Biology:Morelet's crocodile

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Short description: Species of reptile

Morelet's crocodile
Temporal range: Late Pleistocene–Present, 0.1–0 Ma[1]
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Crocodile de Morelet.jpeg
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[3][note 1]
Scientific classification edit
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Clade: Archosauromorpha
Clade: Archosauriformes
Order: Crocodilia
Family: Crocodylidae
Genus: Crocodylus
Species:
C. moreletii
Binomial name
Crocodylus moreletii
(A.H.A. Duméril & Bibron, 1851)[2][4]
Crocodylus moreletti Distribution.png
Range of Crocodylus moreletii

Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii), also known as the Mexican crocodile or Belize crocodile, is a modest-sized crocodilian found only in fresh waters of the Atlantic regions of Mexico, Belize and Guatemala.[2][5] It usually grows to about 3 metres (10 ft) in length. It is a Least Concern species. The species has a fossil record in Guatemala.[6]

Taxonomy and etymology

Morelet's crocodile was first described in 1850 in Mexico by the French naturalist Pierre Marie Arthur Morelet. The species was subsequently named after him.[7][8] It was long confused with the American and Cuban crocodiles because of similar characteristics and an ambiguous type locality. It was not generally accepted as a separate species until the 1920s.

Evolution

The genus Crocodylus likely originated in Africa and radiated outwards towards Southeast Asia and the Americas,[9] although an Australia/Asia origin has also been considered.[10] Phylogenetic evidence supports Crocodylus diverging from its closest recent relative, the extinct Voay of Madagascar , around 25 million years ago, near the Oligocene/Miocene boundary.[9]

Phylogeny

Below is a cladogram based on a 2018 tip dating study by Lee & Yates simultaneously using morphological, molecular (DNA sequencing), and stratigraphic (fossil age) data,[11] as revised by the 2021 Hekkala et al. paleogenomics study using DNA extracted from the extinct Voay.[9]

Crocodylinae
 

Voay†

 
Crocodylus
 
 
 

Crocodylus anthropophagus†

 
 

Crocodylus thorbjarnarsoni†

 
 
 
 

Crocodylus palaeindicus†

 
 

Crocodylus Tirari Desert†

 
 
 
 
Asia+Australia
 
 

Crocodylus johnstoni Freshwater crocodile Freshwater crocodile white background.jpg

 
 
 

Crocodylus novaeguineae New Guinea crocodile

 
 

Crocodylus mindorensis Philippine crocodile

 
 
 
 
 

Crocodylus porosus Saltwater crocodile Crocodylus porosus white background.jpg

 
 
 

Crocodylus siamensis Siamese crocodile Siamese Crocodile white background.jpg

 
 

Crocodylus palustris Mugger crocodile Mugger crocodile white background.jpg

 
 
 
 
Africa+New World
 
 

Crocodylus checchiai†

 
 

Crocodylus falconensis†

 
 
 
 

Crocodylus suchus West African crocodile

 
 
 

Crocodylus niloticus Nile crocodile Nile crocodile white background.jpg

 
New World
 
 

Crocodylus moreletii Morelet's crocodile

 
 

Crocodylus rhombifer Cuban crocodile Cuban crocodile white background.jpg

 
 
 
 

Crocodylus intermedius Orinoco crocodile

 
 

Crocodylus acutus American crocodile American crocodile white background.jpg

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Characteristics

at Lago Cobá, Quintana Roo, Mexico
at Schönbrunn Zoo, Vienna

Morelet's crocodile has a very broad snout with 66 to 68 teeth when they are fully mature. They are dark grayish-brown in color with dark bands and spots on the body and the tail. This is similar to other crocodiles, like the American crocodile, but the Morelet is somewhat darker. Juvenile crocodiles are bright yellow with some dark bands. The crocodile's iris is silvery brown. They have four short legs, giving them a rather sprawling gait, and a long tail, which is used for swimming. The hind feet of the crocodiles are webbed. They have very explosive capabilities because of their strong muscles and are fast runners.[7]

