Biology:List of placoderm genera

Short description: none

Various placoderm species, including the famous Dunkleosteus

This list of placoderms is an attempt to create a comprehensive listing of all genera from the fossil record that have ever been considered to be members of the class Placodermi. This list excludes purely vernacular terms. It includes all commonly accepted genera, but also genera that are now considered invalid, doubtful (nomina dubia), or were not formally published (nomina nuda), as well as junior synonyms of more established names, and genera that are no longer considered placoderms. The modern descendants of placoderms, the bony and cartilaginous fishes, and their extinct descendants, the Acanthodii (without cartilaginous fishes), are not included here.

This list includes 334 generic names.

Naming conventions and terminology

Naming conventions and terminology follow the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Technical terms used include:

• Junior synonym: A name which describes the same taxon as a previously published name. If two or more genera are formally designated and the type specimens are later assigned to the same genus, the first to be published (in chronological order) is the senior synonym, and all other instances are junior synonyms. Senior synonyms are generally used, except by special decision of the ICZN, but junior synonyms cannot be used again, even if deprecated. Junior synonymy is often subjective, unless the genera described were both based on the same type specimen.
• Nomen nudum (Latin for "naked name"): A name that has appeared in print but has not yet been formally published by the standards of the ICZN. Nomina nuda (the plural form) are invalid, and are therefore not italicized as a proper generic name would be. If the name is later formally published, that name is no longer a nomen nudum and will be italicized on this list. Often, the formally published name will differ from any nomina nuda that describe the same specimen.
• Nomen oblitum (Latin for "forgotten name"): A name that has not been used in the scientific community for more than fifty years after its original proposal.
• Preoccupied name: A name that is formally published, but which has already been used for another taxon. This second use is invalid (as are all subsequent uses) and the name must be replaced. As preoccupied names are not valid generic names, they will also go unitalicized on this list.
• Nomen dubium (Latin for "dubious name"): A name describing a fossil with no unique diagnostic features. As this can be an extremely subjective and controversial designation, this term is not used on this list.

