Biology:Haplogroup R1b-L21
| Haplogroup R-L21 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Possible time of origin | 4,500 years |
| Possible place of origin | Central Europe |
| Ancestor | R1b (R-M343) * R-M269 ** R-L151 *** R-P312 **** R-S461 |
| Descendants | R-A7905 R-A5846 R-DF63 R-DF13 |
| Highest frequencies | Irish Scottish Welsh Bretons |
R1b-L21 or R1b-M529 or R1b-S145 (R1b1a2a1a2c) is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, characteristic of the inhabitants of Great Britain and Ireland.[1]
Origin
R1b-L21 is likely a haplogroup belonging to the Insular Celts (among others), who migrated to Western Europe during the Bronze Age, populating vast regions of what is now Ireland, Great Britain, Northern Spain and northern France .[citation needed] The marker is also found to a lesser extent in the remainder of France, western Switzerland , the Low Countries, northwestern Germany , Denmark , and the northwestern Iberian peninsula.[citation needed]
Currently this haplogroup is mostly found among the inhabitants of Ireland and Great Britain, but is also found in Brittany, northern France, modern Northern Portugal, Galicia and Asturias in the northwest of Spain ,[citation needed] and has some presence in Belgium[citation needed] and the Netherlands. [2]
Three Early Bronze Age men (2026–1534 cal BC) from burials on Rathlin Island off the north coast of Ireland were all R1b1a2a1a2c, or R1b-L21. Rathlin2 was further defined as R1b1a2a1a2c1, or R1b-DF13/S521/CTS241. Rathlin1 was further defined as R1b1a2a1a2c1g, or R1b-DF21/S192.[3]
References
- ↑ Y-DNA Haplogroup R and its Subclades - 2018, International Society of Genetic Genealogy, https://isogg.org/tree/ISOGG_HapgrpR.html
- ↑ Altena, Eveline; Smeding, Risha; van der Gaag, Kristiaan J.; Larmuseau, Maarten H. D.; Decorte, Ronny; Lao, Oscar; Kayser, Manfred; Kraaijenbrink, Thirsa et al. (2019). "The Dutch Y-chromosomal landscape". European Journal of Human Genetics 28 (3): 287–299. doi:10.1038/s41431-019-0496-0. ISSN 1018-4813. PMID 31488894.
- ↑ Cassidy, Lara M.; Martiniano, Rui; Murphy, Eileen M.; Teasdale, Matthew D.; Mallory, James; Hartwell, Barrie; Bradley, Daniel G. (2016). "Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (2): 368–373. doi:10.1073/pnas.1518445113. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 26712024. Bibcode: 2016PNAS..113..368C.
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