrieved 2016-04-10. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Einstein, Albert and Marić, Mileva (1992) The Love Letters. Edited by Jürgen Renn & Robert Schulmann. Translated by Shawn Smith. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. ISBN:0-691-08760-1
  3. ↑ M. Popović (2003). In Albert's Shadow: The Life and Letters of Mileva Marić, Einstein's First Wife, p. xv
    "The Family Tree of Mileva Marić-Einstein"
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Highfield, 1993, pp. 36–43.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 D. Trbuhuvić-Gjurić, Im Schatten Albert Einsteins, 1988, pp. 35, 43, 49, 60, 63
  6. ↑ The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 1, Doc. 42.
  7. ↑ The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 1, Doc. 67
  8. ↑ Stachel (1996), pp. 41, 52, n. 22
  9. ↑ Highfield, 1993, p. 80
  10. ↑ Singh, S. Big Bang. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-00-715252-3. 
  11. ↑ Pais, A. (1994), pp. 1–29
    Holton, G. (1996), pp. 177–93
    Stachel, J. (2002), pp. 26–39, 55
    Martinez, A. (2005)
    Calaprice, A. & T. Lipscombe (2005), pp. 41–42
  12. ↑ Maurer, M. (1996); Troemel-Ploetz, S. (1990)
    Walker, E.H. (1991)
  13. ↑ Ruth H. Howes, Caroline L. Herzenberg (1999). Their Day in the Sun. Temple University Press. p. 26. ISBN 1566397197. 
  14. ↑ G.J. Whitrow (ed.), Einstein: The Man and His Achievements, p. 19 (1967)
  15. ↑ Abram F. Joffe: Памяти Алъберта Эйнштейна, Успехи физических наук, т. 57 (2), стр. 187–192 (Pamyati Alberta Eynshtyna, Uspekhi fizicheskikh nauk, v. 57, pp. 187–92 (1955)
  16. ↑ Stachel (2005), pp. lxv–lxxii; Martinez, A. (2005)
    pp. 51–52
  17. ↑ "Mileva's Story", Einstein's Wife, PBS.org; accessed February 3, 2017.
  18. ↑ Highfield and Carter (1993), p. 110
  19. ↑ Stachel (2002), p. 45.
  20. ↑ Stachel (2002), p. 36;
    The letter dated March 27, 1901 from Einstein says in translation: "How happy and proud I will be, when we two together have victoriously led our work on relative motion to an end!"
  21. ↑ Stachel (2002), pp. 33–37
    Holton, G. (1996), pp. 181–93.
  22. ↑ Holton (1996), pp. 177–93
  23. ↑ Stachel (2002), pp. 26–39, 55
  24. ↑ Martinez, A.A., Mileva Marić
  25. ↑ Gagnon, Pauline (December 19, 2016). "The Forgotten Life of Einstein's First Wife". ‘’Scientific American’’. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/the-forgotten-life-of-einsteins-first-wife/. Retrieved September 24, 2017. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Highfield, 1993, pp. 154–66
  27. ↑ (approximately 44000 Euros — 5600 times 7.9 — as per this extract)
  28. ↑ Highfield, 1993, p. 172
    Isaacson, 2007, p. 186.
  29. ↑ Highfield, 1993, p. 188.
  30. ↑ "Einstein Works Out Details of His 1919 Divorce from Mileva Marić". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?einstein-divorce-from-mileva-maric-hebrew-university. Retrieved February 3, 2017. 
  31. ↑ Highfield and Carter, p. 187 ("180,000 Swiss Francs")
  32. ↑ The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, Vol. 8, document 562.
  33. ↑ Einstein Collected Papers, Vol. 8, Docs. pp. 449, 562.
  34. ↑ Walter Isaacson, Time 168(3): 50–55, July 17, 2006.
  35. ↑ "Einstein Writes About House Bought With Nobel Prize Money". Shapell Manuscript Collection. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?einstein-nobel-prize-money-and-family. Retrieved February 3, 2017. 
  36. ↑ Thomas Huonker, Diagnose: «moralisch defekt» Kastration, Sterilisation und «Rassenhygiene» im Dienst der Schweizer Sozialpolitik und Psychiatrie 1890–1970 (2003), Zürich; accessed February 3, 2017. (in German)
  37. ↑ Highfield, 1993, pp. 221–252
  38. ↑ "Frauenehrungen" (in German). Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster. http://www.fraumuenstergesellschaft.ch/#page387. Retrieved 2014-11-30. 
  39. ↑ "Frauenehrungen der Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster" (in German). Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster. 2014. Archived from the original on 2015-02-07. https://web.archive.org/web/20150207162646/http://www.fraumuenstergesellschaft.ch/media/upload/aktivitaten/frauenehrung/frauenehrungen.pdf. Retrieved 2014-11-30. 
  40. ↑ ETH und Gesellschaft zu Fraumünster, Zurich ehren Mileva Einstein-Marić „Mitentwicklerin der Relativitätstheorie“, Sechseläuten 2005. Laudatio: Katharina von Salis; accessed February 3, 2017. (in German)
  41. ↑ Tesla Memorial Society of New York Website: Mileva Marić-Einstein profile, teslasociety.com; accessed February 3, 2017.
  42. ↑ Unveiling and consecration of memorial gravestone dedicated to Mileva Marić-Einstein, Republic of Serbia, Ministry for Diaspora, June 14, 2009.
  43. ↑ Savić, Svenka (2002). "The Road to Mileva Marić-Einstein: Private Letters". Belgrade Women`s Studies Journal (Belgrade: Belgrade Women's Studies Center) 1 (Anniversary Issue 1992/2002): 201–10. http://www.zenskestudije.org.rs/01_o_nama/svenka_savic/textovi/the_road_to_mileva_maric.doc. Retrieved 2011-05-05. "[...] a book written by Dragana Bukumirović, a journalist with Politika, entitled Mileva Marić-Ajnštajn[...]". 
  44. ↑ Mrs. Einstein takes the stage, Lincolnwood Review via highbeam.com, November 7, 2002.
  45. ↑ "Mileva". Serbian National Theatre. http://www.snp.org.rs/wp-content/uploads/static/eng/opera/mileva.html. Retrieved 2016-08-30. 
  46. ↑ "Premijera opere "Mileva"" (in sr). blic.rs. October 19, 2011. http://www.blic.rs/kultura/vesti/premijera-opere-mileva/bs25xrp. 
  47. ↑ "Fiction Book Review: The Other Einstein by Marie Benedict. Sourcebooks Landmark, $25.99 (304p) ISBN 978-1-4926-3725-7". https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-4926-3725-7. 
  48. ↑ Martinez, Albert (April 25, 2017). "Einstein's Girlfriend on National Geographic". http://scienceandfilm.org/articles/2893/einsteins-girlfriend-on-national-geographic. 

