Biology:Polypodiaceae

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Short description: Family of ferns

Polypodiaceae
PolypodCarpet.jpg
Pleopeltis polypodioides fronds on an oak limb
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Polypodiales
Suborder: Polypodiineae
Family: Polypodiaceae
Subfamilies and genera

See text.

Synonyms
  • Drynariaceae Ching 1978
  • Grammitidaceae Newman 1840
  • Gymnogrammitidaceae Ching 1966
  • Loxogrammaceae Ching ex Pichi-Sermolli 1975
  • Platyceriaceae Ching 1940
  • Pleurisoriopsidaceae Kurita & Ikebe ex Ching 1978

Polypodiaceae is a family of ferns. In the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I), the family includes around 65 genera and an estimated 1,650 species and is placed in the order Polypodiales, suborder Polypodiineae.[1] A broader circumscription has also been used, in which the family includes other families kept separate in PPG I. Nearly all species are epiphytes, but some are terrestrial.[2]

Description

Stems of Polypodiaceae range from erect to long-creeping. The fronds are entire, pinnatifid, or variously forked or pinnate. The petioles lack stipules. The scaly rhizomes are generally creeping in nature. Polypodiaceae species are found in wet climates, most commonly in rain forests. In temperate zones, most species tend to be epiphytic or epipetric.[2]

Notable examples of ferns in this family include the resurrection fern (Pleopeltis polypodioides) and the golden serpent fern (Phlebodium aureum).[2]

Taxonomy

Two distinct circumscriptions of the family are in use. The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I) uses a circumscription of Polypodiaceae in which the family is placed in the suborder Polypodiineae (eupolypods I), along with eight other families. The relationship between the families is shown in the consensus cladogram below.[1]

An alternative approach treats the suborder Polypodiineae as the family Polypodiaceae sensu lato, and reduces the families to subfamilies, so that the Polypodiaceae sensu stricto becomes the subfamily Polypodioideae.[3] The broader circumscription is used by Plants of the World Online, (As of August 2019); for example, the Dryopteridaceae, shown above as a separate family, is included in its Polypodiaceae.[4] The broadly defined Polypodiaceae has been described as an "unwieldy megafamily".[5]

Subfamilies

Molecular phylogenetic analysis has led to the division of the Polypodiaceae into six subfamilies, and to the inclusion of genera that have at various times been placed in other families, including the Drynariaceae, Grammitidaceae, Gymnogrammitidaceae, Loxogrammaceae, Platyceriaceae, and Pleurisoriopsidaceae.[1][6] The following cladogram shows a possible phylogenetic relationship between the subfamilies based on an analysis published in 2008; at the time, Grammitidoideae was not separated from Polypodioideae.[7][8]

Polypodiaceae

Loxogrammoideae Schneid. 2011

Drynarioideae Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel 1975

Platycerioideae Nayar 1970

Microsoroideae

Thylacoptereae Chen & Schneider 2019

Goniophlebieae Chen & Schneider 2019

Lecanopterideae Chen & Schneider 2019

Microsoreae Tu 1981

Lepisoreae Ching ex Hennipman, Veldhoen & Kramer 1990

Polypodioideae Sweet 1826

Campyloneuroideae Zhang & Wei 2022

Adetogrammoideae Zhang & Wei 2022

Serpocauloideae Zhang & Wei 2022

Grammitidoideae Link 1841

The subfamilies are treated as tribes in other systems. Mabberley, in 2008, treated all of Polypodiaceae except for the Platycerioideae (Platycerium and Pyrrosia) and the grammitid ferns, which he placed in Grammitidaceae, as the subfamily Polypodioideae, which he then divided into six tribes, four of which correspond to PPG I subfamilies (Drynarieae, Loxogrammeae, Microsoreae and Polypodieae) and others of which have been submerged (Selligueeae, now within Drynarioideae, and Lepisoreae, now within Microsoroideae).[9] Other systems also treat the subfamilies as tribes.[3] The equivalence is shown in the following table.

