Biology:List of bovids

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Short description: Species in mammal family Bovidae

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Six bovid species (clockwise from top left): addax, cattle, mountain gazelle, impala, blue wildebeest, and mouflon

Bovidae is a family of hoofed ruminant mammals in the order Artiodactyla. A member of this family is called a bovid. They are widespread throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, and North America, and are found in a variety of biomes, most typically forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland. Bovids range in size from the 38 cm (15 in) long royal antelope to the 3.3 m (11 ft) long gaur, which can reach 1,500 kg (3,300 lb) in weight.[1] Over a billion each of domesticated sheep, cattle, and goats, and over 200 million domesticated water buffalo, 14 million domestic yak, and 300,000 domesticated gayal are used in farming worldwide. Many wild species do not have population estimates, though the impala, springbok, and harnessed bushbuck have population sizes of over one million, while several species of bovid are considered endangered or critically endangered with populations as low as 25. One species, the scimitar oryx, was once extinct in the wild, though populations are now recovering. The bluebuck went extinct in the last 200 years, and the aurochs went extinct 400 years ago. A third extinct species, the red gazelle, potentially never existed,[2] and the kouprey is potentially extinct, with no sightings since 1969.[3]

The 146 extant species of Bovidae are split into 53 genera within 9 subfamilies: Aepycerotinae, or the impala; Alcelaphinae, containing the bontebok, hartebeest, wildebeest, and relatives; Antilopinae, containing several antelope, gazelles, and relatives; Bovinae, containing cattle, buffalos, bison, and other antelopes; Caprinae, containing goats, sheep, ibex, serows and relatives; Cephalophinae, or duikers; Hippotraginae, containing the addax, oryx, and relatives; Nesotraginae, or dwarf antelopes; and Reduncinae, or reedbuck and kob antelopes. Extinct species have also been placed into these subfamilies, as well as the extinct Hypsodontinae, Oiocerinae, and Tethytraginae subfamilies. Over one hundred extinct Bovidae species have been discovered, though due to ongoing research and discoveries the exact number and categorization is not fixed.[4]

Conventions

Conservation status codes listed follow the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the bovid's range is provided. Ranges are based on the IUCN Red List for that species unless otherwise noted. All extinct species or subspecies listed alongside extant species went extinct after 1500 CE, and are indicated by a dagger symbol "Extinct".

Classification

The family Bovidae consists of 146 extant species belonging to 53 genera in 9 subfamilies and divided into hundreds of extant subspecies. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Additionally, the bluebuck went extinct in the last 200 years, and the aurochs went extinct 400 years ago.

Bovidae  
Bovinae  
Boselaphini  
 

Boselaphus  

 
 

Tetracerus  

 
 
Bovini  
 

Bison  

 
 

Bos  

 
 

Bubalus  

 
 

Pseudoryx  

 
 

Syncerus  

 
 
Tragelaphini  
 

Taurotragus  

 
 

Tragelaphus  

 
 
 
 
Antilopinae  
Antilopini  
 

Ammodorcas  

 
 

Antidorcas  

 
 

Antilope  

 
 

Eudorcas  

 
 

Gazella  

 
 

Litocranius  

 
 

Nanger  

 
 

Procapra  

 
 
Neotragini  
 

Dorcatragus  

 
 

Madoqua  

 
 

Neotragus  

 
 

Oreotragus  

 
 

Ourebia  

 
 

Raphicerus  

 
 
 
Nesotraginae  

Nesotragus  

 
 
Cephalophinae  
 

Cephalophus  

 
 

Philantomba  

 
 

Sylvicapra  

 
 
Reduncinae  
 

Kobus  

 
 

Pelea  

 
 

Redunca  

 
 
 
Aepycerotinae  

Aepyceros  

 
 
Caprinae
 
 

Ammotragus  

 
 

Arabitragus  

 
 

Capra  

 
 

Hemitragus  

 
 

Nilgiritragus  

 
 

Ovis  

 
 

Pseudois  

 
 
 
 

Capricornis  

 
 

Naemorhedus  

 
 

Oreamnos  

 
 

Rupicapra  

 
 
 
 

Budorcas  

 
 

Ovibos  

 
 
 
 

Pantholops  

 
 
 
Hippotraginae  
 

Addax  

 
 

Hippotragus  

 
 

Oryx  

 
 
Alcelaphinae  
 

Alcelaphus  

 
 

Beatragus  

 
 

Connochaetes  

 
 

Damaliscus  

 
 
 
 
 

Bovids

The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by Mammal Species of the World (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis.

Subfamily Aepycerotinae

Genus Aepyceros – Sundevall, 1847 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Impala

Several brown bovids

A. melampus
(Lichtenstein, 1812)

Two subspecies
  • A. m. melampus (Common impala)
  • A. m. petersi (Black-faced Impala)
Southern Africa (Common impala in green)
Map of range 		Size: 120–160 cm (47–63 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[6]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[6][7] 		 LC 


2,000,000 Population steady[6]

Subfamily Alcelaphinae

Genus Alcelaphus – Blainville, 1816 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Hartebeest

Brown bovid

A. buselaphus
(Pallas, 1766)

Eight subspecies
 		Scattered sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range 		Size: 150–245 cm (59–96 in) long, plus 30–70 cm (12–28 in) tail[8]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[9]

Diet: Grass[9] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[9]

Genus Beatragus – Heller, 1912 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Hirola

Two brown bovids

B. hunteri
(P. L. Sclater, 1889) 		Border between Kenya and Somalia
Map of range 		Size: 120–205 cm (47–81 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[10]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[11]

Diet: Grass, as well as forbs[10][11] 		 CR 


200–250 Population declining[11]

Genus Connochaetes – Lichtenstein, 1812 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Black wildebeest

Brown bovid

C. gnou
(Zimmermann, 1780) 		Southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 212–242 cm (83–95 in) long, plus 31–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[12]

Habitat: Shrubland and grassland[13]

Diet: Grass[13] 		 LC 


11,200 Population increasing[13]

Blue wildebeest

Brown bovid

C. taurinus
(Burchell, 1824)

Five subspecies
  • C. t. albojubatus (Eastern white-bearded wildebeest)
  • C. t. cooksoni (Cookson's wildebeest)
  • C. t. johnstoni (Nyassaland wildebeest)
  • C. t. mearnsi (Western white-bearded wildebeest)
  • C. t. taurinus (Common wildebeest)
Southern and eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 170–240 cm (67–94 in) long, plus 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Savanna and grassland[14]

Diet: Grass[14] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[14]

Genus Damaliscus – P. L. Sclater, Thomas, 1894 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bontebok

Brown and white bovid

D. pygargus
(Pallas, 1767)

Two subspecies
  • D. p. phillipsi (Blesbok)
  • D. p. pygargus
Southern Africa Size: 140–160 cm (55–63 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[15]

Habitat: Shrubland and grassland[16]

Diet: Grass and burnt veldt shrubs[16] 		 LC 


55,000 Population increasing[16]

Tsessebe

Brown bovid

D. lunatus
(Burchell, 1823)

Six subspecies
 		Scattered sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range 		Size: 150–230 cm (59–91 in) long, plus 36–42 cm (14–17 in) tail[17]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[18]

Diet: Grass[18] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[18]

Subfamily Antilopinae

Genus Ammodorcas – Thomas, 1891 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Dibatag

Drawing of brown bovid

A. clarkei
(Thomas, 1891) 		Horn of Africa
Map of range 		Size: 152–168 cm (60–66 in) long, plus 25–35 cm (10–14 in) tail[19]

Habitat: Shrubland and grassland[20]

Diet: Leaves and shoots[19][20] 		 VU 


2,800 Population declining[20]

Genus Antidorcas – Sundevall, 1847 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Springbok