References

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  • Maurer, M. (1990). "Weil nicht sein kann, was nicht sein darf...'DIE ELTERN' ODER 'DER VATER' DER RELATIVITÄTSTHEORIE? Zum Streit über den Anteil von Mileva Maric an der Entstehung der Relativitätstheorie", PCnews, Nr. 48, Jg. 11, Heft 3, Wien, Juni 1996, SS 20–27. RLI-Web (August 2005)
  • Milentijević, Radmila (2012). Милева Марић Ајнштајн: живот са Албертом Ајнштајном (Mileva Marić Einstein: A Life with Albert Einstein). Belgrade: Prosveta; ISBN:9788607019632
  • Ognjenović, V. (1998). Mileva Ajnštajn/Mileva Einstein. Translated by Janković, M. In: Ćirilov, J., Pantić, M. (eds.). Infinity Contained in Ten Square Yards. An Anthology of Contemporary Plays, Serbian PEN Centre, Beograd 2008; ISBN:978-86-84555-10-8
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  • Stachel, J. (1996). Albert Einstein and Mileva Marić: A Collaboration that Failed to Develop. In H.M. Pycior, N. G. Slack, and P. G. Abir-Am (eds.) (1996), Creative Couples in the Sciences, Rutgers University Press; ISBN:0-8135-2187-4
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  • Trbuhovic-Gjuric, D. Im Schatten Albert Einsteins. Das tragische Leben der Mileva Einstein-Maric, Bern: Paul Haupt (1988); ISBN:3-258-03973-9.
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  • Troemel-Ploetz, Senta (1990). "The woman who did Einstein's mathematics". Women's Studies International Forum (ScienceDirect) 13 (5): 415–32. doi:10.1016/0277-5395(90)90094-E. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-5395(90)90094-E. 
  • Walker, E.H.: Did Einstein espouse his spouse's ideas? with a reply by John Stachel et al., Physics Today (February 1991)
  • Zackheim, M.: Einstein's daughter. The search for Lieserl, Riverhead Books, New York (1999); ISBN:1-57322-127-9

External links




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