List of genera

Genus Authors Year Status Age Location Notes Acanthaspis Newberry 1875 Valid Preoccupied by hemiptere genus Acanthaspis Amyot & Serville, 1843, valid species synonymized with Kujdanowiaspis Acantholepis Krøyer 1846 Valid. Acantholepis Newberry 1875 Preocc. Preoccupied by Acantholepis Krøyer, 1846 Actinolepis Agassiz 1845 Valid. Aethaspis Denison 1958 Valid. Africanaspis Long Anderson Gess Hiller 1997 Valid. Aggeraspis Gross 1962 Valid. Ailuracantha White 1969 Valid. Aleosteus Johnson Elliott Wittke 2000 Valid. Anarthraspis Bryant 1934 Valid. Angarichthys Obruchev 1927 Valid. Antarctaspis White 1968 Valid. Antarctolepis White 1968 Valid. Antineosteus Lelièvre 1984 Valid. Arctaspis Heintz 1929 Valid. Arctolepis Eastman 1908 Valid. Arctonema Orvig 1969 Valid. Arenipiscis Young 1981 Valid. Asiacanthus Liu 1948 Valid. Placodermi incertae sedis Aspidichthys Newberry 1873 Valid. Arthrodire incertae sedis Asterolepis Eichwald 1840 Valid. Asterosteus Newberry 1875 Valid. Atlantidosteus Lelièvre 1984 Valid. Austrophyllolepis Long 1984 Valid. Austroptyctodus Lelièvre 1984 Valid. Baringaspis Miles 1973 Valid. Batteraspis Pageau 1969 Valid. Belemnacanthus Eastman 1898 Valid. Belgiosteus Lehman 1973 Valid. Belosteus Jaekel 1927 Valid. Bimbianga Young 2005 Valid. Bolivosteus Goujet Janvier Suarez-Riglos 1985 Valid. Bollandaspis Schultze 1976 Valid. Boomeraspis Long 1995 Valid. Bothriolepis Eichwald 1840 Valid. Brachydeirus Koenen 1880 Valid. Brachygnathus Agassiz 1844 Valid. Brachygnathus Hussakof 1909 Preocc. Preoccupied by placoderm genus Brachygnathus Agassiz, 1844 Brachyosteus Jaekel 1927 Valid. Braunosteus Stensiö 1959 Valid. Breizosteus Goujet 1980 Valid. Brindabellaspis Young 1980 Valid. Brontichthys Claypole 1894 Invalid. Junior synonym of Titanichthys Bruntonichthys Dennis Miles 1980 Valid. Bryantaspis White Moy-Thomas 1940 Valid. Replacement name for Cryptaspis Bryant, 1934 Bryantolepis Denison 1958 Valid. Buchanosteus Stensiö 1945 Valid. Bullerichthys Dennis Miles 1980 Valid. Bungartius Dunkle 1947 Valid. Burrinjucosteus Valid. Callognathus Newberry 1890 Valid. Campbellodus Miles Young 1977 Valid. Camuropiscis Dennis Miles 1979 Valid. Carolowilhelmina Mark-Kurik Carls 2002 Valid. Cartieraspis Pageau 1969 Valid. Cathlesichthys Young 2004 Valid. Ceraspis Schultze 1887 Preocc. Preoccupied by coleoptere genus Ceraspis Lepeletier & Serville, 1825 Ceratolepichthys Whitley 1940 Valid. Replacement name for Ceratolepis Gross, 1933 Ceratolepis Gross 1933 Preocc. Preoccupied by coleoptere genus Ceratolepis Chapuis, 1873 Changyonophyton Valid. Cheliophorus Lapsus calami. Misspelling of Chelyophorus Chelyophorus Agassiz 1844 Valid. Chuchinolepis Chang 1978 Valid. Clarkeosteus Obruchev 1964 Valid. Cobandrahlepis Young 2005 Valid. Coccosteus Miller 1841 Valid. Coelosteichthys Whitley 1940 Valid. Replacement name for Coelosteus Gross, 1930 Coelosteus Gross 1930 Preocc. Preoccupied by fish genus Coelosteus Newberry, 1887 Compagopiscis Gardiner & Miles 1994 Valid. Companognathus Valid. Cosmacanthus Agassiz 1845 Valid. Cryptaspidisca Strand 1942 Syn. Replacement name for Cryptaspis Bryant, 1934 Cryptaspis Bryant 1934 Preocc. Preoccupied by coleoptere genus Cryptaspis Pascoe, 1842 Ctenurella Orvig 1960 Valid. Cyrtosteus Gross 1932 Valid. Deinodus Hussakof Bryant 1919 Valid. Deirosteus Wells 1942 Valid. Denisonodus Johnson Elliott 1996 Valid. Desmoporella Orvig 1971 Valid. Destnoporella Valid. Deveonema Kulczycki 1957 Valid. Dhanguura Young 2004 Valid. Diandongpetalichthys Pan Wang 1978 Valid. Diadsomaspis Gross 1937 