Brown bovid

A. marsupialis
(Zimmermann, 1780)

Three subspecies
  • A. m. angolensis
  • A. m. hofmeyri
  • A. m. marsupialis
Southwestern Africa Size: 120–150 cm (47–59 in) long, plus 14–28 cm (6–11 in) tail[21]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[22]

Diet: Shrubs and grass[22] 		 LC 


1,400,000–1,750,000 Population increasing[22]

Genus Antilope – Pallas, 1766 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Blackbuck

Brown and white bovid

A. cervicapra
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Two subspecies
  • A. c. cervicapra
  • A. c. rajputanae
India (former range in light green)
Map of range 		Size: Up to 120 cm (47 in) long[23]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and desert[24]

Diet: Grass, as well as leaf litter, flowers, and fruit[24] 		 LC 


35,000 Template:Population change unknown[24]

Genus Dorcatragus – Noack, 1894 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Beira

Drawing of brown bovid

D. megalotis
(Menges, 1894) 		Horn of Africa
Map of range 		Size: 76–87 cm (30–34 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[25]

Habitat: Shrubland, and rocky areas[26]

Diet: Shrubs[26] 		 VU 


7,000 Population declining[26]

Genus Eudorcas – Fitzinger, 1869 – five species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Heuglin's gazelle

Drawing of two brown bovids

E. tilonura
(Heuglin, 1863) 		Northeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 55–120 cm (22–47 in) long, plus 15–27 cm (6–11 in) tail[27]

Habitat: Savanna and shrubland[28]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[27] 		 EN 


1,700–2,500 Population declining[28]

Mongalla gazelle

Drawing of brown and white bovid head

E. albonotata
(W. Rothschild, 1903) 		South Sudan
Map of range 		Size: 80–120 cm (31–47 in) long, plus 15–27 cm (6–11 in) tail[29]

Habitat: Savanna and grassland[30]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[29] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[30]

Red gazelleExtinct

Drawing of brown bovid head

E. rufina
Thomas, 1894 		North Africa Size: Unknown

Habitat: Unknown

Diet: Unknown 		 DD 


0 Population steady[2]

Red-fronted gazelle

Brown bovid

E. rufifrons
(Gray, 1846)

Five subspecies
  • E. r. centralis (Eastern Chad red-fronted gazelle)
  • E. r. hasleri (North Nigeria red-fronted gazelle)
  • E. r. kanuri (Kanuri red-fronted gazelle)
  • E. r. laevipes (Nubian red-fronted gazelle)
  • E. r. rufifrons (Senegal red-fronted gazelle)
Sahel zone in central and western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 80–120 cm (31–47 in) long, plus 15–27 cm (6–11 in) tail[31]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[32]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[31] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[32]

Thomson's gazelle

Brown, black, and white bovid

E. thomsonii
(Günther, 1884)

Two subspecies
  • E. t. nasalis (Serengeti Thomson's gazelle)
  • E. t. thomsonii (Eastern Thomson's gazelle)
Eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 80–120 cm (31–47 in) long, plus 15–27 cm (6–11 in) tail[33]

Habitat: Savanna and grassland[34]

Diet: Grass, as well as forbs and fruit[34] 		 LC 


145,000 Population declining[34]

Genus Gazella – Blainville, 1816 – ten species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Arabian gazelle

Drawing of brown and white bovid

G. arabica
(Lichtenstein, 1827)

Two subspecies
  • G. a. arabica
  • G. a. bilkis
Arabian Peninsula Size: About 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 9 cm (4 in) tail[35]

Habitat: Shrubland and grassland[36]

Diet: Cyperus sedges[36] 		 VU 


5,000–7,000 Population declining[36]

Arabian sand gazelle

Brown and white bovid

G. marica
Thomas, 1897 		Arabian Peninsula Size: About 97 cm (38 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail[37]

Habitat: Desert[38]

Diet: Grass and forbs[37] 		 VU 


1,700–2,200 Population declining[38]

Chinkara

Brown and white bovid

G. bennettii
(Sykes, 1831)

Six subspecies
  • G. b. bennettii (Deccan chinkara)
  • G. b. christii (Gujarat chinkara)
  • G. b. fuscifrons (Kennion gazelle)
  • G. b. karamii (Bushehr gazelle)
  • G. b. salinarum (Salt Range gazelle)
  • G. b. shikarii (Jebeer gazelle)
South Asia
Map of range 		Size: 90–120 cm (35–47 in) long[39]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and desert[40]

Diet: Grass, leaves, crops, and fruit[39] 		 LC 


50,000–70,000 Population declining[40]

Cuvier's gazelle

Brown bovid

G. cuvieri
(Ogilby, 1841) 		Northwestern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 95–105 cm (37–41 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[41]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[42]

Diet: Leaves and grass[41] 		 VU 


2,300–4,600 Population declining[42]

Dorcas gazelle

Brown and white bovid

G. dorcas
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Six subspecies
  • G. d. beccarii (Eritrean dorcas gazelle)
  • G. d. dorcas (Egyptian dorcas gazelle)
  • G. d. isabella (Isabelle dorcas gazelle)
  • G. d. massaesyla (Moroccan dorcas gazelle)
  • G. d. osiris (Saharan dorcas gazelle)
  • G. d. pelzelnii (Pelzeln's gazelle)
Northern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 90–110 cm (35–43 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[43]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[44]

Diet: Acacia tree flowers, leaves, and pods, as well as other fruit and leaves[45] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[44]

Erlanger's gazelle G. erlangeri
Neumann, 1906 		Arabian Peninsula Size: 110–125 cm (43–49 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[46]

Habitat: Desert[46]

Diet: Grass[46] 		 NE 


Unknown {{{direction}}}

Goitered gazelle

Brown and white bovid

G. subgutturosa
(Güldenstädt, 1780)

Three subspecies
  • G. s. gracilicornis (Turkmen gazelle)
  • G. s. subgutturosa (Persian gazelle)
  • G. s. yarkandensis (Yarkand gazelle)
Western and central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 90–115 cm (35–45 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[47]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[48]

Diet: Grass and low plants[49] 		 VU 


42,000–49,000 Population declining[48]

Mountain gazelle

Brown bovid

G. gazella
(Pallas, 1766)

Six subspecies
  • G. g. acaciae
  • G. g. cora
  • G. g. darehshourii
  • G. g. farasani
  • G. g. gazella
  • G. g. muscatensis
Mediterranean western Asia Size: 100–125 cm (39–49 in) long, plus 8–13 cm (3–5 in) tail[50]

Habitat: Desert and coastal marine[51]

Diet: Grass, herbs, and shrubs[52] 		 EN 


2,500 Population declining[51]

Rhim gazelle

Brown and white bovid

G. leptoceros
(F. Cuvier, 1842)

Two subspecies
  • G. l. leptoceros
  • G. l. loderi
Scattered northern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 100–110 cm (39–43 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[53]

Habitat: Desert[54]

Diet: Desert vegetation[54] 		 EN 


300–600 Population declining[54]

Speke's gazelle

Brown and white bovid

G. spekei
Blyth, 1863 		Horn of Africa
Map of range 		Size: 95–105 cm (37–41 in) long, plus 15–20 cm (6–8 in) tail[55]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and desert[56]

Diet: Grass and leaves[55] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[56]

Genus Litocranius – Kohl, 1886 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Gerenuk

Brown bovid

L. walleri
(Brooke, 1878)

Two subspecies
  • L. w. sclateri (Northern gerenuk)
  • L. w. walleri (Southern gerenuk)
Horn of Africa
Map of range 		Size: 140–160 cm (55–63 in) long, plus 2–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[57]

Habitat: Savanna and shrubland[58]

Diet: Shrubs[58] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[58]

Genus Madoqua – (Ogilby, 1837) – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Günther's dik-dik

