Biology:Duodenum

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Short description: First section of the small intestine
Duodenum
Tractus intestinalis duodenum.svg
Image of the gastrointestinal tract, with the duodenum highlighted.
Duodenumanatomy.jpg
Diagram of the human duodenum with major parts labelled
Details
Pronunciation/ˌdjuːəˈdiːnəm/, US also /djuˈɒdɪnəm/[2]
PrecursorForegut (1st and 2nd parts), Midgut (3rd and 4th part)
Part ofSmall intestine
SystemDigestive system
ArteryInferior pancreaticoduodenal artery, Superior pancreaticoduodenal artery
VeinPancreaticoduodenal veins
Nerveceliac ganglia, vagus[1]
Anatomical terminology

The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine[3] in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In mammals it may be the principal site for iron absorption. The duodenum precedes the jejunum and ileum and is the shortest part of the small intestine.

In humans, the duodenum is a hollow jointed tube about 25–38 centimetres (10–15 inches) long connecting the stomach to the middle part of the small intestine.[4][5] It begins with the duodenal bulb and ends at the suspensory muscle of duodenum.[6] Duodenum can be divided into four parts: the first (superior), the second (descending), the third (transverse) and the fourth (ascending) parts.[5]

Overview

The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine in most higher vertebrates, including mammals, reptiles, and birds. In fish, the divisions of the small intestine are not as clear, and the terms anterior intestine or proximal intestine may be used instead of duodenum.[7] In mammals the duodenum may be the principal site for iron absorption.[8]

In humans, the duodenum is a C-shaped hollow jointed tube, 25–38 centimetres (10–15 inches) in length, lying adjacent to the stomach (and connecting it to the small intestine). It is divided anatomically into four sections. The first part lies within the peritoneum but its other parts are retroperitoneal.[9]:273

Parts

The first part, or superior part, of the duodenum is a continuation from the pylorus to transpyloric plane. It is superior to the rest of the segments, at the vertebral level of L1. The duodenal bulb, about 2 cm (3⁄4 in) long, is the first part of the duodenum and is slightly dilated. The duodenal bulb is a remnant of the mesoduodenum, a mesentery that suspends the organ from the posterior abdominal wall in fetal life.[10] The first part of the duodenum is mobile, and connected to the liver by the hepatoduodenal ligament of the lesser omentum. The first part of the duodenum ends at the corner, the superior duodenal flexure.[9]:273

Relations:[citation needed]

  • Anterior
  • Posterior
    • Bile duct
    • Gastroduodenal artery
    • Portal vein
    • Inferior vena cava
    • Head of pancreas
  • Superior
    • Neck of gallbladder
    • Hepatoduodenal ligament (lesser omentum)
  • Inferior
    • Neck of pancreas
    • Greater omentum
    • Head of pancreas

The second part, or descending part, of the duodenum begins at the superior duodenal flexure. It goes inferior to the lower border of vertebral body L3, before making a sharp turn medially into the inferior duodenal flexure, the end of the descending part.[9]:274

The pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter the descending duodenum, through the major duodenal papilla. The second part of the duodenum also contains the minor duodenal papilla, the entrance for the accessory pancreatic duct. The junction between the embryological foregut and midgut lies just below the major duodenal papilla.[9]:274

The third part, or horizontal part or inferior part of the duodenum is 10~12 cm in length. It begins at the inferior duodenal flexure and passes transversely to the left, passing in front of the inferior vena cava, abdominal aorta and the vertebral column. The superior mesenteric artery and vein are anterior to the third part of duodenum.[9]:274 This part may be compressed between the aorta and SMA causing superior mesenteric artery syndrome.

The fourth part, or ascending part, of the duodenum passes upward, joining with the jejunum at the duodenojejunal flexure. The fourth part of the duodenum is at the vertebral level L3, and may pass directly on top, or slightly to the left, of the aorta.[9]:274

Blood supply

The duodenum receives arterial blood from two different sources. The transition between these sources is important as it demarcates the foregut from the midgut. Proximal to the 2nd part of the duodenum (approximately at the major duodenal papilla – where the bile duct enters) the arterial supply is from the gastroduodenal artery and its branch the superior pancreaticoduodenal artery. Distal to this point (the midgut) the arterial supply is from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and its branch the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery supplies the 3rd and 4th sections. The superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries (from the gastroduodenal artery and SMA respectively) form an anastomotic loop between the celiac trunk and the SMA; so there is potential for collateral circulation here.