Valid. Dicksonosteus Goujet 1975 Valid. Dinichthys Newberry 1873 Originally regarded as a synonym for Dunkleosteus, now according to Carr and Hlavin 2010, it is a distinct genus. Dinomylostoma Eastman 1906 Valid. Diplognathus Newberry 1878 Valid. Dobrowlania Stensiö 1944 Valid. Dunkleosteus Lehman 1956 Valid. Eastmanosteus Obruchev 1964 Valid. Eczematolepis Miller 1892 Valid. Replacement name for Acantholepis Newberry, 1875 Eldenosteus Miles 1964 Valid. Elegantaspis Heintz 1929 Valid. Ellopetalichthys Ørvig 1957 Valid. Enseosteus Jaekel 1919 Valid. Entelognathus Zhu et al 2013 Valid. Placodermi incertae sedis Epipetalichthys Stensiö 1925 Valid. Erikaspis Dupret Goujet Mark-Kurik 2007 Valid. Errolosteus Young 1981 Valid. Erromenosteus Jaekel 1919 Valid. Eskimaspis Dineley Liu Yuhai 1984 Valid. Euleptaspis White Moy-Thomas 1940 Valid. Euptychaspis White Moy-Thomas 1941 Preocc. Replacement name for Ptychaspis Bryant, 1935. Preoccupied by trilobite genus Euptychaspis Ulrich, 1931 Euryaspidichthys Whitley 1950 Valid. Replacement name for Euryaspis Bryant, 1932 Euraspis Liu 1991 Valid. Euryaspis Bryant 1932 Preocc. Preoccupied by coleoptere genus Euryaspis Blanchard, 1851 Eurycaraspis Li 1991 Valid. Fallacosteus Long 1990 Valid. Gaspeaspis Pageau 1969 Valid. Gavinaspis Dupret Zhu 2008 Valid. Gemuendenaspis Miles 1962 Valid. Gemuendina Traquair 1903 Valid. Glyptaspis Newberry 1890 Valid. Golshanichthys Lelièvre Janvier Goujet 1981 Valid. Goniosteus Gross 1933 Valid. Goodradigbeeon White 1978 Valid. Gorgonichthys Claypole 1892 Valid. Grazosteus Gross 1958 Valid. Arthrodire incertae sedis, known only from a medial dorsal plate with a pair of prominent, posterior-pointing prongs. Groenlandaspis Heintz 1932 Valid. Grossaspis White Moy-Thomas 1940 Valid. Replacement name for Ceraspis Schlueter, 1887 Grossilepis Stensiö 1949 Valid. Grossosteus White Moy-Thomas 1940 Valid. Replacement name for Coelosteus Gross, 1930 Gymnotrachelus Dunkle Bungart 1939 Valid. Gyracanthus Agassiz 1835 Valid. Gyroplacosteus Obruschev 1930 Valid. Hadrosteus Gross 1932 Valid. Harrytoombsia Miles Dennis 1979 Valid. Heintzaspis Strand 1932 Valid. Replacement name for Acanthapsis Newberry, 1975 Heintzichthys Whitley 1933 Valid. Replacement name for Stenognathus Newberry, 1898 Heightingtonaspis White 1969 Valid. Heintzosteus Goujet 1984 Valid. Heterogaspis Strand 1932 Valid. Heterosteus Asmuss 1856 Valid. Heteroyunnanolepis Wang 1944 Valid. Holdenius Dunkle Bungart 1942 Valid. Hollardosteus Lehman 1956 Valid. Holonema Newberry 1890 Valid. Homosteus Asmuss 1856 Valid. Huginaspis Heintz 1929 Valid. Hussakofia Cossmann 1910 Valid. Replacement name for Brachygnathus Hussakof, 1909 Hybosteus Gross 1933 Valid. Replacement name for Coelosteus Gross, 1930 Incisoscutum Dennis Miles 1981 Valid. Jagorina Jaekel 1921 Valid. Jaekelaspis Heintz 1929 Valid. Janiosteus Ivanov 1988 Valid. Jerulalepis Burrow 1996 Valid. Jiangxilepis Valid. Jiuchengia Valid. Kendrichthys Valid. Kiangyousteus Valid. Kiangyosteus Valid. Kimaspis Mark-Kurik 1973 Valid. Kimberia Dennis-Bryan Miles 1983 Preocc. Preoccupied by mollusc genus Kimberia Cotton & Woods, 1935 Kimberleyichthyes Dennis-Bryan Miles 1983 Valid. Replacement name for genus Kimberia Dennis-Bryan & Miles, 1983 Kolpaspis Pageau 1969 Valid. Kolymaspis Bystrow 1956 Valid. Kosoraspis Gross 1959 Valid. Kueichowlepis P'an Wang 1975 Valid. Kujdanowiaspis Stensiö 1942 Valid. Kweichowlepis Valid. Lataspis Strand 1932 Valid. Replacement name for Plataspis Heintz 1929 Latocamurus Long 1988 Valid. Lanrentaspis Pageau 1969 