Small brown and white bovid

M. guentheri
Thomas, 1894

Two subspecies
  • M. g. guentheri
  • M. g. smithii
Horn of Africa
Map of range 		Size: 55–65 cm (22–26 in) long, plus 3–5 cm (1–2 in) tail[59]

Habitat: Shrubland[60]

Diet: Shrubs, leaves, and flowers[61] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[60]

Kirk's dik-dik

Small brown and white bovid

M. kirkii
(Günther, 1880)

Four subspecies
  • M. k. kirkii
  • M. k. cavendishi (Cavendish's dik-dik)
  • M. k. damarensis (Damara dik-dik)
  • M. k. hindei
Southeastern and southwestern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 52–67 cm (20–26 in) long, plus 3–6 cm (1–2 in) tail[62]

Habitat: Shrubland[63]

Diet: Leaves, as well as grass, herbs, and sedge[63] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[63]

Salt's dik-dik

Small brown and white bovid

M. saltiana
(Desmarest, 1816)

Five subspecies
  • M. s. hararensis
  • M. s. lawrancei
  • M. s. phillipsi (Phillip's dik-dik)
  • M. s. saltiana (Salt's sik-dik)
  • M. s. swaynei (Swayne's dik-dik)
Horn of Africa
Map of range 		Size: 52–67 cm (20–26 in) long, plus 3–6 cm (1–2 in) tail[64]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[65]

Diet: Acacia bushes, as well as leaves, buds, flowers, fruit, and herbs[64][65] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[65]

Silver dik-dik M. piacentinii
Drake-Brockman, 1911 		Horn of Africa Size: 45–50 cm (18–20 in) long, plus 3–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[66]

Habitat: Shrubland[67]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[66] 		 DD 


Unknown Population declining[67]

Genus Nanger – Lataste, 1885 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Dama gazelle

Brown and white bovid

N. dama
(Pallas, 1766)

Three subspecies
  • N. d. dama
  • N. d. mhorr (Mhorr gazelle)
  • N. d. ruficollis (Addra gazelle)
Scattered Saharan Desert and Sahel
Map of range 		Size: 140–168 cm (55–66 in) long[68]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and desert[69]

Diet: Shrubs and grass[69] 		 CR 


100–200 Population declining[69]

Grant's gazelle

Brown and white bovid

N. granti
(Brooke, 1872)

Five subspecies
  • N. g. brighti (Bright's gazelle)
  • N. g. granti (Southern Grant's gazelle)
  • N. g. notata (Northern Grant's gazelle)
  • N. g. petersii (Peter's gazelle)
  • N. g. robertsi (Robert's gazelle)
Eastern Africa Size: 140–166 cm (55–65 in) long, plus 20–28 cm (8–11 in) tail[70]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[71]

Diet: Leaves and stems, as well as grass[72][71] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[71]

Soemmerring's gazelle

Brown and white bovid

N. soemmerringii
(Cretzschmar, 1828)

Three subspecies
  • N. s. berberana (Somali Soemmerring's gazelle)
  • N. s. butteri (Borani Soemmerring's gazelle)
  • N. s. soemmerringii (Sudan Soemmerring's gazelle)
Horn of Africa Size: 125–150 cm (49–59 in) long, plus 18–23 cm (7–9 in) tail[73]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[74]

Diet: Leaves, grass, and herbs[73] 		 VU 


4,000–5,000 Population declining[74]

Genus Neotragus – H. Smith, 1827 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Royal antelope

Small gray, brown, and white bovid

N. pygmaeus
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Western Africa Size: 38–51 cm (15–20 in) long, plus 5–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[75]

Habitat: Forest[76]

Diet: Leaves and shoots, as well as fruit and fungi[75] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[76]

Genus Oreotragus – A. Smith, 1834 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Klipspringer

Small gray and brown deer

O. oreotragus
(Zimmermann, 1783)

Five subspecies
  • O. o. aceratos
  • O. o. oreotragus
  • O. o. saltatrixoides
  • O. o. stevensoni
  • O. o. tyleri
Southern and Eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 75–115 cm (30–45 in) long[77]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[78]

Diet: Shrubs[78] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[78]

Genus Ourebia – Laurillard, 1842 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Oribi

Brown bovid

O. ourebi
(Zimmermann, 1782)

Sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range 		Size: 92–110 cm (36–43 in) long[79]

Habitat: Savanna and grassland[80]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[79] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[80]

Genus Procapra – Hodgson, 1846 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Goa

Brown and white bovid

P. picticaudata
Hodgson, 1846 		Western China
Map of range 		Size: 91–105 cm (36–41 in) long, plus 8–9 cm (3–4 in) tail[81]

Habitat: Grassland and inland wetlands[82]

Diet: Forbs and legumes, as well as grass and sedges[81] 		 NT 


100,000 Population declining[82]

Mongolian gazelle

Drawing of brown and white bovid

P. gutturosa
(Pallas, 1777) 		Mongolia and nearby central Asia (historical range in light green)
Map of range 		Size: 100–130 cm (39–51 in) long[83]

Habitat: Grassland and desert[84]

Diet: Grass, onions, and shrubs[83] 		 LC 


500,000–1,500,000 Population steady[84]

Przewalski's gazelle

Drawing of brown and white bovid

P. przewalskii
(Büchner, 1891)

Two subspecies
  • P. p. diversicornis
  • P. p. przewalskiiExtinct
Central China Size: 105–110 cm (41–43 in) long, plus up to 11 cm (4 in) tail[85]

Habitat: Grassland and desert[86]

Diet: Shrubs and grass[85] 		 EN 


1,300–1,700 Population increasing[86]

Genus Raphicerus – H. Smith, 1827 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Cape grysbok

Brown bovid

R. melanotis
(Thunberg, 1811) 		Southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 65–80 cm (26–31 in) long, plus up to 4–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[87]

Habitat: Shrubland and grassland[88]

Diet: Shrubs and grass[88] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[88]

Sharpe's grysbok

Brown bovid

R. sharpei
Thomas, 1897 		Southeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 65–75 cm (26–30 in) long, plus 4–8 cm (2–3 in) tail[89]

Habitat: Savanna and shrubland[90]

Diet: Shrubs and grass[90] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[90]

Steenbok

Brown bovid

R. campestris
(Thunberg, 1811)

Four subspecies
  • R. c. campestris
  • R. c. capricornis
  • R. c. kelleni
  • R. c. neumanni
Southern and southeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 70–95 cm (28–37 in) long, plus 4–6 cm (2–2 in) tail[91]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[92]

Diet: Shrubs, geophytes, berries, flowers, and fruit[92] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[92]

Genus Saiga – Gray, 1843 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Saiga antelope

Brown bovid

S. tatarica
(Linnaeus, 1766)

Two subspecies
  • S. t. mongolica (Mongolian saiga)
  • S. t. tatarica (Russian saiga)
Central Asia (historical range in white)
Map of range 		Size: 108–146 cm (43–57 in) long, plus 6–13 cm (2–5 in) tail[93]

Habitat: Grassland and desert[94]

Diet: Grass[94] 		 NT 


922,600–988,500 Population increasing[94]

Subfamily Bovinae

Genus Bison – H. Smith, 1827 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
American bison

Brown bovid

B. bison
Linnaeus, 1758 		Scattered North America
Map of range 		Size: 210–380 cm (83–150 in) long, plus 43–90 cm (17–35 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, and desert[95]

Diet: Grass, leaves, and roots, as well as sagebrush[5][95] 		 NT 


11,200–13,200[lower-alpha 1] Population steady[95]

European bison

Brown bovid

B. bonasus
Linnaeus, 1758

Three subspecies
 		Scattered Europe and western Asia
Map of range 		Size: 280–330 cm (110–130 in) long, plus 30–92 cm (12–36 in) tail[97]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and unknown[98]

