Biology:Carboxypeptidase E

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Short description: Enzyme found in humans


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

Carboxypeptidase E (CPE), also known as carboxypeptidase H (CPH) and enkephalin convertase, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPE gene.[1] This enzyme catalyzes the release of C-terminal arginine or lysine residues from polypeptides.

CPE is involved in the biosynthesis of most neuropeptides and peptide hormones.[2] The production of neuropeptides and peptide hormones typically requires two sets of enzymes that cleave the peptide precursors, which are small proteins. First, proprotein convertases cut the precursor at specific sites to generate intermediates containing C-terminal basic residues (lysine and/or arginine). These intermediates are then cleaved by CPE to remove the basic residues. For some peptides, additional processing steps, such as C-terminal amidation, are subsequently required to generate the bioactive peptide, although for many peptides the action of the proprotein convertases and CPE is sufficient to produce the bioactive peptide.[3]

Tissue distribution

Carboxypeptidase E is found in brain and throughout the neuroendocrine system, including the endocrine pancreas, pituitary, and adrenal gland chromaffin cells. Within cells, carboxypeptidase E is present in the secretory granules along with its peptide substrates and products. Carboxypeptidase E is a glycoprotein that exists in both membrane-associated and soluble forms. The membrane-binding is due to an amphiphilic α-helix within the C-terminal region of the protein.

Species distribution

Carboxypeptidase E is found in all species of vertebrates that have been examined, and is also present in many other organisms that have been studied (nematode, sea slug). Carboxypeptidase E is not found in the fruit fly (Drosophila), and another enzyme (presumably carboxypeptidase D) fills in for carboxypeptidase E in this organism. In humans, CPE is encoded by the CPE gene.[1][4]

Function

Carboxypeptidase E
Identifiers
EC number3.4.17.10
CAS number81876-95-1
Databases
IntEnzIntEnz view
BRENDABRENDA entry
ExPASyNiceZyme view
KEGGKEGG entry
MetaCycmetabolic pathway
PRIAMprofile
PDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGO

Carboxypeptidase E functions in the production of nearly all neuropeptides and peptide hormones. The enzyme acts as an exopeptidase to activate neuropeptides. It does that by cleaving off basic C-terminal amino acids, producing the active form of the peptide. Products of carboxypeptidase E include insulin, the enkephalins, vasopressin, oxytocin, and most other neuroendocrine peptide hormones and neuropeptides.

It has been proposed that membrane-associated carboxypeptidase E acts as a sorting signal for regulated secretory proteins in the trans-Golgi network of the pituitary and in secretory granules; regulated secretory proteins are mostly hormones and neuropeptides.[5] However, this role for carboxypeptidase E remains controversial, and evidence shows that this enzyme is not necessary for the sorting of regulated secretory proteins.

Clinical significance

Mice with mutant carboxypeptidase E, Cpefat, display endocrine disorders like obesity and infertility.[6] In some strains of mice, the fat mutation also causes hyperproinsulinemia in adult male mice, but this is not found in all strains of mice. The obesity and infertility in the Cpefat mice develop with age; young mice (<8 weeks of age) are fertile and have normal body weight. Peptide processing in Cpefat mice is impaired, with a large accumulation of peptides with C-terminal lysine and/or arginine extensions. Levels of the mature forms of peptides are generally reduced in these mice, but not eliminated. It is thought that a related enzyme (carboxypeptidase D) also contributes to neuropeptide processing and gives rise to the mature peptides in the Cpefat mice.

Mutations in the CPE gene are not common within the human population, but have been identified. One patient with extreme obesity (Body Mass Index >50) was found to have a mutation that deleted nearly the entire CPE gene.[7] This patient had intellectual disability (inability to read or write) and had abnormal glucose homeostasis, similar to mice lacking CPE activity.

In obesity, high levels of circulating free fatty acids have been reported to cause a decrease in the amount of carboxypeptidase E protein in pancreatic beta-cells, leading to beta-cell dysfunction (hyperproinsulinemia) and increased beta-cell apoptosis (via an increase in ER stress).[8] However, because CPE is not a rate-limiting enzyme for the production of most neuropeptides and peptide hormones, it is not clear how relatively modest decreases in CPE activity can cause physiological effects.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Entrez Gene: CPE carboxypeptidase E". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1363. 
  2. ↑ "Carboxypeptidase E". Annual Review of Physiology 50: 309–21. 1988. doi:10.1146/annurev.ph.50.030188.001521. PMID 2897826. 
  3. ↑ Fricker LD (2012). "Chapter 3.5 Carboxypeptidase E". Neuropeptides and Other Bioactive Peptides: From Discovery to Function (Color Version). 1. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences. 1–92. doi:10.4199/C00056ED1V01Y201204NPE002. ISBN 978-1-61504-521-1. 
  4. ↑ "Human carboxypeptidase E. Isolation and characterization of the cDNA, sequence conservation, expression and processing in vitro". The Biochemical Journal 267 (2): 517–25. April 1990. doi:10.1042/bj2670517. PMID 2334405. 
  5. ↑ "Carboxypeptidase E is a regulated secretory pathway sorting receptor: genetic obliteration leads to endocrine disorders in Cpe(fat) mice". Cell 88 (1): 73–83. January 1997. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81860-7. PMID 9019408. 
  6. ↑ "Hyperproinsulinaemia in obese fat/fat mice associated with a carboxypeptidase E mutation which reduces enzyme activity". Nature Genetics 10 (2): 135–42. June 1995. doi:10.1038/ng0695-135. PMID 7663508. 
  7. ↑ "Truncating Homozygous Mutation of Carboxypeptidase E (CPE) in a Morbidly Obese Female with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Intellectual Disability and Hypogonadotrophic Hypogonadism". PLOS ONE 10 (6): e0131417. Jun 2015. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131417. PMID 26120850. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1031417A. 
  8. ↑ "Carboxypeptidase E mediates palmitate-induced beta-cell ER stress and apoptosis". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 (24): 8452–7. June 2008. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711232105. PMID 18550819. Bibcode: 2008PNAS..105.8452J. 

Further reading

External links



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