The venous drainage of the duodenum follows the arteries. Ultimately these veins drain into the portal system, either directly or indirectly through the splenic or superior mesenteric vein and then to portal vein.

Lymphatic drainage

The lymphatic vessels follow the arteries in a retrograde fashion. The anterior lymphatic vessels drain into the pancreatoduodenal lymph nodes located along the superior and inferior pancreatoduodenal arteries and then into the pyloric lymph nodes (along the gastroduodenal artery). The posterior lymphatic vessels pass posterior to the head of the pancreas and drain into the superior mesenteric lymph nodes. Efferent lymphatic vessels from the duodenal lymph nodes ultimately pass into the celiac lymph nodes.

Histology

Under microscopy, the duodenum has a villous mucosa. This is distinct from the mucosa of the pylorus, which directly joins to the duodenum. Like other structures of the gastrointestinal tract, the duodenum has a mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and adventitia. Glands line the duodenum, known as Brunner's glands, which secrete mucus and bicarbonate in order to neutralise stomach acids. These are distinct glands not found in the ileum or jejunum, the other parts of the small intestine.[11]:274–275

  • Dog Duodenum 100X

  • Duodenum with amyloid deposition in lamina propria

  • Section of duodenum of cat. X 60

  • Micrograph showing giardiasis on a duodenal biopsy (H&E stain)

  • Duodenum with brush border (microvillus)

Variation

The duodenum's close anatomical association with the pancreas creates differences in function based on the position and orientation of the organs. The congenital abnormality, annular pancreas, causes a portion of the pancreas to encircle the duodenum. In an extramural annular pancreas, the pancreatic duct encircles the duodenum which results in gastrointestinal obstruction. An intramural annular pancreas is characterized by pancreatic tissue that is fused with the duodenal wall, causing duodenal ulceration.[12]

Gene and protein expression

About 20,000 protein coding genes are expressed in human cells and 70% of these genes are expressed in the normal duodenum.[13][14] Some 300 of these genes are more specifically expressed in the duodenum with very few genes expressed only in the duodenum. The corresponding specific proteins are expressed in the duodenal mucosa, and many of these are also expressed in the small intestine, such as alanine aminopeptidase, a digestive enzyme, angiotensin-converting enzyme, involved in controlling blood pressure, and RBP2, a protein involved in the uptake of vitamin A.[15]

Function

The duodenum is largely responsible for the breakdown of food in the small intestine, using enzymes. The duodenum also regulates the rate of emptying of the stomach via hormonal pathways. Secretin and cholecystokinin are released from cells in the duodenal epithelium in response to acidic and fatty stimuli present there when the pylorus opens and emits gastric chyme into the duodenum for further digestion. These cause the liver and gallbladder to release bile, and the pancreas to release bicarbonate and digestive enzymes such as trypsin, lipase and amylase into the duodenum as they are needed.[citation needed]

The villi of the duodenum have a leafy-looking appearance, which is a histologically identifiable structure. Brunner's glands, which secrete mucus, are only found in the duodenum. The duodenum wall consists of a very thin layer of cells that form the muscularis mucosae.

Clinical significance

Ulceration

Main page: Medicine:Peptic ulcer disease

Ulcers of the duodenum commonly occur because of infection by the bacteria Helicobacter pylori. These bacteria, through a number of mechanisms, erode the protective mucosa of the duodenum, predisposing it to damage from gastric acids. The first part of the duodenum is the most common location of ulcers since it is where the acidic chyme meets the duodenal mucosa before mixing with the alkaline secretions of the duodenum.[16] Duodenal ulcers may cause recurrent abdominal pain and dyspepsia, and are often investigated using a urea breath test to test for the bacteria, and endoscopy to confirm ulceration and take a biopsy. If managed, these are often managed through antibiotics that aim to eradicate the bacteria, and proton-pump inhibitors and antacids to reduce the gastric acidity.[17]