Diet: Grass, sedges and herbs, as well as trees and shrubs[99] 		 NT 


2,500 Population increasing[98]

Genus Bos – Linnaeus, 1758 – ten species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
AurochsExtinct

Cow skeleton

B. primigenius
Bojanus, 1827 		Formerly Europe, Asia, and North Africa
Map of range 		Size: Unknown

Habitat: Unknown

Diet: Grass[100] 		 EX 


0 Population steady

Banteng

Brown and dark brown bovids

B. javanicus
d'Alton, 1823

Two subspecies
  • B. j. javanicus (Javan banteng)
  • B. j. lowi (Bornean banteng)
Southeast Asia (possible range in red)
Map of range 		Size: 190–225 cm (75–89 in) long, plus 65–70 cm (26–28 in) tail[101]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[102]

Diet: Grass, sedges, herbs, and bamboo, as well as leaves, fruit, flowers, bark, and young branches of shrubs and trees[102] 		 EN 


4,000–8,000 Population declining[102]

Bali cattle

Brown bovid

B. domesticus
Wilckens, 1905 		Southeast Asia Size: 190–225 cm (75–89 in) long, plus 65–70 cm (26–28 in) tail[101]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[102]

Diet: Grass, sedges, herbs, and bamboo, as well as leaves, fruit, flowers, bark, and young branches of shrubs and trees[102] 		 NE 


Unknown {{{direction}}}

Cattle

Brown cow

B. taurus
Linnaeus, 1758 		Worldwide
Map of range 		Size: 150–250 cm (59–98 in) long[103]

Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, forest, and desert[100]

Diet: Grass[100] 		 NE 


Unknown
(about 1.4 billion used in farming)[104] {{{direction}}}

Gaur

Black bovid

B. gaurus
Smith, 1827

Two subspecies
  • B. g. gaurus
  • B. g. readei
Southern and southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 250–330 cm (98–130 in) long, plus 70–100 cm (28–39 in) tail[1]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, grassland, and shrubland[105]

Diet: Grass as well as leaves, fruit, twigs, bark, and bamboo[105] 		 VU 


6,000–21,000 Population declining[105]

Gayal

Black bovid with humans

B. frontalis
Lambert, 1804

Four subspecies
  • B. f. frontalis
  • B. f. laosiensis
  • B. f. sinhaleyus
South Asia Size: 250–330 cm (98–130 in) long, plus 70–105 cm (28–41 in) tail[106]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[106]

Diet: Grass, forbs, and leaves[106] 		 NE 


1,000[106]
(about 300,000 used in farming)[107] {{{direction}}}

Kouprey B. sauveli
Urbain, 1937 		Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 210–223 cm (83–88 in) long, plus up to 100 cm (39 in) tail[108]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and grassland[3]

Diet: Grass, sedges, and shrubs[3] 		 CR 


0–50 Population declining[3]

Wild yak

Brown bovid

B. mutus
(Przhevalsky, 1883) 		Central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 306–385 cm (120–152 in) long, plus up to 60 cm (24 in) tail[109]

Habitat: Grassland and desert[110]

Diet: Grass and sedges, as well as forbs[110] 		 VU 


7,500–10,000 Population declining[110]

Yak

Brown bovid

B. grunniens
Linnaeus, 1766 		Central Asia Size: 145–218 cm (57–86 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail[111]

Habitat: Rocky areas and grassland[112]

Diet: Grass, shrubs, and forbs, as well as lichen and moss[112] 		 NE 


14 million (in farming)[113] {{{direction}}}

Zebu

Brown cow

B. indicus
Linnaeus, 1758 		Asia Size: 150–250 cm (59–98 in) long[103]

Habitat: Grassland, shrubland, forest, and desert[100]

Diet: Grass[100] 		 NE 


Unknown {{{direction}}}

Genus Boselaphus – Blainville, 1816 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Nilgai

Black bovid

B. tragocamelus
(Pallas, 1766) 		Indian subcontinent
Map of range 		Size: 180–200 cm (71–79 in) long[114]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[115]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[115] 		 LC 


70,000–100,000 Population steady[115]

Genus Bubalus – H. Smith, 1827 – five species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Lowland anoa

Black bovid

B. depressicornis
(H. Smith, 1827) 		Island of Sulawesi in Indonesia Size: 122–188 cm (48–74 in) long, plus up to 41 cm (16 in) tail[116]

Habitat: Forest[117]

Diet: Shrubs[117] 		 EN 


2,500 Population declining[117]

Mountain anoa

Brown bovid

B. quarlesi
(Ouwens, 1910) 		Island of Sulawesi in Indonesia Size: 122–153 cm (48–60 in) long[118]

Habitat: Forest[119]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[119] 		 EN 


0–2,500 Population declining[119]

Tamaraw

Black bovid

B. mindorensis
Heude, 1888 		Island of Mindoro in the Philippines
Map of range 		Size: Around 220 cm (87 in) long, plus 60 cm (24 in) tail[120]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[121]

Diet: Grass and young bamboo shoots[121] 		 CR 


200–300 Population declining[121]

Water buffalo

Two brown bovids

B. bubalis
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Three subspecies
  • B. b. bubalis
  • B. b. kerabau
  • B. b. theerapati
Scattered Asia, Egypt, and South America
Map of range 		Size: 240–300 cm (94–118 in) long, plus 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tail[122]

Habitat: Forest and grassland[122]

Diet: Grass, as well as herbs, shrubs, and leaves[122] 		 NE 


202 million (on farms)[123] {{{direction}}}

Wild water buffalo

Black bovid

B. arnee
(Kerr, 1792)

Four subspecies
  • B. a. arnee
  • B. a. fulvus
  • B. a. migona
  • B. a. septentrionalis
Scattered Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size: 240–300 cm (94–118 in) long, plus up to 60–100 cm (24–39 in) tail[124]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[125]

Diet: Grass and sedges, as well as fruit and shrubs[124] 		 EN 


2,500 Population declining[125]

Genus Pseudoryx – Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander, MacKinnon, 1993 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Saola

Brown bovid

P. nghetinhensis
Dung, Giao, Chinh, Tuoc, Arctander, MacKinnon, 1993 		Annamite Range of Vietnam and Laos
Map of range 		Size: 143–150 cm (56–59 in) long, plus up to 25 cm (10 in) tail[126]

Habitat: Forest[127]

Diet: Leaves as well as shrubs[127] 		 CR 


25-750 Population declining[127]

Genus Syncerus – Hodgson, 1847 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
African buffalo

Black bovid

S. caffer
(Sparrman, 1779)

Five subspecies
  • S. c. aequinoctialis (Nile buffalo)
  • S. c. brachyceros (Sudan buffalo)
  • S. c. caffer (Cape buffalo)
  • S. c. matthewsi (Mountain buffalo)
  • S. c. nanus (African forest buffalo)
Sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range 		Size: 240–340 cm (94–134 in) long, plus 75–110 cm (30–43 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[128]

Diet: Grass[5] 		 NT 


398,000–401,000 Population declining[128]

Genus Taurotragus – Wagner, 1855 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Common eland

Brown bovid

T. oryx
(Pallas, 1766)

Three subspecies
  • T. o. livingstonei (Livingstone's eland)
  • T. o. oryx (Cape eland)
  • T. o. pattersonianus (East African eland)
Eastern and southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 200–345 cm (79–136 in) long, plus 50–72 cm (20–28 in) tail[129]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[130]

Diet: Shrubs[130] 		 LC 


90,000–110,000 Population steady[130]

Giant eland

Brown bovid

T. derbianus
(Gray, 1847)

Two subspecies
  • T. d. derbianus
  • T. d. gigas
Western and central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 210–345 cm (83–136 in) long, plus 55–70 cm (22–28 in) tail[131][132]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[133]