Valid. Laurentaspis Lapsus Calami. Lepadolepis White Moy-Thomas 1940 Valid. Replacement name for Ceratolepis Gross, 1933 Lehmanosteus Goujet 1984 Valid. Leptosteus Jaekel 1919 Valid. Liognathus Agassiz 1846 Valid. Liognathus Newberry 1873 Preocc. Preoccupied by fish genus Liognathus Agassiz, 1846 Lispognathus Miller 1892 Valid. Replacement name for Liognathus Newberry, 1873 Litilpetalichthyes Valid. Liujiangolepis Wang 1987 Valid. Livosteus Obruchev 1962 Valid. Lophostracon Lankester 1884 Valid. Luetkeichthys Bystrow 1957 Valid. Lunaspis Broili 1929 Valid. Lyhoalepis Tong-Dzuy Janvier Doan-Nhat 1994 Valid. Machaerognathus Hussakof Bryant 1919 Valid. Macropetalichthys Norwood Owen 1846 Valid. Macropetalichthys Broili 1933 Preocc. Preoccupied by fish genus Macropetalichthys Norwood & Owen, 1846 Maideria Lelièvre 1995 Valid. Malerosteus Kulczycki 1957 Valid. Materpiscis Long Trinajstic Young Senden 2008 Valid. Mcnamaraspis Long 1995 Valid. Mediaspis Heintz 1929 Valid. Megaloplax Obruchev 1933 Valid. Melanosteus Lelièvre Goujet 1987 Valid. Microbrachius Traquair 1888 Valid. Microsteus Gross 1932 Valid. Millerosteus Stensiö 1959 Valid. Mithakaspis Young Goujet 2003 Valid. Mizia Zhu 1996 Valid. Monaspis Heintz 1929 Valid. Murmur Whitley 1951 Valid. Replacement name for Euptychaspis White & Moy-Thomas 1941 Murrindalaspis Long 1984 Valid. Mylostoma Newberry 1883 Valid. Neopetalichthys Liu 1973 Valid. Neophlyctaenius Denison 1950 Valid. Nessariostoma Broili 1933 Valid. Notopetalichthys Woodward 1941 Valid. Oestophorus Miller 1892 Valid. Replacement name for Spenophorus Newberry, 1890 Ohioaspis Wells 1944 Valid. Ohiodorulites Whitley 1933 Valid. Replacement name for Acanthapsis Newberry, 1975 Omalosteus Zakharenko 2006 Valid. Operchaliosteus Valid. Operchallosteus Kulczycki 1957 Valid. Oracanthus Agassiz 1837 Valid. Ottanosteus Valid. Overtonaspis White 1961 Valid. Oxyosteus Jaekel 1911 Valid. Pachyosteus Jaekel 1903 Valid. Pageauaspis Denison 1978 Valid. Replacement name for Quebecaspis Pageau, 1969 Palaeacanthaspis Brotzen 1934 Valid. Palaeomylus Woodward 1891 Valid. Panxiosteus Wang 1979 Valid. Parabelosteus Valid. Parabuchanosteus White Toombs 1972 Valid. Paramylostoma Dunkle Bungart 1945 Valid. Parapetalichthys Kuhn 1949 Valid. Replacement name for Macropetalichthys Broili, 1933 Paraplesiobatis Broili 1933 Valid. Paraptyctodus Valid. Parawalterosteus Stensiö 1963 Valid. Pelycophorus Valid. Phlyctaenacanthus Eastman 1898 Valid. Phlyctaenaspis Traquair 1890 Valid. Replacement name for Phlyctaenius Traquair, 1890 Phlyctaenius Traquair 1890 Preocc. nec Phlyctaenium Zittel 1879 Pholidosteus Jaekel 1907 Valid. Phyllolepis Agassiz 1844 Valid. Phymolepis Chang 1978 Valid. Phymosteus Wang Zhu 2004 Valid. Pinguosteus Long 1990 Valid. Placolepis Ritchie 1984 Valid. Plataspis Heintz 1929 Preocc. Preoccupied by hemiptere genus Plataspis Hope, 1837 Platyaspis Koenen 1896 Valid. Plourdosteus Ørvig 1951 Valid. Ponerichthys Miller 1892 Invalid, declared a junior synonym of Dunkleosteus. Prescottaspis Valid. Proaethaspis Denison 1978 Valid. Procondylolepis Zhang 1984 Valid. Prosphymaspis Gross 1937 Valid. Protitanichthys Valid. Pseudopetalichthys Moy-Thomas 1939 Valid. Pterichthyodes Bleeker 1859 Valid. Ptychaspis Bryant 1935 Preocc. Preoccupied by trilobite genus Ptychaspis Hall, 1863 Ptyctodopsis Denison 1985 Valid. Ptyctodus Pander 1858 Valid. Qataraspis White 1969 Valid. Quasipetalichthys Liu 1973 Valid. Quebecaspis Pageau 1969 Preocc. Preoccupied by trilobite genus Quebecaspis Rasetti, 1944 Qujinolepis Zhang 1978 Valid. Rachiosteus