Size

Morelet's crocodile is small compared to most other crocodiles. The males can become larger than the females. The average adult Morelet's crocodile is about 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in), with a typical length range of 1.5 to 2.7 m (4 ft 11 in to 8 ft 10 in) (the lower measurement representing the mean total length of a female at sexual maturity which is attained at roughly 7–8 years of age in the wild).[12][13] Almost all crocodiles in excess of 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) are males and at this advanced stage of maturity, the male goes through a significant change in skull osteological morphology as the skull appears to increase in broadness and robustness.[14] Large adult males can attain a length of 3 m (10 ft), anything in excess of this is considered exceptionally rare for this species however the species has a maximum reported length of 4.5 m (15 ft), with two other outsized specimens reportedly measuring 4.1 and 4.3 m (13 and 14 ft), respectively.[13][15][16] One mature adult specimen measuring 2.84 m (9 ft 4 in) and weighing 110 kg (240 lb) had a bite force of 4,399 N (989 lbf).[17] The weight of a large 3 m (10 ft) wild male crocodile is estimated to average around 150 kg (330 3⁄4 lb), although mass is likely much more in outsized individuals.[13][18] One large male with a presumed total length of around 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in) weighed about 250 kg (550 lb).[19] Another large individual measuring 3.3 m (10 ft 10 in) in length weighed 180 kg (400 lb).[20] Overall, this species is similar in appearance and morphology to the Cuban and the larger American crocodiles.

Distribution and habitat

Morelet's crocodile swimming

Morelet's crocodile can be found in freshwater habitats in Central America and along the Gulf of Mexico stretching through Belize, Guatemala, and to Mexico.[21] The Belizean pine forests are an example of the type of ecoregion in which they occur.[22]

In their freshwater habitats, they prefer isolated areas that are secluded. This species of crocodile can mainly be found in freshwater swamps and marshes which are located inland, and in large rivers and lakes.[23] Both of these habitats are forested to help add cover.[7]

The Morelet can also be found along the coast in brackish waters[2] and the grassy savannas on the Yucatán Peninsula.[24] These crocodiles become much more distributed during the rainy seasons when flooding occurs and it is easier for them to move elsewhere.[24]

Juvenile crocodiles live in very dense cover to protect them from other predators that might be in the area and will remain there until they become older and able to fend for themselves. Adult crocodiles are known to dig out burrows during dry seasons in their area.[7] The range of this crocodile can overlap with the American crocodile, which can sometimes lead to them being confused with one another.

Recently, the Morelet's crocodile has been introduced into the Rio Grande (Rio Bravo in Mexico).[25] Several newspaper outlets on the Mexican side of the border report of reptiles inhabiting the river appearing not to be the American alligator which is native to Texas , but the Morelet's crocodile which is native to Tamaulipas from San Fernando southward.[26][27] Crocodiles have been seen in the cities of Matamoros,[28][29][30] Reynosa[31][32][33][34][35][36] and as far north as Nuevo Laredo.[37][38] The sightings have prompted several municipal police departments to put up signs warning people about entering the river.[39]

Biology and behavior

Morelet's crocodile waiting for an ambush

Hunting and diet

Like most crocodilians, Morelet's crocodiles are highly opportunistic and will prey on practically anything that they can overpower that comes in their territories.[40] Juvenile crocodiles feed largely on fish and insects until they become bigger and more capable of bringing down larger prey.[23] Adults largely prey on small mammals, birds, other reptiles and fish, as well as gastropods, crustaceans and other invertebrates.[16][40][41] These small mammals can include domesticated animals like cats and dogs. Large specimens have been shown to be able to overtake large prey. Dogs and goats have been taken by this species, including a record of a 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) adult killing an English sheepdog which weighed at least 35 kg (77 lb).[42] Adults have also been recorded eating even larger animals, including adult and nearly-grown cattle and an adult tapir, although these have been cases of scavenging on caracasses, with the tapir having been killed by a jaguar (it is possible that the jaguar was present when the crocodile fed).[43] Crocodiles have been known to be cannibalistic towards smaller specimens. Although previously thought to be inoffensive, there have been recent reports that the species has attacked humans on multiple occasions and at least 12 documented human fatalities have occurred.[44] Despite the relatively small size of the species, large adult Morelet's are aggressive and easily capable of overpowering an unaware human near the water. Due to partial consumption, recorded fatal attacks are likely predatory rather than defensive in nature.[45][46][47] The only natural predator of the Morelet's crocodile is the jaguar; this event was captured for the first time on a camera trap in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve of Yucatán, Mexico in 2019.[48]