Diet: Leaves, shoots, herbs and fruit, as well as grass[133] 		 VU 


8,400–9,800 Population declining[133]

Genus Tetracerus – Leach, 1825 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Four-horned antelope

Brown and gray bovid

T. quadricornis
(Blainville, 1816)

Three subspecies
  • T. q. iodes
  • T. q. quadricornis
  • T. q. subquadricornutus
Indian subcontinent
Map of range 		Size: 80–110 cm (31–43 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail[134]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[135]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[135] 		 VU 


7,000–10,000 Population declining[135]

Genus Tragelaphus – (Blainville, 1816) – seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bongo

Brown bovid with white stripes

T. eurycerus
(Ogilby, 1837) 		Western and central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 170–250 cm (67–98 in) long, plus 45–65 cm (18–26 in) tail[136]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[137]

Diet: Shrubs as well as grass[137] 		 NT 


15,000–25,000 Population declining[137]

Greater kudu

Brown bovid with white stripes

T. strepsiceros
(Pallas, 1766)

Three subspecies
  • T. s. chora
  • T. s. cottoni
  • T. s. strepsiceros
Central, eastern, and southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 180–250 cm (71–98 in) long[5]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and desert[138]

Diet: Shrubs[138] 		 LC 


300,000–350,000 Population steady[138]

Harnessed bushbuck

Brown, black, and white bovid

T. scriptus
(Pallas, 1766)

Western and central Africa Size: 105–150 cm (41–59 in) long, plus 19–25 cm (7–10 in) tail[139]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[140]

Diet: Shrubs[140] 		 LC 


1,000,000–1,500,000 Population steady[140]

Lesser kudu

Brown bovid with white stripes

T. imberbis
(Blyth, 1869) 		Eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 110–175 cm (43–69 in) long, plus 26–30 cm (10–12 in) tail[141]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[142]

Diet: Tree leaves, shrubs, and herbs[142] 		 NT 


80,000–100,000 Population declining[142]

Mountain nyala

Brown bovid

T. buxtoni
(Lydekker, 1910) 		Central Ethiopia
Map of range 		Size: 190–260 cm (75–102 in) long[143]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[144]

Diet: Grass, herbs, and shrubs[143] 		 EN 


1,500–2,500 Population declining[144]

Nyala

Brown bovid with white stripes

T. angasii
Angas, 1849 		Southeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 132–198 cm (52–78 in) long, plus 35–55 cm (14–22 in) tail[145]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[146]

Diet: Leaves and fruit as well as grass[146] 		 LC 


20,000–27,500 Population steady[146]

Sitatunga

Brown bovid with white markings

T. spekii
P. L. Sclater, 1863

Five subspecies
  • T. s. gratus
  • T. s. larkenii
  • T. s. selousi
  • T. s. spekii
  • T. s. sylvestris
Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 115–170 cm (45–67 in) long, plus 18–30 cm (7–12 in) tail[147]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[148]

Diet: Grass, sedges, and shrubs[148] 		 LC 


90,000–120,000 Population declining[148]

Subfamily Caprinae

Genus Ammotragus – (Blyth, 1840) – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Barbary sheep

Brown bovid

A. lervia
(Pallas, 1777)

Six subspecies
  • A. l. angusi
  • A. l. blainei
  • A. l. fassini
  • A. l. lervia
  • A. l. ornatus (Egyptian Barbary sheep)
  • A. l. sahariensis
Northern Africa Size: 130–165 cm (51–65 in) long, plus 12–25 cm (5–10 in) tail[149]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[150]

Diet: Grass, shrubs, and forbs[150] 		 VU 


5,000–10,000 Population declining[150]

Genus Arabitragus – Ropiquet, Hassanin, 2005 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Arabian tahr

Brown bovid

A. jayakari
Thomas, 1894 		Eastern Arabia
Map of range 		Size: 93–95 cm (37–37 in) long, plus up to 8–10 cm (3–4 in) tail[151]

Habitat: Shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[152]

Diet: Grass, forbs, shrubs, and trees[152] 		 EN 


2,200–2,300 Population declining[152]

Genus Budorcas – Hodgson, 1850 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Takin

Yellow and gray bovid

B. taxicolor
Hodgson, 1850

Four subspecies
  • B. t. bedfordi (Golden takin)
  • B. t. taxicolor (Mishmi takin)
  • B. t. tibetana (Sichuan takin)
  • B. t. whitei (Bhutan takin)
Eastern Himalayas
Map of range 		Size: 170–220 cm (67–87 in) long, plus 15 cm (6 in) tail[153]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[154]

Diet: Grass, bamboo shoots, forbs, and leaves[154] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[154]

Genus Capra – Linnaeus, 1758 – nine species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Alpine ibex

Brown bovid

C. ibex
Linnaeus, 1758 		The Alps
Map of range 		Size: 130–140 cm (51–55 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail[155]

Habitat: Grassland, and rocky areas[156]

Diet: Grass and herbs, as well as woody plants and cryptogams[156] 		 LC 


53,000 Population steady[156]

East Caucasian tur

Brown bovid

C. cylindricornis
(Blyth, 1841) 		Caucasus Mountains in eastern Europe Size: 120–165 cm (47–65 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail[157]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[158]

Diet: Grass, trees, and a variety of other plants[158] 		 NT 


23,000 Population steady[158]

Iberian ibex

Gray bovid

C. pyrenaica
Schinz, 1838 		Iberian Peninsula
Map of range 		Size: 100–140 cm (39–55 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail[159]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas[160]

Diet: Leaves, acorns, forbs, and grass[159] 		 LC 


50,000 Population increasing[160]

Markhor

Gray bovid

C. falconeri
(Wagner, 1839)

Three subspecies
  • C. f. falconeri (Astor markhor)
  • C. f. heptneri (Bukharan markhor)
  • C. f. megaceros (Kabul markhor)
Central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 140–185 cm (55–73 in) long, plus 8–14 cm (3–6 in) tail[161]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas[162]

Diet: Grass and leaves[162] 		 NT 


5,800 Population increasing[162]

Nubian ibex

Brown bovid

C. nubiana
F. Cuvier, 1825 		Northern Africa and the Middle East Size: 105–125 cm (41–49 in) long[163]

Habitat: Shrubland, rocky areas, and desert[164]

Diet: Wide variety of herbaceous and woody plants[164] 		 VU 


4,500 Population declining[164]

Siberian ibex

Brown bovid

C. sibirica
(Pallas, 1776) 		Central Asia
Map of range 		Size: 130–165 cm (51–65 in) long, plus 10–18 cm (4–7 in) tail[165]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[166]

Diet: Grass, as well as herbs and shrubs[166] 		 NT 


102,000–150,000 Population declining[166]

Walia ibex

Brown bovid

C. walie
Rüppell, 1835 		Northeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 150–170 cm (59–67 in) long, plus 20–25 cm (8–10 in) tail[167]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[168]

Diet: Shrubs, herbs, lichens, and grass[169] 		 VU 


600 Population increasing[168]

West Caucasian tur

Brown bovid

C. caucasica
Güldenstädt, Pallas, 1783

Two subspecies
  • C. c. caucasica
  • C. c. severtzovi
Caucasus Mountains in eastern Europe Size: 120–165 cm (47–65 in) long, plus 10–14 cm (4–6 in) tail[170]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[171]

Diet: Grass, trees, and a variety of other plants[171] 		 EN 


3,000–4,000 Population declining[171]

Wild goat

Gray and brown bovid

C. aegagrus
Erxleben, 1777

Five subspecies
  • C. a. aegagrus (Bezoar ibex)
  • C. a. blythi (Sindh ibex)
  • C. a. chialtanensis (Chiltan ibex)
  • C. a. turcmenica (Turkmen wild goat)
  • C. a. hircus (Goat)
Western Asia
(worldwide distribution of domestic goat in farming) 		Size: 115–170 cm (45–67 in) long[172]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[173]