PPG I[1] Christenhusz & Chase (2014)[3]
Family Polypodiaceae J.Presl & C.Presl Subfamily Polypodioideae B.K.Nayar
     Subfamily Loxogrammoideae H.Schneid.       Tribe Loxogrammeae R.M.Tryon & A.F.Tryon
     Subfamily Platycerioideae B.K.Nayar       Tribe Platycerieae Christenh.
     Subfamily Drynarioideae Crabbe, Jermy & Mickel       Tribe Drynarieae Chandra
     Subfamily Microsoroideae B.K.Nayar       Tribe Microsoreae V.N.Tu
     Subfamily Polypodioideae Sweet       Tribe Polypodieae Hook. & Lindl. ex Duby
     Subfamily Grammitidoideae Parris & Sundue

Genera

In the list that follows, the taxa shown with the "(=)" prefix are considered to be synonyms for the accepted subfamily name that they follow. However, this does not necessarily imply that the subfamily contains all of the synonym's previous genera.[1][6]

Phylogeny of Polypodiaceae[10][11]
Loxogrammoideae

Dictymia

Loxogramme

Platycerioideae

Hovenkampia

Platycerium

Pyrrosia

Microsoroideae
Thylacoptereae

Thylacopteris

Goniophlebieae

Goniophlebium

Lecanopterideae

Template:Clade hidden

Microsoreae

Microsorum

Microsorum species-group 2

Leptochilus

Lepisoreae

Template:Clade hidden

Drynarioideae

Syngramma

Drynaria

Selliguea

Polypodioideae

Template:Clade hidden

Campyloneuroideae

Microgramma

Niphidium

Campyloneurum

Adetogrammoideae

Adetogramma

Serpocauloideae

Serpocaulon

Grammitidoideae

Template:Clade hidden

Grammitis billardierei
  • Subfamily Grammitidoideae Parris & Sundue [Grammitideae Presl; Mecosoreae Klotzsch; Pleurogrammeae Fée ex Pfeiffer]
Dictymia mckeei
Lacks sclerenchyma (supporting tissue) in plant body, except in the roots.[9]
Platycerium elephantotis
Fronds with stellate hairs (star-shaped, radiating from center).[9]
  • Subfamily Serpocauloideae Zhang & Wei

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 Panigrahi, G.; Patnaik, S.N. (1961). "Cytology of Some Genera of Polypodiaceae in Eastern India". Nature 191 (4794): 1207–1208. doi:10.1038/1911207a0. Bibcode1961Natur.191.1207P. 
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Christenhusz, Maarten J.M.; Chase, Mark W. (2014). "Trends and concepts in fern classification". Annals of Botany 113 (9): 571–594. doi:10.1093/aob/mct299. PMID 24532607. 
  4. "Dryopteridaceae Herter". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30014148-2. 
  5. Sundue, Michael A.; Parris, Barbara S.; Ranker, Tom A.; Smith, Alan R.; Fujimoto, Erin L.; Zamora-Crosby, Delia; Morden, Clifford W.; Chiou, Wen-Liang et al. (2014). "Global phylogeny and biogeography of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 81: 195–206. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.017. PMID 25173566. 
  6. 6.0 6.1 Christenhusz, Maarten; Zhang, Xian-Chun; Schneider, Harald (2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns". Phytotaxa 19: 7–54. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2. https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/28042. Retrieved 2013-08-11. 
  7. Schuettpelz, Eric; Pryer, Kathleen M. (2008), "Fern phylogeny", in Ranker, Tom A.; Haufler, Christopher H., Biology and Evolution of Ferns and Lycophytes, Cambridge University Press, https://sites.duke.edu/pryerlab/files/2017/12/s-p-chapter15-2008.original.pdf, retrieved 2019-08-02 
  8. Chen, Chi-Chuan; Hyvönen, Jaakko; Schneider, Harald (2020). "Exploring phylogeny of the microsoroid ferns (Polypodiaceae) based on six plastid DNA markers". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 143: 106665. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2019.106665. PMID 31704235. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1055790319303902. 
  9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Mabberley, D.J. (2008). Mabberley's plant-book: a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. Cambridge University Press. p. 690. ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=9RyKKHtwXUYC&pg=PA690. 
  10. Nitta, Joel H.Expression error: Unrecognized word "et". (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMID 36092417. 
  11. "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". 2022. https://fernphy.github.io/viewer.html. 
  12. Testo, Weston L.; Field, Ashley R.; Sessa, Emily B.; Sundue, Michael (2019), "Phylogenetic and Morphological Analyses Support the Resurrection of Dendroconche and the Recognition of Two New Genera in Polypodiaceae Subfamily Microsoroideae", Systematic Botany 44 (4): 737–752, doi:10.1600/036364419X15650157948607, http://sites.clas.ufl.edu/bio-sessalab/files/SysBot2019.pdf, retrieved 2020-02-11 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q849350 entry