Gross 1938 Valid. Radotina Gross 1950 Valid. Ramphodus Davis 1883 Valid. Remigolepis Stensiö 1931 Valid. Rhachiosteus Gross 1938 Valid. Rhamphodontus Valid. Rhamphodopsis Watson 1934 Valid. Rhampodus Valid. Rhenonema Obruchev 1964 Valid. Rhinosteus Jaekel 1911 Valid. Rhynchodontus Jaekel 1919 Valid. Rhynchodus Newberry 1873 Valid. Rhynchognathus Jaekel 1929 Valid. Rhynchosteus Jaekel 1925 Valid. Ringinia Whitley 1950 Valid. Rinodus Newberry Worthen 1866 Valid. Rolfosteus Dennis Miles 1979 Valid. Romundina Orvig 1975 Valid. Sedowichthys Bystrow 1957 Valid. Selenosteus Dean 1901 Valid. Shearsbyaspis Young 1984 Valid. Sigaspis Goujet 1973 Valid. Simblaspis Denison 1958 Valid. Simosteus Dennis Miles 1982 Valid. Sinolepis Liu Pan 1958 Valid. Squamatognathus Hanke Stewart Lammers 1996 Valid. Stenognathus Newberry 1898 Preocc. Preoccupied by coleoptere genus Stenognathus Chaudoir, 1843 Stenosteus Dean 1901 Valid. Stensioella Broili 1933 Valid. Steurtzaspis Valid. Stuertzaspis Westoll Miles 1963 Valid. Svalbardaspis Heintz 1929 Valid. Synauchenia Jaekel 1919 Valid. Szelepis Liu 1981 Valid Originally named Szeaspis Liu (1979), but this name turned out to be preoccupied by the trilobite genus Szeaspis Chang, 1969 Taemasosteus White 1978 Valid. Taeniolepis Gross 1932 Valid. Tafilalichthys Lehman 1956 Valid. Tapinosteus Stensiö 1963 Valid. Taunaspis Schmidt 1933 Valid. Tiaraspis Gross 1962 Valid. Timanosteus Obruchev 1962 Valid. Titanichthys Newberry 1885 Valid. Tityosteus Gross 1960 Valid. Tollichthys Bystrow 1957 Valid. Tollodus Mark-Kurik 1977 Valid. Tomaiosteus Kulczycki 1957 Valid. Tongdzuylepis Janvier Phuong 1999 Valid. Toombsosteus White 1978 Valid. Torosteus Gardiner Miles 1990 Valid. Trachosteus Newberry 1890 Valid. Trematosteus Jaekel 1927 Valid. Tropidosteus Gross 1933 Valid. Tubalepis Panteleyev 2003 Valid. Tubonasus Dennis Miles 1979 Valid. Uralosteus Mark-Kurik Young 2003 Valid. Vukhuclepis Janvier Thanh Phuong Truong 1997 Valid. Walterosteus Stensiö 1959 Valid. Watsonosteus Miles Westoll 1963 Valid. Weejasperaspis White 1978 Valid. Westralichthys Long 1987 Valid. Wheathillaspis White 1961 Valid. Wijdeaspis Obruchev 1964 Valid. Wijeaspis Valid. Williamsaspis White 1952 Valid. Woodwardosteus White Moy-Thomas 1940 Valid. Wufengshania Pan 2018 Valid Wuttagoonaspis Ritchie 1973 Valid. Xichonolepis Pan Wang 1978 Valid. Xinanpetalichthyes Valid. Yiminaspis Dupret 2008 Valid. Yinosteus Valid. Yunnanocanthus Valid. Yunnanolepis Liu 1963 Valid. Yurammia Young 2005 Valid. Zhanjilepis Zhang 1978 Valid.		Austrophyllolepis Brindabellaspis stensioi Bothriolepis Bothriolepis Bothriolepis Bothriolepis Coccosteus Dunkleosteus Dunkleosteus Dunkleosteus Dunkleosteus Gemuendina Gemuendina Groenlandaspis Homosteus Jagorina Lunaspis Lunaspis Materpiscis Materpiscis Murrindalaspis Phyllolepis Pseudopetalichthys Quasipetalichthys Rhamphodopsis Rolfosteus Stensioella Titanichthys termieri Yunnanolepis

See also

• List of acanthodians
• List of prehistoric bony fish
• List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish
• List of prehistoric jawless fish
• Placodermi
• Prehistoric fish

References

Uncited genera can be attributed to:

• Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera (Placodermi entry)". Bulletins of American Paleontology 364: 560. http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=564&rank=class. Retrieved 2011-05-20. 

External links

• Devonian Times - More about Placoderms
• Mikko's Phylogeny Archive Entry on †Placodermi
• Berkeley Introduction to the Placodermi
• Placodermi on Palaeos