Biology:List of Apiales of South Africa
The Apiales are an order of flowering plants. The families are those recognized in the APG III system.[1] This is typical of the newer classifications, though there is some slight variation and in particular, the Torriceliaceae may be divided.[2] Under this definition, well-known members include carrots, celery, and parsley. The order Apiales is placed within the asterid group of eudicots as circumscribed by the APG III system.[1] Within the asterids, Apiales belongs to an unranked group called the campanulids,[3] and within the campanulids, it belongs to a clade known in phylogenetic nomenclature as Apiidae.[4] In 2010, a subclade of Apiidae named Dipsapiidae was defined to consist of the three orders: Apiales, Paracryphiales, and Dipsacales.[5]
The anthophytes are a grouping of plant taxa bearing flower-like reproductive structures. They were formerly thought to be a clade comprising plants bearing flower-like structures. The group contained the angiosperms - the extant flowering plants, such as roses and grasses - as well as the Gnetales and the extinct Bennettitales.[6]
23,420 species of vascular plant have been recorded in South Africa, making it the sixth most species-rich country in the world and the most species-rich country on the African continent. Of these, 153 species are considered to be threatened.[7] Nine biomes have been described in South Africa: Fynbos, Succulent Karoo, desert, Nama Karoo, grassland, savanna, Albany thickets, the Indian Ocean coastal belt, and forests.[8]
The 2018 South African National Biodiversity Institute's National Biodiversity Assessment plant checklist lists 35,130 taxa in the phyla Anthocerotophyta (hornworts (6)), Anthophyta (flowering plants (33534)), Bryophyta (mosses (685)), Cycadophyta (cycads (42)), Lycopodiophyta (Lycophytes(45)), Marchantiophyta (liverworts (376)), Pinophyta (conifers (33)), and Pteridophyta (cryptogams (408)).[9]
Three families are represented in the literature. Listed taxa include species, subspecies, varieties, and forms as recorded, some of which have subsequently been allocated to other taxa as synonyms, in which cases the accepted taxon is appended to the listing. Multiple entries under alternative names reflect taxonomic revision over time.
Apiaceae
Family: Apiaceae,[9] 65 genera have been recorded. Not all are necessarily currently accepted.
- Genus Aethusa:[9]
- Genus Afroligusticum:[9]
- Genus Afrosciadium:[9]
- Genus Agrocharis:[9]
- Genus Alepidea:[9]
- Genus Ammi:[9]
- Genus Anginon:[9]
- Genus Annesorhiza:[9]
- Genus Anthriscus:[9]
- Genus Apium:[9]
- Genus Arctopus:[9]
- Genus Berula:[9]
- Genus Bupleurum:[9]
- Genus Buprestis:[9]
- Genus Capnophyllum:[9]
- Genus Carum:[9]
- Genus Caucalis:[9]
- Genus Celeri:[9]
- Genus Centella:[9]
- Genus Chamarea:[9]
- Genus Choritaenia:[9]
- Genus Conium:[9]
- Genus Coriandrum:[9]
- Genus Cyclospermum:[9]
- Genus Cynorhiza:[9]
- Genus Dasispermum:[9]
- Genus Daucus:[9]
- Genus Deverra:[9]
- Genus Diplolophium:[9]
- Genus Dracosciadium:[9]
- Genus Ezosciadium:[9]
- Genus Ferula:[9]
- Genus Foeniculum:[9]
- Genus Glia:[9]
- Genus Helodium:[9]
- Genus Helosciadium:[9]
- Genus Hermas:[9]
- Genus Heteromorpha:[9]
- Genus Ifdregea:[9]
- Genus Itasina:[9]
- Genus Lefebvrea:[9]
- Genus Lichtensteinia:[9]
- Genus Meum:[9]
- Genus Nanobubon:[9]
- Genus Oreoselinum:[9]
- Genus Pastinaca:[9]
- Genus Perfoliata:[9]
- Genus Petroselinum:[9]
- Genus Peucedanum:[9]
- Genus Pimpinella:[9]
- Genus Polemannia:[9]
- Genus Polemanniopsis:[9]
- Genus Ptychotis:[9]
- Genus Sanicula:[9]
- Genus Scaraboides:[9]
- Genus Seseli:[9]
- Genus Sison:[9]
- Genus Sium:[9]
- Genus Sonderina:[9]
- Genus Steganotaenia:[9]
- Genus Stenosemis:[9]
- Genus Stoibrax:[9]
- Genus Torilis:[9]
- Genus Turgenia:[9]
Araliaceae
Family: Araliaceae,[9]
Aralia
- Aralia spinosa L. not indigenous, cultivated
Cussonia
- Cussonia arenicola Strey, indigenous
- Cussonia gamtoosensis Strey, endemic
- Cussonia natalensis Sond. indigenous
- Cussonia nicholsonii Strey, endemic
- Cussonia paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh. indigenous
