Biology:MMACHC
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Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria type C protein (MMACHC) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MMACHC gene.[1]
Function
The C-terminal region of the product of the MMACHC gene is similar to TonB, a bacterial protein involved in energy transduction for cobalamin uptake.[1] The MMACHC gene product catalyzes the decyanation of cyanocobalamin as well as the dealkylation of alkylcobalamins including methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin.[2] This function has also been attributed to cobalamin reductases.[3] The MMACHC gene product and cobalamin reductases enable the interconversion of cyano- and alkylcobalamins.[4][5]
Clinical significance
Mutations are associated with methylmalonic acidemia.[1][6][7][8]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Identification of the gene responsible for methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cblC type". Nat. Genet. 38 (1): 93–100. January 2006. doi:10.1038/ng1683. PMID 16311595.
- ↑ Luciana Hannibal, Jihoe Kim, Nicola E. Brasch, Sihe Wang, David S. Rosenblatt, Ruma Banerjee, and Donald W. Jacobsen (August 2009). "Processing of alkylcobalamins in mammalian cells: a role for the MMACHC (cblC) gene product". Mol Genet Metab. 2009 Aug; 97(4): 260–266.
- ↑ Watanabe F, Nakano Y. "Purification and characterization of aquacobalamin reductases from mammals". Methods Enzymol. 1997;281;295-305.
- ↑ Quadros EV, Jackson B, Hoffbrand AV, Linnell JC. "Interconversion of cobalamins in human lymphocytes in vitro and the influence of nitrous oxide on the synthesis of cobalamin coenzymes". Vitamin B12, Proceedings of the Third European Symposium on Vitamin B12 and Intrinsic Factor. 1979;1045-1054.
- ↑ Quadros, EV. "Advances in the Understanding of Cobalamin Assimilation and Metabolism". Br J Haematol. 2010 Jan; 148(2): 195–204.
- ↑ "Late-onset cobalamin-C disorder: a challenging diagnosis". Am. J. Med. Genet. A 143A (9): 979–84. May 2007. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31671. PMID 17431913.
- ↑ "Combined methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria (cblC): phenotype-genotype correlations and ethnic-specific observations". Mol. Genet. Metab. 88 (4): 315–21. August 2006. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2006.04.001. PMID 16714133.
- ↑ "Late-onset combined homocystinuria and methylmalonic aciduria (cblC) and neuropsychiatric disturbance". Am. J. Med. Genet. A 143A (20): 2430–4. October 2007. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31932. PMID 17853453.
Further reading
- "Mechanism of vitamin B12-responsiveness in cblC methylmalonic aciduria with homocystinuria.". Mol. Genet. Metab. 98 (4): 338–43. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.07.014. PMID 19700356.
- "[Mutation analysis of the MMACHC gene in a pedigree with methylmalonic aciduria]". Zhonghua Yi Xue Yi Chuan Xue Za Zhi 26 (1): 62–5. 2009. doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1003-9406.2009.01.014. PMID 19199254.
- "High prevalence of structural heart disease in children with cblC-type methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria.". Mol. Genet. Metab. 98 (4): 344–8. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.07.017. PMID 19767224.
- "Spectrum of MMACHC mutations in Italian and Portuguese patients with combined methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria, cblC type.". Mol. Genet. Metab. 93 (4): 475–80. 2008. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2007.11.005. PMID 18164228.
- "The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1.". Nature 441 (7091): 315–21. 2006. doi:10.1038/nature04727. PMID 16710414. Bibcode: 2006Natur.441..315G.
- "Spectrum of mutations in MMACHC, allelic expression, and evidence for genotype-phenotype correlations.". Hum. Mutat. 30 (7): 1072–81. 2009. doi:10.1002/humu.21001. PMID 19370762.
- "Processing of alkylcobalamins in mammalian cells: A role for the MMACHC (cblC) gene product.". Mol. Genet. Metab. 97 (4): 260–6. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.04.005. PMID 19447654.
- "The adolescent and adult form of cobalamin C disease: clinical and molecular spectrum.". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 79 (6): 725–8. 2008. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2007.133025. PMID 18245139.
- "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).". Genome Res. 14 (10B): 2121–7. 2004. doi:10.1101/gr.2596504. PMID 15489334.
- "A human vitamin B12 trafficking protein uses glutathione transferase activity for processing alkylcobalamins.". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (48): 33418–24. 2009. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.057877. PMID 19801555.
- "Genetic and cellular studies of oxidative stress in methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) cobalamin deficiency type C (cblC) with homocystinuria (MMACHC).". Hum. Mutat. 30 (11): 1558–66. 2009. doi:10.1002/humu.21107. PMID 19760748.
- "Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (26): 16899–903. 2002. doi:10.1073/pnas.242603899. PMID 12477932. Bibcode: 2002PNAS...9916899M.
- "Epigenetic modification of the gene for the vitamin B(12) chaperone MMACHC can result in increased tumorigenicity and methionine dependence.". Mol. Genet. Metab. 96 (4): 261–7. 2009. doi:10.1016/j.ymgme.2008.12.011. PMID 19200761.
- "Decyanation of vitamin B12 by a trafficking chaperone.". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105 (38): 14551–4. 2008. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805989105. PMID 18779575. Bibcode: 2008PNAS..10514551K.
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