Biology:Oropogon

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Oropogon is a genus of lichen-forming ascomycetes in the large family Parmeliaceae.[1] It is a genus of roughly 40 currently accepted species.[2] It was previously included in the family Alectoriaceae, but this group has since been subsumed into the Parmeliaceae.[3]

All members of the genus have a fruticose growth form. The most obvious distinguishing feature character which separates Oropogon from the rest of the family is the large brown, muriform ascospores (i.e. with transverse and longitudinal walls) that occur singly in each ascus.

Description

Oropogon species are medium-to-large [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (shrub-like) lichens whose overall shape falls into two main growth forms. [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] thalli resemble irregular tufts: they are no more than twice as tall as they are wide and lack a single dominant trunk. [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] thalli hang downward from their point of attachment, producing long, nearly parallel branches that can be many times the width of the lichen. A few specimens adopt an intermediate, "subpendent" habit, beginning as a tuft near the base but ending in slender, dangling branch tips. Growth form can shift with microhabitat; for example, the normally tufted O. loxensis may develop trailing shoots when moisture and shelter permit, while ground-dwelling individuals often appear almost upright because their branch bases are propped against surrounding vegetation.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Branches divide mainly by equal forks (isodichotomies); unequal splits are uncommon and largely confined to a handful of species. Caespitose taxa usually have wide branch angles (70–90°) and short internodes under 10 mm, whereas pendent taxa show narrower forks (20–60°) and internodes that may reach 25 mm or more. Colour is variable but informative in broad strokes. Most species are tan, brown or black, yet a distinct New-World subset—including the widespread O. loxensis—is pale grey to whitish, sometimes dusted with a thin grey [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (frosty coating). These lighter species contain atranorin and related cortical chemicals, which dull to black with age, while the dark olive-brown hue of O. byssaceus is due to a pigment that dissolves in potassium hydroxide solution.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

In cross-section the outer skin ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) consists of tightly packed, length-wise hyphae, forming a tough [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] layer much like that of the morphologically similar Bryoria. Beneath it lies the medulla, a looser tangle of hyphae that occurs in two structural modes. In most species the medulla is hollow: older branches possess a sizeable central cavity interrupted only by thin diaphragms or patchy granular tissue, and many of their cortex breaks open as true perforations. Other species—particularly O. loxensis and its relatives—have a filled medulla that leaves only small voids near the cortex or behind surface pores. The cortex is punctured by pseudocyphellae that range from narrow cracks to obvious holes; whether a pore is "open" depends on whether medullary tissue underlies it. Four combinations of filled versus hollow medulla and perforate versus non-perforate pseudocyphellae occur, but these features have limited diagnostic value beyond small groups of species.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Specialised asexual propagules are uncommon. Granular soralia are reliably present only in O. aliphaticus, while spine-like outgrowths ([[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]]) abound in roughly one-third of O. loxensis thalli and appear sporadically in a few other taxa. Most species rely on fragmentation—the brittle branches snap readily when dry—or on sexual reproduction. Apothecia (fruiting bodies) are frequent in about half the genus and produce a single, very large, [[Glossary of lichen terms#{{biology:{1}}}|{{Biology:{1}}}]] (multi-chambered) brown ascospores per ascus, reaching up to 157 × 52 μm. These oversized spores, often seen clinging to the thallus after discharge, probably disperse poorly over long distances, helping to explain the patchy, often local distributions typical of Oropogon lichens.Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

Species

Oropogon yunnanensis
  • Oropogon aliphaticus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – VenezuelaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon americanus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – EcuadorLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon asiaticus Asahina (1937)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Japan
  • Oropogon atranorinus Essl. (1981)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Venezuela[4]
  • Oropogon barbaticus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – VenezuelaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon bicolor Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – VenezuelaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon bolivianus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – BoliviaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon byssaceus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – VenezuelaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon caespitosus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".– MexicoLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon cinereus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – PeruLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon colibor Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Costa RicaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon diffractaicus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Dominican RepublicLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon evernicus Essl. & S.D.Leav. (2013)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".[5]
  • Oropogon fissuratus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – VenezuelaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon formosanus Asahina (1952)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Taiwan
  • Oropogon granulosus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – VenezuelaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon halei Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – VenezuelaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon herzogii Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – BoliviaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon imperforatus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – GuatemalaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon lateralis Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – VenezuelaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon lopezii Essl. (1981)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Venezuela[4]
  • Oropogon lorobic Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – PanamaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon loxensis (Fée) Zukal (1895)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon macilentus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – EcuadorLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon maurus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – VenezuelaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon mexicanus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – MexicoLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon orientalis (Gyeln.) Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon parietinus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – VenezuelaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon pendulus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – MexicoLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon protocetraricus S.D.Leav. & Essl. (2013)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".[5]
  • Oropogon pseudoloxensis Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – VenezuelaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon salazinicus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – TaiwanLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon satoanus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – TaiwanLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon secalonicus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – YunnanLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon sperlingii Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – PanamaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon striatulus Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Costa RicaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon tanakae Asahina (1952)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – Japan
  • Oropogon venezuelensis Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – VenezuelaLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".
  • Oropogon yunnanensis Essl. (1989)Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24". – YunnanLua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".Lua error: Internal error: The interpreter has terminated with signal "24".

References

  1. ↑ Hyde, K.D.; Noorabadi, M.T.; Thiyagaraja, V.; He, M.Q.; Johnston, P.R.; Wijesinghe, S.N. et al. (2024). "The 2024 Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere 15 (1): 5146–6239 [5225]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/15/1/25. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385939154. 
  2. ↑ Crespo, A.; Lumbsch, H. T.; Mattsson, J. E.; Blanco, O.; Divakar, P. K.; Articus, K.; Wiklund, E.; Bawingan, P. A. et al. (2007). "Testing morphology-based hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships in Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) using three ribosomal markers and the nuclear RPB1 gene". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44 (2): 812–824. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.11.029. PMID 17276700. 
  3. ↑ Mattsson, Jan-Eric; Wedin, Mats (1999). "A re-assessment of the family Alectoriaceae". The Lichenologist 31 (5): 431–440. doi:10.1006/lich.1999.0225. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Esslinger, Theodore L. (1980). "Typification of Oropogon loxensis and description of two related species". The Bryologist 83 (4): 529–532. doi:10.2307/3242309. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Leavitt, Steven D.; Esslinger, Theodore L.; Nelsen, Matthew P.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2013). "Further species diversity in Neotropical Oropogon (Lecanoromycetes: Parmeliaceae) in Central America". The Lichenologist 45 (4): 553–564. doi:10.1017/s0024282913000212. 
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Cited literature

  • Esslinger, T.L. (1989). "Systematics of Oropogon (Alectoriaceae) in the New World". Systematic Botany Monographs 28: 1–111. doi:10.2307/25027728. 

Wikidata ☰ Q7103855 entry


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