Biology:LEAFY

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LEAFY (abbreviated LFY) is a homeotic plant transcription factor that plays a key role in specifying that the undifferentiated cells present in an indeterminate inflorescence meristem develop into a floral meristem and eventually flowers.[1]

LEAFY encodes a plant-specific transcription factor, is found in all land plants and in charophytes[2] and one of its exons have been used extensively in phylogenetic work on spermatophytes.[3]

In Arabidopsis thaliana, LEAFY acts as a master regulator of floral development. Transcription of LEAFY is suppressed in vegetative tissues by TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1) and activated by FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT); both TFL1 and FT act through the bZip transcription factor FD.[4] When LEAFY is sufficiently expressed (due to greater FT binding to FD than TFL1), floral fate is then determined.[5] The LEAFY protein then activates transcription of another homeotic transcription factor, APETALA1, first by binding to the APETALA1 locus and then by making the surrounding chromatin accessible through chromatin remodeling and displacing H1 linker histones.[6][7] APETALA1 functions as a A-class gene in the ABC model of flower development and specifies sepal and petal floral organ development, furthering the transition of the meristem into floral identity.[1]

LEAFY loss-of-function mutants in A. thaliana typically possess leafy, vegetative shoots where flowers would normally develop. These mutants are generally sterile due to the lack of flower development, although they can occasionally develop pistils, especially when mutants are grown in colder temperatures.[8] When LEAFY is overexpressed, plants are less sensitive to environmental signals and flower earlier.[9]