Reproduction

Six-month-old, at Tiergarten Schönbrunn
Baby Morelet's crocodiles at the Cotswold Wildlife Park, England

Breeding usually takes place between April and June[24] and the eggs are laid before the start of the rainy season. Morelet's crocodiles are unique among North American crocodiles in that they build mound nests only, and not mound and hole nests. These mound nests are about 3 m (10 ft) wide and 1 m (3 ft 3 in) high and can be found near the water or on floating vegetation. A female crocodile can lay between 20 and 45 eggs and nests have been found containing eggs from more than one female. The eggs are buried and the nests are guarded by females. The eggs usually hatch after 80 days of incubation[24] and hatchlings are normally about 17 cm (6 1⁄2 in) long.[5] After the eggs have hatched the female crocodile will carry her young to the water where they are protected by both parents and will later leave them to fend for themselves. Females are highly protective of their young and have reportedly been observed to aggressively displace intruders and humans if distress calls of the baby crocodiles are heard and even father crocodiles have been observed to spring to the defense of young crocodiles.[49][50] In captivity, juvenile crocodiles are treated aggressively by adult crocodiles but never hatchlings.[51]

Conservation

Morelet's crocodile has long been threatened by habitat destruction and illegal hunting.[52] Both of these factors have significantly lowered their populations. It was hunted for its hide during the 1940s and 1950s[52] because high-quality leather can be made from their skins.[53][54]

Notes

  1. ↑ Except populations of Belize and Mexico which are included in Appendix II.