- Cussonia paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh. subsp. paniculata, endemic
- Cussonia paniculata Eckl. & Zeyh. subsp. sinuata (Reyneke & Kok) De Winter, indigenous
- Cussonia sphaerocephala Strey, indigenous
- Cussonia spicata Thunb. indigenous
- Cussonia thyrsiflora Thunb. endemic
- Cussonia transvaalensis Reyneke, endemic
- Cussonia zuluensis Strey, indigenous
Dizygotheca
Genus Dizygotheca:[9]
- Dizygotheca elegantissima (Veitch ex Mast.) R.Vig. & Guill. accepted as Plerandra elegantissima (Veitch ex Mast.) Lowry & Frodin, not indigenous
Hedera
- Hedera canariensis Willd. not indigenous, cultivated
- Hedera helix L. not indigenous, invasive
Heptapleurum
Genus Heptapleurum:[9]
- Heptapleurum actinophyllum (Endl.) Harms, not indigenous, invasive
- Heptapleurum arboricola (Hayata) Merr. not indigenous, invasive
Neocussonia
Genus Neocussonia:[9]
- Neocussonia umbellifera (Sond.) Baill. indigenous
Plerandra
- Plerandra elegantissima (Veitch ex Mast.) Lowry & Frodin, not indigenous, invasive
Seemannaralia
Genus Seemannaralia:[9]
- Seemannaralia gerrardii (Seem.) Harms, endemic
Trichoneura
Genus Trichoneura:[9]
- Trichoneura bonariensis Lam. indigenous
- Hydrocotyle inundata (L.) Sm. accepted as Helosciadium inundatum (L.) W.D.J.Koch
- Hydrocotyle schlechteri H.Wolff, endemic
- Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. indigenous
- Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. indigenous
Pittosporaceae
Family: Pittosporaceae,[9]
Billardiera
Genus Billardiera:[9]
- Billardiera heterophylla Lindl. not indigenous, invasive
Hymenosporum
Genus Hymenosporum:[9]
- Hymenosporum flavum (Hook.) R.Br. ex F.Muell. not indigenous
Pittosporum
Genus Pittosporum:[9]
- Pittosporum crassifolium Banks & Sol. ex A.Cunn. not indigenous, invasive
- Pittosporum undulatum Vent. not indigenous, invasive
- Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims, indigenous
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/122630309/abstract.
- ↑ Plunkett, Gregory M.; Chandler, Gregory T.; Lowry, Porter P.; Pinney, Steven M.; Sprenkle, Taylor S. (2004). "Recent advances in understanding Apiales and a revised classification". South African Journal of Botany 70 (3): 371–381. doi:10.1016/s0254-6299(15)30220-9.
- ↑ Winkworth, Richard C.; Lundberg, Johannes; Donoghue, Michael J. (2008). "Toward a resolution of Campanulid phylogeny, with special reference to the placement of Dipsacales". Taxon 57 (1): 53–65.
- ↑ Philip D. Cantino; James A. Doyle; Sean W. Graham; Walter S. Judd; Richard G. Olmstead; Douglas E. Soltis (2007), "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta", Taxon 56 (3): 822–846, doi:10.2307/25065865, http://www.phylodiversity.net/donoghue/publications/MJD_papers/2007/164_Cantino_Taxon07.pdf
- ↑ Tank, D. C.; Donoghue, M. J. (2010). "Phylogeny and Phylogenetic Nomenclature of the Campanulidae based on an Expanded Sample of Genes and Taxa". Systematic Botany 35 (2): 425. doi:10.1600/036364410791638306.
- ↑ Doyle, J. A.; Donoghue, M. J. (1986). "Seed plant phylogeny and the origin of the angiosperms - an experimental cladistic approach". Botanical Review 52 (4): 321–431. doi:10.1007/bf02861082.
- ↑ Butler, Rhett A. (1 July 2019). "Total number of plant species by country". Mongabay. https://rainforests.mongabay.com/03plants.htm.
- ↑ "Vegetation of South Africa". PlantZAfrica.com. SA National Biodiversity Institute. http://pza.sanbi.org/vegetation.
- ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 9.30 9.31 9.32 9.33 9.34 9.35 9.36 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.40 9.41 9.42 9.43 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.48 9.49 9.50 9.51 9.52 9.53 9.54 9.55 9.56 9.57 9.58 9.59 9.60 9.61 9.62 9.63 9.64 9.65 9.66 9.67 9.68 9.69 9.70 9.71 9.72 9.73 9.74 9.75 9.76 9.77 9.78 9.79 "species_checklist_20180710.csv". South African National Biodiversity Institute. http://biodiversityadvisor.sanbi.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/species_checklist_20180710.csv.
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