Celiac disease

The British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines specify that a duodenal biopsy is required for the diagnosis of adult celiac disease. The biopsy is ideally performed at a moment when the patient is on a gluten-containing diet.[18]

Cancer

Duodenal cancer is a cancer in the first section of the small intestine. Cancer of the duodenum is relatively rare compared to stomach cancer and colorectal cancer; malignant tumors in the duodenum constitute only around 0.3% of all the gastrointestinal tract tumors but around half of cancerous tissues that develop in the small intestine.[19] Its histology is often observed to be adenocarcinoma, meaning that the cancerous tissue arises from glandular cells in the epithelial tissue lining the duodenum.[20]

Inflammation

Inflammation of the duodenum is referred to as duodenitis. There are multiple known causes.[21] Celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease are two of the known causes.[22]

Etymology

The name duodenum is Medieval Latin, short for intestīnum duodēnum digitōrum, meaning intestine of twelve finger-widths (in length), genitive pl. of duodēnī, twelve each, from Latin duodeni "twelve each" (from duodecim "twelve"). Coined by Gerard of Cremona (d. 1187) in his Latin translation of "Canon Avicennae," "اثنا عشر" itself a loan-translation of Greek dodekadaktylon, literally "twelve fingers long." The intestine part was so called by the Greek physician Herophilus (c. 335–280 BCE) for its length, about equal to the breadth of 12 fingers.[23]

Many languages retain a similar etymology for this word. For example, German Zwölffingerdarm, Dutch Twaalfvingerige darm and Turkish Oniki parmak bağırsağı.

Additional images

  • Sections of the small intestine

  • The celiac artery and its branches; the stomach has been raised and the peritoneum removed

  • Superior and inferior duodenal fossæ

  • Duodenojejunal fossa

  • The pancreas and duodenum from behind

  • Transverse section through the middle of the first lumbar vertebra, showing the relations of the pancreas

  • The pancreatic duct

  • Region of pancreas

  • Duodenum

  • Duodenum

  • Duodenum

See also

This article uses anatomical terminology. For an overview, see Anatomical terminology.
  • Pancreas
  • Choledochoduodenostomy - a surgical procedure to create a connection between the common bile duct (CBD) and an alternative portion of the duodenum.