References

  1. ↑ Rio, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D. (6 September 2021). "Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem". PeerJ 9: e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094. PMID 34567843. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cedeño-Vázquez, J.R.; Platt, S.G.; Thorbjarnarson, J. (2012). "Crocodylus moreletii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012: e.T5663A3045579. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T5663A3045579.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/5663/3045579. Retrieved 19 November 2021. 
  3. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php. 
  4. ↑ "Crocodylus moreletii ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Crocodilians species (CSG)". http://iucncsg.org/ph1/modules/Crocodilians/species.html#cm. 
  6. ↑ "Crocodylus moreletii Dumeril and Bibron 1851 (Morelet's crocodile)". https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=173376&is_real_user=1. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Britton, Adam (2009). "Crocodylus moreletii (BIBRON & DUMERIL, 1851)". Crocodilians Natural History and Conservation. Howard Springs, Australia. http://crocodilian.com/cnhc/csp_cmor.htm. 
  8. ↑ Beolens, B.; Watkins, M.; Grayson, M. (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN:978-1-4214-0135-5. (Crocodylus moreletii, pp. 182-183).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Hekkala, E.; Gatesy, J.; Narechania, A.; Meredith, R.; Russello, M.; Aardema, M. L.; Jensen, E.; Montanari, S. et al. (2021-04-27). "Paleogenomics illuminates the evolutionary history of the extinct Holocene "horned" crocodile of Madagascar, Voay robustus" (in en). Communications Biology 4 (1): 505. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02017-0. ISSN 2399-3642. PMID 33907305. 
  10. ↑ Oaks, Jamie R. (2011). "A time-calibrated species tree of Crocodylia reveals a recent radiation of the true crocodiles". Evolution 65 (11): 3285–3297. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01373.x. PMID 22023592. 
  11. ↑ Michael S. Y. Lee; Adam M. Yates (27 June 2018). "Tip-dating and homoplasy: reconciling the shallow molecular divergences of modern gharials with their long fossil". Proceedings of the Royal Society B 285 (1881). doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1071. PMID 30051855. 
  12. ↑ Guggisberg, C.A.W. (1972). Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 195. ISBN 0-7153-5272-5. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Platt, S. G., Rainwater, T. R., Thorbjarnarson, J. B., Finger, A. G., Anderson, T. A., & McMurry, S. T. (2009). Size estimation, morphometrics, sex ratio, sexual size dimorphism, and biomass of Morelet’s crocodile in northern Belize. Caribbean Journal of Science, 45(1), 80-93.
  14. ↑ Barrios-Quiroz, G., Casas-Andreu, G., & Escobedo-Galván, A. H. (2012). Sexual size dimorphism and allometric growth of Morelet's crocodiles in captivity. Zoological Science, 29(3), 198-203.
  15. ↑ Platt, S.G. (1996). The ecology and status Morelet’s crocodile in Belize. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Clemson University, USA.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 ""Morelet's Crocodile." Belize Zoo. 2007.". http://www.belizezoo.org/zoo/zoo/herps/cro/cro1.html. 
  17. ↑ Erickson, Gregory M.; Gignac, Paul M.; Steppan, Scott J.; Lappin, A. Kristopher; Vliet, Kent A.; Brueggen, John D.; Inouye, Brian D.; Kledzik, David et al. (14 March 2012). "Insights into the Ecology and Evolutionary Success of Crocodilians Revealed through Bite-Force and Tooth-Pressure Experimentation". PLOS ONE 7 (3): e31781. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031781. PMID 22431965. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...731781E. 
  18. ↑ "ADW: Crocodylus moreletii: CLASSIFICATION". http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Crocodylus%20moreletii.html. 
  19. ↑ Details of a fatal attack on a human by a Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) in Belize.. Brandon Sideleau. pp. 30. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269693819. 
  20. ↑ Webb, G. (2009). "First record of a Morelet's crocodile in the Grijlava River, Chiapas, Mexico". Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter (IUCN - Species Survival Commission) 28 (2): 14. https://www.iucncsg.org/365_docs/attachments/protarea/CSG%20-6d2de2f0.pdf. 
  21. ↑ Dever, J. A; Richard E. Strauss, Thomas R. Rainwater, Scott T. McMurry, and Llewellyn D. Densmore III. “Genetic Diversity, Population Subdivision, and Gene Flow in Morelet’s Crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) from Belize, Central America” Copeia. 2002. 4: 1078-1091.
  22. ↑ C. Michael Hogan & World Wildlife Fund. 2012. Belizean pine forests. ed. M. McGinley. Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington DC
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 ""Freshwater Crocodile." Australia Zoo.". http://www.australiazoo.com.au/our-animals/amazing-animals/reptiles/?reptile=crocodilians&animal=freshwater_crocodile#Mr%20Freshy. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Navarro, Carlos. ""The Return of the Morelet's Crocodile." Reptilia.". http://www.reptilia.net/articulos_ing/036.pdf. 
  25. ↑ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Capturan un cocodrilo en el Río Bravo; alertan sobre peligro". https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xDv1w_izIJA. 
