Biology:List of Saxifragales families

Short description: none

Saxifraga, from Latin for "stone-breaking"

Saxifragales is an order of 15 families of flowering plants. It belongs to the superrosids, a group of around 150 related families, including the rose family. The order includes fruit-bearing shrubs, woody vines, succulents, aquatics, and many ornamental trees and garden plants, including stonecrops, currants and witch-hazels.

Peonies are bred by horticulturists and widely cultivated in temperate gardens. The antiseptic resin of sweetgum trees has been used as a balm since biblical times. Cercidiphyllum japonicum, the largest tree species native to Japan, is used to make boards for the game of Go. Redcurrants, rich in pectin, are used in jams and juices.

Glossary

From the glossary of botanical terms:

• annual: a plant that completes its life cycle (i.e. germinates, reproduces, and dies) within a single year or growing season
• deciduous: shedding or falling seasonally, as with bark, leaves, or petals
• herbaceous: not woody; usually green and soft in texture
• perennial: not an annual or biennial
• succulent (adjective): juicy or fleshy
• unisexual: of one sex; bearing only male or only female reproductive organs

Although these species are quite diverse, there are a few visible traits that can be linked to many of the families. The plants have relatively small seeds, except in the family Peridiscaceae. Flowers tend to have separate, unfused petals, without nectar-secreting glands. The pollen-bearing anthers are often attached by their bases. Most fruits are follicles (seed pods). There are often two distinct ovaries, each with a hypanthium, a tube or cup-like structure in a flower that includes the bases of sepals, petals, and stamens.

Families

Family and a common name	Type genus and etymology	Total genera; global distribution	Description and uses	Type genus images
Altingiaceae (sweetgum family)	Liquidambar. Altingia, an earlier synonym, was named for Willem Arnold Alting (1724–1800), a Dutch colonial administrator.	1 genus, in North America and southern, eastern and Southeast Asia	Evergreen and deciduous trees. Several species are harvested for timber. The wood of L. styraciflua is used to make furniture.	Liquidambar styraciflua
Aphanopetala­ceae (gum-vine family)	Aphanopetalum, from Greek for "inconspicuous petals"	1 genus, in Australia	Shrubs, some twining like vines. The stems have extensive lenticels (ruptures in the bark) for gas exchange.	Aphanopetalum resinosum
Cercidiphylla­ceae (caramel-tree family)	Cercidiphyllum, from Greek for "leaves like Cercis" (that is, Cercis siliquastrum)	1 genus, in China and Japan	Deciduous trees. The autumn leaves of C. japonicum have a caramel scent.	Cercidiphyllum japonicum
Crassulaceae (stonecrop family)	Crassula, from Latin for "little thick" (leaves)	36 genera, scattered worldwide	Usually herbaceous perennials and annuals, sometimes shrubby, always with succulent stems. Some species of Crassula, Kalanchoe, Hylotelephium, Phedimus and Sempervivum are widely popular as potted ornamentals or rock garden plants. Sedum acre has been used as a pot-herb and a salad green.	Crassula perfoliata
Cynomoriaceae (tarthuth family)	Cynomorium, from Greek for "dog penis"	1 genus, in arid regions near the Mediterranean and in central and eastern Asia	Reddish-brown herbaceous plant parasites, lacking chlorophyll. C. coccineum has been harvested in deserts for millennia for food and dyes.	Cynomorium coccineum
Daphniphylla­ceae (laurel-leaf family)	Daphniphyllum, from Greek for "leaves like Daphne"	1 genus, in southern, eastern and Southeast Asia	Unisexual evergreen shrubs and trees	Daphniphyllum macropodum
Grossularia­ceae (gooseberry family)	Ribes. Grossularia, an earlier synonym, is from a Latin plant name.	1 genus, in the temperate Northern Hemisphere and South America	Usually deciduous shrubs, frequently spiny. Most species have edible fruits. Blackcurrant, redcurrant and gooseberry fruits are mixed into juices, preserves and baked goods.	Ribes rubrum (redcurrant)
Haloragaceae (water-milfoil family)	Haloragis, from Greek for "salt berries"	8 genera, distributed almost worldwide	Shrubs, small trees and herbaceous plants, growing in soil and water. Myriophyllum can be cultivated as a pond or aquarium plant.	Haloragis heterophylla
Hamamelida­ceae (witch-hazel family)	Hamamelis, from a Greek plant name	26 genera, scattered worldwide	Deciduous and evergreen trees and shrubs. Some genera are common garden ornamentals, and some are harvested for furniture-making.	Hamamelis japonica
Iteaceae (sweetspire family)	Itea, from a Greek plant name	2 genera, in North America, southeastern Africa, and eastern and Southeast Asia	Shrubs and trees, usually evergreen. Three species of Itea are grown as garden ornamentals.	Itea virginica
Paeoniaceae (peony family)	Paeonia, from a Greek plant name	1 genus, in temperate western North America and throughout Eurasia	Shrubs and herbaceous perennials. They are widely cultivated as garden ornamentals. P. suffruticosa and P. lactiflora are especially popular in China and Japan.	Paeonia officinalis
Penthoraceae (ditch-stonecrop family)	Penthorum, from Greek for "five" (fruit sections)	1 genus, in eastern North America and temperate parts of East Asia	Herbaceous perennials. The plants are edible after cooking, but may have a laxative effect.	Penthorum sedoides
Peridiscaceae (ringflower family)	Peridiscus, from Greek for (stamens) "around the disk"	4 genera, in northeastern South America and West and Central Africa	Large shrubs and small trees	Peridiscus lucidus
Saxifragaceae (saxifrage family)	Saxifraga, from Latin for "stone-breaking"	40 genera, distributed widely in the Northern Hemisphere, the Andes and New Guinea	Herbaceous perennials, usually, often with rhizomes. Ornamental genera include Astilbe, Bergenia, Darmera, Heuchera, Mukdenia, Rodgersia, Saxifraga, Tellima and Tiarella.	Saxifraga granulata
Tetracarpaea­ceae (delicate-laurel family)	Tetracarpaea, from Greek for "four-fruited"	1 genus, in Tasmania	Low bushes with erect branches	Tetracarpaea tasmannica