References

  1. ↑ Nosek, Thomas M.. "Section 6/6ch2/s6ch2_30". Essentials of Human Physiology. http://humanphysiology.tuars.com/program/section6/6ch2/s6ch2_30.htm. 
  2. ↑ Jones, Daniel (2011), Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6 
  3. ↑ "NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms". https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms. "The first part of the small intestine. It connects to the stomach. The duodenum helps to further digest food coming from the stomach. It absorbs nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins) and water from food so they can be used by the body." 
  4. ↑ "Duodenum: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/002347.htm. "It is located between the stomach and the middle part of the small intestine. After foods mix with stomach acid, they move into the duodenum, where they mix with bile from the gallbladder and digestive juices from the pancreas." 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nolan, D. J. (2002). "Radiology of the Duodenum". Radiological Imaging of the Small Intestine. Medical Radiology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 247–259. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56231-0_6. ISBN 978-3-642-62993-8. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-56231-0_6. "duodenum is a C-shaped hollow organ forming an incomplete circle around the head of the pancreas. ...it is normally examined as part of the upper gastrointestinal tract." 
  6. ↑ van Gijn J; Gijselhart JP (2011). "Treitz and his ligament.". Ned. Tijdschr. Geneeskd. 155 (8): A2879. PMID 21557825. 
  7. ↑ Guillaume, Jean; Praxis Publishing; Sadasivam Kaushik; Pierre Bergot; Robert Metailler (2001). Nutrition and Feeding of Fish and Crustaceans. Springer. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-85233-241-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=As0flTZo_EAC&q=fish+cytology+jejunum+duodenum&pg=PA31. Retrieved 2009-01-09. 
  8. ↑ Latunde-Dada GO; Van der Westhuizen J; Vulpe CD et al. (2002). "Molecular and functional roles of duodenal cytochrome B (Dcytb) in iron metabolism". Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 29 (3): 356–60. doi:10.1006/bcmd.2002.0574. PMID 12547225. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Drake, Richard L.; Vogl, Wayne; Tibbitts, Adam W.M. Mitchell; illustrations by Richard; Richardson, Paul (2005). Gray's anatomy for students. Philadelphia: Elsevier/Churchill Livingstone. ISBN 978-0-8089-2306-0. 
  10. ↑ Singh, Inderbir; GP Pal (2012). "13". Human Embryology (9 ed.). Delhi: Macmillan Publishers India. p. 163. ISBN 978-93-5059-122-2. 
  11. ↑ Deakin, Barbara Young (2006). Wheater's functional histology : a text and colour atlas (5th ed.). [Edinburgh?]: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 978-0-443-06850-8. 
  12. ↑ Borghei, Peyman; Sokhandon, Farnoosh; Shirkhoda, Ali; Morgan, Desiree E. (January 2013). "Anomalies, Anatomic Variants, and Sources of Diagnostic Pitfalls in Pancreatic Imaging" (in en). Radiology 266 (1): 28–36. doi:10.1148/radiol.12112469. ISSN 0033-8419. PMID 23264525. http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/10.1148/radiol.12112469. 
  13. ↑ "The human proteome in duodenum - The Human Protein Atlas". https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/duodenum. 
  14. ↑ Uhlén, Mathias; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn M.; Lindskog, Cecilia; Oksvold, Per; Mardinoglu, Adil; Sivertsson, Åsa; Kampf, Caroline et al. (2015-01-23). "Tissue-based map of the human proteome" (in en). Science 347 (6220): 1260419. doi:10.1126/science.1260419. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 25613900. 
  15. ↑ Gremel, Gabriela; Wanders, Alkwin; Cedernaes, Jonathan; Fagerberg, Linn; Hallström, Björn; Edlund, Karolina; Sjöstedt, Evelina; Uhlén, Mathias et al. (2015-01-01). "The human gastrointestinal tract-specific transcriptome and proteome as defined by RNA sequencing and antibody-based profiling" (in en). Journal of Gastroenterology 50 (1): 46–57. doi:10.1007/s00535-014-0958-7. ISSN 0944-1174. PMID 24789573. 
  16. ↑ Smith, Margaret E. The Digestive System. 
  17. ↑ Colledge, Nicki R.; Walker, Brian R.; Ralston, Stuart H., eds (2010). Davidson's principles and practice of medicine. (21st ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. pp. 871–874. ISBN 978-0-7020-3085-7. 
  18. ↑ Ludvigsson, J. F.; Bai, J. C.; Biagi, F.; Card, T. R.; Ciacci, C.; Ciclitira, P. J.; Green, P. H. R.; Hadjivassiliou, M. et al. (2014). "Diagnosis and management of adult coeliac disease: Guidelines from the British Society of Gastroenterology". Gut 63 (8): 1210–1228. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-306578. ISSN 0017-5749. PMID 24917550. 
  19. ↑ Fagniez, Pierre-Louis; Rotman, Nelly (2001). Malignant tumors of the duodenum. Zuckschwerdt. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK6953/. 
  20. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/adenocarcinoma. 
  21. ↑ "An approach to duodenal biopsies". J. Clin. Pathol. 59 (11): 1133–50. 2006. doi:10.1136/jcp.2005.031260. PMID 16679353. 
  22. ↑ Alper, Arik; Hardee, Steven; Rojas-velasquez, Danilo; Escalera, Sandra; Morotti, Raffaella A; Pashankar, Dinesh S. (February 2016). "Prevalence, clinical, endoscopic and pathological features of duodenitis in children". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 62 (2): 314–316. doi:10.1097/MPG.0000000000000942. ISSN 0277-2116. PMID 26252915. 
  23. ↑ "duodenum - Origin and meaning of duodenum by Online Etymology Dictionary". https://www.etymonline.com/word/duodenum. 

External links



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