The LEAFY protein has two conserved domains: the DNA binding domain, a helix-turn-helix motif buried inside a unique 7-helix fold[10] and a Sterile Alpha Motif.[11] It binds DNA as a dimer and its binding site has been identified both in vivo and in vitro.[12][13] The F-box protein Unusual Floral Organs (UFO) is able to redirect LFY to binding sites that LFY cannot access alone and, together, they regulate genes involved in petal and stamen development (such as APETALA3, PISTILLATA or RABBIT EARS).[14][15]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weigel, Detlef; Alvarez, John; Smyth, David R.; Yanofsky, Martin F.; Meyerowitz, Elliot M. (May 1992). "LEAFY controls floral meristem identity in Arabidopsis". Cell 69 (5): 843–859. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(92)90295-N. PMID 1350515. https://authors.library.caltech.edu/72838/1/1-s2.0-009286749290295N-main.pdf. 
  2. ↑ Sayou, Camille; Monniaux, Marie; Nanao, Max H.; Moyroud, Edwige; Brockington, Samuel F.; Thévenon, Emmanuel; Chahtane, Hicham; Warthmann, Norman et al. (2014-02-07). "A promiscuous intermediate underlies the evolution of LEAFY DNA binding specificity". Science 343 (6171): 645–648. doi:10.1126/science.1248229. ISSN 1095-9203. PMID 24436181. Bibcode: 2014Sci...343..645S. 
  3. ↑ Hollingsworth, Peter M.; Bateman, Richard M.; Gornall, R. J. (1999). Molecular Systematics and Plant Evolution. CRC Press. p. 242. ISBN 978-0-7484-0908-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=SVKN8V1cGg4C&pg=PP1. 
  4. ↑ Zhu, Yang; Klasfeld, Samantha; Jeong, Cheol Woong; Jin, Run; Goto, Koji; Yamaguchi, Nobutoshi; Wagner, Doris (2020-10-12). "TERMINAL FLOWER 1-FD complex target genes and competition with FLOWERING LOCUS T" (in en). Nature Communications 11 (1): 5118. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-18782-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 33046692. Bibcode: 2020NatCo..11.5118Z. 
  5. ↑ Yamaguchi, Nobutoshi (2021-07-05). "LEAFY, a Pioneer Transcription Factor in Plants: A Mini-Review" (in English). Frontiers in Plant Science 12. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.701406. ISSN 1664-462X. PMID 34290727. Bibcode: 2021FrPS...1201406Y. 
  6. ↑ Wagner, Doris; Sablowski, Robert W. M.; Meyerowitz, Elliot M. (1999-07-23). "Transcriptional Activation of APETALA1 by LEAFY". Science 285 (5427): 582–584. doi:10.1126/science.285.5427.582. PMID 10417387. https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.285.5427.582. 
  7. ↑ Jin, Run; Klasfeld, Samantha; Zhu, Yang; Fernandez Garcia, Meilin; Xiao, Jun; Han, Soon-Ki; Konkol, Adam; Wagner, Doris (2021-01-27). "LEAFY is a pioneer transcription factor and licenses cell reprogramming to floral fate" (in en). Nature Communications 12 (1): 626. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-20883-w. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 33504790. Bibcode: 2021NatCo..12..626J. 
  8. ↑ Schultz, E. A.; Haughn, G. W. (1991-08-01). "LEAFY, a Homeotic Gene That Regulates Inflorescence Development in Arabidopsis." (in en). The Plant Cell 3 (8): 771–781. doi:10.1105/tpc.3.8.771. ISSN 1040-4651. PMID 12324613. 
  9. ↑ Weigel, Detlef; Nilsson, Ove (October 1995). "A developmental switch sufficient for flower initiation in diverse plants". Nature 377 (6549): 495–500. doi:10.1038/377495a0. PMID 7566146. Bibcode: 1995Natur.377..495W. 
  10. ↑ Hamès, Cécile; Ptchelkine, Denis; Grimm, Clemens; Thevenon, Emmanuel; Moyroud, Edwige; Gérard, Francine; Martiel, Jean-Louis; Benlloch, Reyes et al. (2008-10-08). "Structural basis for LEAFY floral switch function and similarity with helix-turn-helix proteins". The EMBO Journal 27 (19): 2628–2637. doi:10.1038/emboj.2008.184. ISSN 1460-2075. PMID 18784751. Bibcode: 2008EMBO...27.2628H. 
  11. ↑ Sayou, Camille; Nanao, Max H.; Jamin, Marc; Posé, David; Thévenon, Emmanuel; Grégoire, Laura; Tichtinsky, Gabrielle; Denay, Grégoire et al. (2016-04-21). "A SAM oligomerization domain shapes the genomic binding landscape of the LEAFY transcription factor". Nature Communications 7. doi:10.1038/ncomms11222. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 27097556. Bibcode: 2016NatCo...711222S. 
  12. ↑ Moyroud, Edwige; Minguet, Eugenio Gómez; Ott, Felix; Yant, Levi; Posé, David; Monniaux, Marie; Blanchet, Sandrine; Bastien, Olivier et al. (2011-04-01). "Prediction of regulatory interactions from genome sequences using a biophysical model for the Arabidopsis LEAFY transcription factor". The Plant Cell 23 (4): 1293–1306. doi:10.1105/tpc.111.083329. ISSN 1532-298X. PMID 21515819. Bibcode: 2011PlanC..23.1293M. 
  13. ↑ Winter, Cara M.; Austin, Ryan S.; Blanvillain-Baufumé, Servane; Reback, Maxwell A.; Monniaux, Marie; Wu, Miin-Feng; Sang, Yi; Yamaguchi, Ayako et al. (2011-04-19). "LEAFY target genes reveal floral regulatory logic, cis motifs, and a link to biotic stimulus response". Developmental Cell 20 (4): 430–443. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.03.019. ISSN 1878-1551. PMID 21497757. 
  14. ↑ Rieu, Philippe; Turchi, Laura; Thévenon, Emmanuel; Zarkadas, Eleftherios; Nanao, Max; Chahtane, Hicham; Tichtinsky, Gabrielle; Lucas, Jérémy et al. (2023-02-02). "The F-box protein UFO controls flower development by redirecting the master transcription factor LEAFY to new cis-elements" (in en). Nature Plants 9 (2): 315–329. doi:10.1038/s41477-022-01336-2. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 36732360. Bibcode: 2023NatPl...9..315R. https://cnrs.hal.science/hal-03993820/file/NP_manuscript.pdf. 
  15. ↑ Samach, Alon; Klenz, Jennifer E.; Kohalmi, Susanne E.; Risseeuw, Eddy; Haughn, George W.; Crosby, William L. (November 1999). "The UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS gene of Arabidopsis thaliana is an F-box protein required for normal patterning and growth in the floral meristem". The Plant Journal 20 (4): 433–445. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.1999.00617.x. PMID 10607296. Bibcode: 1999PlJ....20..433S. 



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