Diet: Grass, herbaceous plants, and shrubs, as well as trees[173] 		 NT 


70,000
(about 1 billion used in farming) Population steady[173]

Genus Capricornis – Ogilby, 1836 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Japanese serow

Brown bovid

C. crispus
(Temminck, 1836) 		Japan
Map of range 		Size: Around 130 cm (51 in) long[174]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and grassland[175]

Diet: Leaves, shoots, and acorns[175] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[175]

Mainland serow

Gray bovid

C. sumatraensis
(Bechstein, 1799)

Three subspecies
  • C. s. maritimus (Indochinese serow)
  • C. s. sumatraensis (Sumatran serow)
  • C. s. thar (Himalayan serow)
The Himalayas and southeastern Asia Size: 140–155 cm (55–61 in) long, plus 8–16 cm (3–6 in) tail[176]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[177]

Diet: Leaves and twigs[177] 		 VU 


Unknown Population declining[177]

Red serow

Brown bovid

C. rubidus
(Blyth, 1863) 		Southeastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 140–155 cm (55–61 in) long[178]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas[179]

Diet: Grass, shoots, and leaves[178] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[179]

Taiwan serow

Brown bovid

C. swinhoei
Gray, 1862 		Taiwan
Map of range 		Size: 80–114 cm (31–45 in) long, plus 7–12 cm (3–5 in) tail[180]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[181]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[181] 		 LC 


Unknown Template:Population change unknown[181]

Genus Hemitragus – (Hodgson, 1841) – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Himalayan tahr

Brown bovid

H. jemlahicus
(H. Smith, 1826) 		Himalayas
Map of range 		Size: 90–140 cm (35–55 in) long[182]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[183]

Diet: Herbaceous plants and shrubs, grass, and sedges[183] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[183]

Genus Naemorhedus – H. Smith, 1827 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Chinese goral

Brown bovid

N. griseus
(Milne-Edwards, 1874)

Two subspecies
  • N. g. evansi
  • N. g. griseus
Southeastern Asia
178px|alt=Map of range 		Size: 88–118 cm (35–46 in) long, plus 11–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[184]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas[185]

Diet: Grass, leaves, twigs, and nuts[185] 		 NE 


Unknown Population declining[185]

Himalayan goral

Brown bovid

N. goral
(Hardwicke, 1825)

Two subspecies
  • N. g. bedfordi
  • N. g. goral
Himalayas
Map of range 		Size: 81–130 cm (32–51 in) long[186]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[187]

Diet: Grass, leaves, twigs, fruit, and nuts[187] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[187]

Long-tailed goral

Brown bovid

N. caudatus
(H. Milne-Edwards, 1867) 		Eastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 81–129 cm (32–51 in) long[188]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[189]

Diet: Grass, herbs, shoots, leaves, nuts, as well as fruit[189] 		 VU 


2,500–10,000 Population declining[189]

Red goral

Stuffed brown bovid

N. baileyi
Pocock, 1914 		Eastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 93–103 cm (37–41 in) long, plus 7–10 cm (3–4 in) tail[190]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, and rocky areas[191]

Diet: Lichens, as well as grass, shoots, leaves, and twigs[191] 		 VU 


7,000–10,000 Population declining[191]

Genus Nilgiritragus – Ropiquet, Hassanin, 2005 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Nilgiri tahr

Brown bovids

N. hylocrius
(Ogilby, 1838) 		Southern India
Map of range 		Size: 90–140 cm (35–55 in) long, plus 9–12 cm (4–5 in) tail[192]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[193]

Diet: Grass and forbs[193] 		 EN 


1,800–2,000 Population declining[193]

Genus Oreamnos – Rafinesque, 1817 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Mountain goat

White bovid

O. americanus
(Blainville, 1816) 		Western North America
Map of range 		Size: 120–160 cm (47–63 in) long, plus 8–20 cm (3–8 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[194]

Diet: Grass, forbs, sedges, ferns, moss, lichen, twigs, and leaves[194] 		 LC 


48,000–62,000 Population steady[194]

Genus Ovibos – Blainville, 1816 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Muskox

Brown bovid

O. moschatus
(Zimmermann, 1780) 		The Arctic (reintroduced in blue)
Map of range 		Size: 190–270 cm (75–106 in) long, plus 7–12 cm (3–5 in) tail[5]

Habitat: Grassland[195]

Diet: Sedges and grass, as well as shrubs and some forbs[195] 		 LC 


133,900–136,900 Population steady[195]

Genus Ovis – Linnaeus, 1758 – seven species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Argali

Brown bovids

O. ammon
Linnaeus, 1758

Central and eastern Asia
Map of range 		Size: 120–190 cm (47–75 in) long[196]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[197]

Diet: Grass, sedges, and some herbs and lichens[197] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[197]

Bighorn sheep

Brown bovid

O. canadensis
Shaw, 1804

Three subspecies
 		Western North America
Map of range 		Size: 160–180 cm (63–71 in) long[198]

Habitat: Grassland, and rocky areas[199]

Diet: Grass, as well as forbs and shrubs[199] 		 LC 


49,000 Population steady[199]

Dall sheep

White bovid

O. dalli
Nelson, 1884

Two subspecies
 		Northwestern North America
Map of range 		Size: 130–180 cm (51–71 in) long, plus 7–12 cm (3–5 in) tail[200]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[201]

Diet: Grass and sedges[201] 		 LC 


66,600 Population steady[201]

Mouflon

Brown bovids

O. gmelini
Blyth, 1841

Four subspecies
  • O. g. gmelini (Armenian mouflon)
  • O. g. isphahanica (Esfahan mouflon)
  • O. g. laristanica (Laristan mouflon)
  • O. g. ophion (Cyprus mouflon)
Western Asia Size: 105–140 cm (41–55 in) long, plus 12–13 cm (5–5 in) tail[202]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[203]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[202] 		 NT 


26,500 Template:Population change unknown[203]

Sheep

White sheep

O. aries
Linnaeus, 1758 		Domesticated worldwide Size: 120–180 cm (47–71 in) long, plus 7–15 cm (3–6 in) tail[204]

Habitat: Savanna, grassland, desert, forest, and rocky areas[204]

Diet: Grass, as well as a wide variety of vegetation[204] 		 NE 


Unknown
(about 1.2 billion used in farming)[205] {{{direction}}}

Snow sheep

Drawing of brown bovid

O. nivicola
Eschscholtz, 1829

Six subspecies
  • O. n. alleni (Okhotsk sheep)
  • O. n. borealis (Putorana snow sheep)
  • O. n. koriakorum (Koryak snow sheep)
  • O. n. nivicola (Kamchatkan snow sheep)
  • O. n. tschuktschorum (Chukotsk sheep)
  • O. n. zydekkeri (Yakutian sheep)
Eastern Russia
Map of range 		Size: 126–188 cm (50–74 in) long[206]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[207]

Diet: Grass, as well as lichens, mosses, and willow sprouts[207] 		 LC 


Unknown Template:Population change unknown[207]

Urial

Brown bovid

O. vignei
Blyth, 1841 		Central and southern Asia Size: 120–160 cm (47–63 in) long, plus 11–13 cm (4–5 in) tail[208]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[209]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[208] 		 VU 


18,000 Population declining[209]

Genus Pantholops – Hodgson, 1834 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Tibetan antelope

Drawing of brown bovid

P. hodgsonii
(Abel, 1826) 		Tibetan Plateau
Map of range 		Size: 120–130 cm (47–51 in) long[210]

Habitat: Grassland[211]

Diet: Grass and herbs[210] 		 NT 


100,000–150,000 Population increasing[211]

Genus Pseudois – Hodgson, 1846 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bharal