  26. ↑ http://www.hoytamaulipas.net/index.php?v1=notas&v2=48248
  27. ↑ "El Nuevo Diario". http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/internacionales/16513. 
  28. ↑ "Capturan a cocodrilo en casa de Tamaulipas". http://www.elmanana.com/diario/noticia/matamoros/matamoros/capturan_a_cocodrilo_en_casa_de_tamaulipas/1680768. 
  29. ↑ "Gators at busy Matamoros shopping center : News : ValleyCentral.com". http://www.valleycentral.com/news/story.aspx?id=332768#.VAi-xGOXLgo. 
  30. ↑ "Reportan avistamientos de cocodrilos en las lagunas de la JAD de Matamoros - Hora Cero". http://www.horacero.com.mx/noticia/index.asp?id=NHCVL17947. 
  31. ↑ http://www.valleycentral.com/news/story.aspx?id=191897
  32. ↑ "Capturan cocodrilo en el Río Bravo". http://www.hoytamaulipas.net/notas/62708/Capturan-cocodrilo-en-el-Rio-Bravo.html. 
  33. ↑ "Alertan en Reynosa por presencia de cocodrilos en río Bravo". http://www.televisaregional.com/del-golfo/noticias/182401651.html. 
  34. ↑ "Side Step - Reynosa 'alligator' could be a crocodile". 16 September 2008. http://texasuproar.blogspot.com/2008/09/side-step-reynosa-alligator-could-be.html. 
  35. ↑ "Reynosa man earns nickname 'Crocodile Hunter' : News : ValleyCentral.com". http://www.valleycentral.com/news/story.aspx?id=545212#.VAi4_2OXLgo. 
  36. ↑ "Reynosa family finds crocodile in their home : News : ValleyCentral.com". http://www.valleycentral.com/news/story.aspx?id=516817#.VAi5hmOXLgo. 
  37. ↑ "Fishermen catch crocodile in Rio Grande". 9 October 2006. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/15194637/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/fishermen-catch-crocodile-rio-grande/. 
  38. ↑ "The San Diego Union-Tribune - San Diego, California & National News". http://www.utsandiego.com/uniontrib/20061009/news_1n9world.html. 
  39. ↑ "Para acabarla de amolar, crecida de agua trae víboras, lagartos y alimañas". http://laprensa.mx/notas.asp?id=19595. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Platt, S. G., Rainwater, T. R., Finger, A. G., Thorbjarnarson, J. B., Anderson, T. A., & McMurry, S. T. (2006). Food habits, ontogenetic dietary partitioning and observations of foraging behaviour of Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) in northern Belize. The Herpetological Journal, 16(3), 281-290.
  41. ↑ "Crocodilian Species - Morelet's Crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii)". https://crocodilian.com/cnhc/csp_cmor.htm. 
  42. ↑ Pérez-Higareda, G., Rangel-Rangel, A., Smith, H. M., & Chiszar, D. (1989). Comments on the food and feeding habits of Morelet's Crocodile. Copeia, 1039-1041.
  43. ↑ Platt, S. G., Rainwater, T. R., Snider, S., Garel, A., Anderson, T. A., & McMurry, S. T. (2007). Consumption of large mammals by Crocodylus moreletii: field observations of necrophagy and interspecific kleptoparasitism. The Southwestern Naturalist, 52(2), 310-317.
  44. ↑ "OpenDataSoft — CrocBITE Live Feed". https://data.opendatasoft.com/explore/dataset/cadb-live-feed%40crocbite/?sort=date_of_incident&refine.species_name=Morelets+Crocodile&refine.outcome=Fatal. 
  45. ↑ Sideleau (2014). Details of a fatal attack on a human by a Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) in Belize. IUCN Crocodile Specialist Group Newsletter 07/2014; 33(2):29.
  46. ↑ Marlin, J. A., Marlin, K. K., & Platt, S. G. (1995). A documented case of an attack by Morelet's crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) on man. Bull Chicago Herp Soc, 30, 165-167.
  47. ↑ Sideleau, B., & Britton, A. R. C. (2012). A preliminary analysis of worldwide crocodilian attacks. In Crocodiles Proceedings of the 21st Working Meeting of the IUCN-SSC Crocodile Specialist Group. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN (pp. 111-114).
  48. ↑ Simá-Pantí, David E.; Contreras-Moreno, Fernando M.; Mayor, Carlos Coutiño-Cal y; Zúñiga-Morales, José A.; Martin, Gabriela Méndez-Saint; Reyna-Hurtado, Rafael A. (2020-03-04). "Morelet’s crocodile predation by jaguar in the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve in southeastern México" (in en). Therya Notes 1: 8–10. doi:10.12933/therya_notes-20-3. ISSN 2954-3614. http://mastozoologiamexicana.com/ojs/index.php/theryanotes/article/view/10. 
  49. ↑ Álvarez del Toro, M. and Sigler L. (2001). Los Crocodylia de México. IMRNR-PROFEPA: México, D.F.
  50. ↑ Rainwater, T.R., McMurry, S.T. and Platt, S.G. (2000). Crocodylus moreletii (Morelet’s crocodile) behavior. Herpetological Review 31: 237.
  51. ↑ Hunt, R. H. (1977). Aggressive behavior by adult morelet's crocodiles Crocodylus moreleti toward young. Herpetologica, 195-201.
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Espinosa, Eduardo (1998). "Crocodylus Moreletii." Florida Museum.. ISBN 9782831704418. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/natsci/herpetology/act-plan/cmore.htm. 
  53. ↑ Platt, Steven; John Thorbjarnarson. “Population status and conservation of Morelet’s Crocodile, Crocodylus moreletii, in northern Belize” Biological Conservation. 2000. 96: 21-29.
  54. ↑ King, F. ""The Crocodile Specialist Group." Crocodile Specialist Group. 4 Mar. 2002.". http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/herpetology/Crocs.htm. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q723708 entry



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