See also

• List of alismatid families
• List of commelinid families
• List of lamiid families
• List of lilioid families

Citations

Some of POWO's data originally appeared in different databases. After reaching the page for each family, these databases (if any) will appear under the "General information" tab.

References

• Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. 
• Burkhardt, Lotte (2018) (in German) (pdf). Verzeichnis eponymischer Pflanzennamen – Erweiterte Edition. Berlin: Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum, Freie Universität Berlin. doi:10.3372/epolist2018. ISBN 978-3-946292-26-5. https://doi.org/10.3372/epolist2018. Retrieved January 1, 2021.  See the licence.
• Carlsward, Barbara S.; Judd, Walter S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Manchester, Steven; Soltis, Pamela S. (2011). "Putative Morphological Synapomorphies of Saxifragales and Their Major Subclades". Journal of the Botanical Research Institute of Texas 5 (1): 179–196. ISSN 1934-5259. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264403780. 
• Christenhusz, Maarten; Fay, Michael Francis; Chase, Mark Wayne (2017). Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. Chicago, Illinois: Kew Publishing and The University of Chicago Press. pp. 18–637. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0. 
• Coombes, Allen (2012). The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-1-60469-196-2. 
• IPNI (2022). "International Plant Names Index". London, Boston and Canberra: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; and the Australian National Botanic Gardens. https://www.ipni.org. 
• Kubitzki, K. et al. (1993). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II Flowering plants - Dicotyledons. Magnoliid, Hamamelid and Caryophyllid families. II. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-55509-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=yjlzrzbRXNQC. 
• Kubitzki, K. et al. (2007). Kubitzki, K.. ed. Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae. IX. ISBN 978-3-540-32214-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=PdSL7jBNX9EC. 
• POWO (2019). "Plants of the World Online". London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/.  See their terms-of-use license.
• Quattrocchi, Umberto (2019). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names, Volume III, M–Q. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-367-44751-9. 
• Stearn, William (2002). Stearn's Dictionary of Plant Names for Gardeners. London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-36469-5. 
• Stevens, P.F. (2022). "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website.". Missouri Botanical Garden. http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/APWeb/. 
• Turland, N. J., ed. International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code) adopted by the Nineteenth International Botanical Congress Shenzhen, China, July 2017 (electronic ed.). Glashütten: International Association for Plant Taxonomy. https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/pages/main/art_18.html. Retrieved February 25, 2022. 
• Wang, Hengchang; Moore, Michael J.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Bell, Charles D. (March 10, 2009). "Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (10): 3853–3858. doi:10.1073/pnas.0813376106. PMID 19223592. Bibcode: 2009PNAS..106.3853W.