Brown bovid

P. nayaur
(Hodgson, 1833) 		Himalayas
Map of range 		Size: 120–140 cm (47–55 in) long[212]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas, and desert[213]

Diet: Grass, alpine herbs, and lichens[213] 		 LC 


47,000–414,000 Template:Population change unknown[213]

Genus Rupicapra – Blainville, 1816 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Chamois

Black and white bovid

R. rupicapra
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Seven subspecies
  • R. r. asiatica (Anatolian chamois)
  • R. r. balcanica (Balkan chamois)
  • R. r. carpatica (Carpathian chamois)
  • R. r. cartusiana (Chartreuse chamois)
  • R. r. caucasica (Caucasian chamois)
  • R. r. rupicapra (Alpine chamois)
  • R. r. tatrica (Tatra chamois)
Europe and western Asia (former range in gray)
Map of range 		Size: 110–135 cm (43–53 in) long[214]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[215]

Diet: Grass, herbs, tree leaves, buds, shoots, and fungi[215] 		 LC 


300,000 Population steady[215]

Pyrenean chamois

Brown bovid

R. pyrenaica
Bonaparte, 1845

Three subspecies
  • R. p. ornata
  • R. p. parva (Cantabrian chamois)
  • R. p. pyrenaica
Southern Europe
Map of range 		Size: 90–130 cm (35–51 in) long, plus 3–4 cm (1–2 in) tail[216]

Habitat: Forest, shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[217]

Diet: Herbs and flowers, as well as lichen, moss, and young pine shoots[216] 		 LC 


50,000 Population increasing[217]

Subfamily Cephalophinae

Genus Cephalophus – H. Smith, 1827 – sixteen species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Abbott's duiker

Drawing of bovid

C. spadix
True, 1890 		Tanzania
Map of range 		Size: 97–140 cm (38–55 in) long, plus 8–13 cm (3–5 in) tail[218]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[219]

Diet: Leaves, fruit, flowers and moss[218] 		 EN 


1,500 Population declining[219]

Aders's duiker

Drawing of bovid

C. adersi
(Thomas, 1918) 		Eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 66–72 cm (26–28 in) long, plus 9–12 cm (4–5 in) tail[220]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[221]

Diet: Leaves, seeds, sprouts, buds, and fruit[221] 		 VU 


14,000 Population declining[221]

Bay duiker

Brown bovid

C. dorsalis
Gray, 1846

Two subspecies
  • C. d. castaneus (Eastern bay duiker)
  • C. d. dorsalis (Western bay duiker)
Western and southern Africa Size: 70–100 cm (28–39 in) long[222]

Habitat: Forest[223]

Diet: Fruit and leaves, as well as birds[222] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[223]

Black duiker

Black and brown bovid

C. niger
(Gray, 1846) 		Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 80–90 cm (31–35 in) long, plus 12–14 cm (5–6 in) tail[224]

Habitat: Forest[225]

Diet: Flowers, leaves, shrubs, grass, fruit, insects, and eggs[225] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[225]

Black-fronted duiker

Black and brown bovid

C. nigrifrons
(Gray, 1871)

Six subspecies
  • C. n. fosteri
  • C. n. hooki
  • C. n. hypoxanthus
  • C. n. kivuensis
  • C. n. nigrifrons
  • C. n. rubidus (Ruwenzori duiker)
Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 80–170 cm (31–67 in) long, plus 7–15 cm (3–6 in) tail[226]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[227]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[228] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[227]

Brooke's duiker C. brookei
(Thomas, 1903) 		Western Africa Size: About 100 cm (39 in) long, plus 12 cm (5 in) tail[229]

Habitat: Forest[229]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[229] 		 NE 


Unknown {{{direction}}}

Jentink's duiker

Drawing of brown and white bovid

C. jentinki
Thomas, 1892 		Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 130–150 cm (51–59 in) long, plus 12–16 cm (5–6 in) tail[230]

Habitat: Forest[231]

Diet: Fruit, nuts, and tree stems[231] 		 EN 


2,000 Population declining[231]

Ogilby's duiker

Drawing of brown bovid

C. ogilbyi
(Waterhouse, 1838) 		Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 85–115 cm (33–45 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail[232]

Habitat: Forest[233]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[232] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[233]

Peters's duiker

Brown bovid

C. callipygus
(Peters, 1876) 		Western central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 94–109 cm (37–43 in) long, plus 8–15 cm (3–6 in) tail[234]

Habitat: Forest[235]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[234] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[235]

Red forest duiker

Brown bovid

C. natalensis
(Smith, 1834)

Two subspecies
  • C. n. harveyi
  • C. n. natalensis
Southeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 75–87 cm (30–34 in) long, plus 9–14 cm (4–6 in) tail[236]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[237]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[236] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[237]

Red-flanked duiker

Brown bovid

C. rufilatus
(Gray, 1846) 		Western and central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 60–80 cm (24–31 in) long[238]

Habitat: Forest and savanna[239]

Diet: Leaves and fruit, as well as flowers and twigs[238] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[239]

Weyns's duiker

Drawing of brown bovid

C. weynsi
(Thomas, 1901)

Three subspecies
  • C. w. johnstoni
  • C. w. lestradei
  • C. w. weynsi
Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 80–115 cm (31–45 in) long, plus 8–16 cm (3–6 in) tail[240]

Habitat: Forest[241]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[240] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[241]

White-bellied duiker

Drawing of brown bovid

C. leucogaster
(Gray, 1873)

Two subspecies
  • C. l. arrhenii
  • C. l. leucogaster
Central Africa Size: 78–100 cm (31–39 in) long, plus 8–15 cm (3–6 in) tail[242]

Habitat: Forest[243]

Diet: Fruit, leaves, and flowers[242] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[243]

White-legged duiker

Drawing of brown and white bovid

C. crusalbum
Grubb, 1978 		Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 85–115 cm (33–45 in) long, plus 12–15 cm (5–6 in) tail[232]

Habitat: Forest[244]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[232] 		 NT 


13,000 Population declining[244]

Yellow-backed duiker

Black bovid

C. silvicultor
(Afzelius, 1815)

Four subspecies
  • C. s. curticeps
  • C. s. longiceps
  • C. s. ruficrista
  • C. s. silvicultor
Central and western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 115–145 cm (45–57 in) long, plus 11–18 cm (4–7 in) tail[245]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, and shrubland[246]

Diet: Fruit, as well as leaves, seeds, buds, bark, and shoots[245] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[246]

Zebra duiker

Black and brown striped bovid

C. zebra
(Gray, 1838) 		Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 70–90 cm (28–35 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail[247]

Habitat: Forest[248]

Diet: Fruit and leaves[247] 		 VU 


9,500 Population declining[248]

Genus Philantomba – Blyth, 1840 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Blue duiker

Gray and white bovid

P. monticola
(Thunberg, 1789)

Central and southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 55–72 cm (22–28 in) long, plus 7–13 cm (3–5 in) tail[249]

Habitat: Forest[250]

Diet: Fruit, seeds, flowers, and fungi[249] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[250]

Maxwell's duiker

Brown bovid

P. maxwellii
(H. Smith, 1827)

Two subspecies
  • P. m. danei
  • P. m. maxwellii
Western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 36–40 cm (14–16 in) long[251]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[252]

Diet: Leaves and fruit[252] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[252]

Walter's duiker

Drawing of brown bovid

P. walteri
Colyn, Huselman, Sonet, Oudé, Winters, Natta, Nagy, Verheyen, 2010 		Western Africa Size: Similar to Maxwell's duiker[251]

Habitat: Shrubland[253]

Diet: Leaves and fruit[251] 		 DD 


Unknown Template:Population change unknown[253]

Genus Sylvicapra – Ogilby, 1837 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Common duiker

Brown bovid

S. grimmia
(Linnaeus, 1758)

Sub-Saharan Africa Size: 70–105 cm (28–41 in) long, plus 10–20 cm (4–8 in) tail[254]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[255]

Diet: Variety of foliage, herbs, fruit, seeds, and cultivated crops[255] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[255]

Subfamily Hippotraginae

Genus Addax – Laurillard, 1841 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Addax

White bovid

A. nasomaculatus
(Blainville, 1816) 		Scattered western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 150–170 cm (59–67 in) long, plus 25–35 cm (10–14 in) tail[256]

Habitat: Savanna, grassland, and desert[257]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[256] 		 CR 


30–90 Population declining[257]

Genus Hippotragus – Sundevall, 1846 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
BluebuckExtinct

Stuffed white bovid

H. leucophaeus
(Pallas, 1766) 		Southern tip of Africa (former range)
Map of range 		Size: 230–300 cm (91–118 in) long[258]

Habitat: Grassland[259]

Diet: Grass[258] 		 EX 


0 Population steady[259]

Roan antelope

Brown bovid with white and black markings

H. equinus
(Desmarest, 1804)

Six subspecies
  • H. e. bakeri
  • H. e. cottoni
  • H. e. equinus
  • H. e. koba
  • H. e. langheldi
  • H. e. scharicus
Sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range 		Size: 190–240 cm (75–94 in) long, plus 37–48 cm (15–19 in) tail[260]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[261]

Diet: Grass[260] 		 LC 


50,000–60,000 Population declining[261]

Sable antelope

Brwon bovid with white markings

H. niger
(Harris, 1838)

Four subspecies
  • H. n. kirkii (Zambian sable antelope)
  • H. n. niger (Southern sable antelope)
  • H. n. roosevelti (Eastern sable antelope)
  • H. n. variani (Giant sable antelope)
Southeastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 190–255 cm (75–100 in) long, plus 40–75 cm (16–30 in) tail[262]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[263]

Diet: Grass, as well as forbs and leaves[263] 		 LC 


50,000–60,000 Population steady[263]

Genus Oryx – Blainville, 1816 – four species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Arabian oryx

Brown bovid with black and white markings

O. leucoryx
(Pallas, 1777) 		Arabian Peninsula
Map of range 		Size: 153–235 cm (60–93 in) long, plus 45–90 cm (18–35 in) tail[264]

Habitat: Desert[265]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[265] 		 VU 


850 Population steady[265]

East African oryx

Brown bovid with black and white markings

O. beisa
(Rüppell, 1835)

Two subspecies
 		Eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 153–170 cm (60–67 in) long, plus 45–50 cm (18–20 in) tail[266]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[267]

Diet: Grass and shrubs, as well as melons, roots, bulbs, and tubers[267] 		 EN 


11,000–13,000 Population declining[267]

Gemsbok

Brown bovid with black and white markings

O. gazella
(Linnaeus, 1758) 		Southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 180–195 cm (71–77 in) long[268]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert[269]

Diet: Grass and shrubs, as well as melons, roots, bulbs, and tubers[269] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[269]

Scimitar oryx

Brown and white bovid

O. dammah
(Cretzschmar, 1827) 		Reservation in Chad Size: 190–220 cm (75–87 in) long, plus 45–60 cm (18–24 in) tail[270]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and desert[271]

Diet: Grass, herbs, roots, and buds, as well as fruit and vegetables[272] 		 EN 


150 Population increasing[271]

Subfamily Nesotraginae

Genus Nesotragus – von Düben, 1846 – two species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bates's pygmy antelope

Drawing of small brown and white bovid

N. batesi
(Winton, 1903) 		Central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 50–58 cm (20–23 in) long, plus 4–5 cm (2–2 in) tail[273]

Habitat: Forest[274]

Diet: Leaves[274] 		 LC 


Unknown Template:Population change unknown[274]

Suni

Small brown bovid

N. moschatus
von Dueben, 1846

Four subspecies
  • N. m. kirchenpaueri
  • N. m. livingstonianus
  • N. m. moschatus
  • N. m. zuluensis
Eastern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 57–62 cm (22–24 in) long[275]

Habitat: Forest and shrubland[276]

Diet: Leaves[275] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[276]

Subfamily Reduncinae

Genus Kobus – Smith, 1840 – five species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Kob

Brown bovid

K. kob
(Erxleben, 1777)

Central and western Africa
Map of range 		Size: 160–180 cm (63–71 in) long, plus 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tail[277]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[278]

Diet: Grass[278] 		 LC 


500,000–1,000,000 Population declining[278]

Lechwe

Brown and white bovid

K. leche
Gray, 1850

Four subspecies
  • K. l. kafuensis (Kafue lechwe)
  • K. l. leche (Red lechwe)Extinct
  • K. l. robertsi (Roberts' lechwe)
  • K. l. smithemani (Black lechwe)
Scattered southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 130–180 cm (51–71 in) long, plus 30–45 cm (12–18 in) tail[279]

Habitat: Forest, grassland, and inland wetlands[280]

Diet: Floodplain and aquatic grass[280] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[280]

Nile lechwe

Brown and white bovid

K. megaceros
(Fitzinger, 1855) 		South Sudan and Ethiopia Size: 130–180 cm (51–71 in) long, plus 45–50 cm (18–20 in) tail[281]

Habitat: Grassland and inland wetlands[282]

Diet: Grass and water plants[283] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[282]

Puku

Brown bovid

K. vardonii
(Livingstone, 1857)

Two subspecies
  • K. v. senganus
  • K. v. vardonii
Scattered south-central Africa
Map of range 		Size: 126–142 cm (50–56 in) long[284]

Habitat: Savanna, grassland, and inland wetlands[285]

Diet: Grass[284] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[285]

Waterbuck

Brown bovid

K. ellipsiprymnus
(Ogilby, 1833)

Sub-Saharan Africa (ellipsiprymnus, kondensis, pallidus, and thikae in yellow)
Map of range 		Size: 177–235 cm (70–93 in) long[286]

Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, and grassland[287]

Diet: Grass and shrubs[287] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[287]

Genus Pelea – Gray, 1851 – one species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Grey rhebok

Brown bovid

P. capreolus
(Forster, 1790) 		Southern Africa Size: 115–125 cm (45–49 in) long[288]

Habitat: Savanna and grassland[289]

Diet: Shrubs and forbs[289] 		 NT 


Unknown Population declining[289]

Genus Redunca – H. Smith, 1827 – three species
Common name Scientific name and subspecies Range Size and ecology IUCN status and estimated population
Bohor reedbuck

Reddish-brown bovid

R. redunca
(Pallas, 1767)

Central Africa Size: 100–135 cm (39–53 in) long[290]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, and grassland[291]

Diet: Grass[291] 		 LC 


Unknown Population declining[291]

Mountain reedbuck

Brown bovid

R. fulvorufula
(Afzelius, 1815)

Three subspecies
  • R. f. adamauae (Adamawa mountain reedbuck)
  • R. f. chanleri (Chanler's mountain reedbuck)
  • R. f. fulvorufula (Southern mountain reedbuck)
Separated central, eastern, and southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 100–124 cm (39–49 in) long, plus 13–20 cm (5–8 in) tail[292]

Habitat: Shrubland, grassland, and rocky areas[293]

Diet: Grass[293] 		 EN 


Unknown Population declining[293]

Southern reedbuck

Brown and white bovid

R. arundinum
(Boddaert, 1785) 		Southern Africa
Map of range 		Size: 134–167 cm (53–66 in) long[294]

Habitat: Savanna, shrubland, grassland, and inland wetlands[295]

Diet: Grass, as well as herbs and shrubs[295] 		 LC 


Unknown Population steady[295]

Notes

  1. ↑ American bison population does not include around 500,000 on farms, which are almost universally bison-cattle hybrids.[96]

References

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Sources

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