Biology:Parksosauridae
| Parksosaurids | |
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| Mounted specimen of Thescelosaurus, Burpee Museum of Natural History | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Clade: | Dinosauria |
| Clade: | †Ornithischia |
| Clade: | †Ornithopoda |
| Family: | †Parksosauridae Bucholtz, 2002 |
| Subfamilies[1] | |
Parksosauridae is a clade or family of small ornithischians which have previously been generally allied to hypsilophodontids. Parksosauridae might be a synonym of Thescelosauridae since they possibly contain the same members.[2]
Classification
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| This cladogram is from Brown et al., (2013).[1] |
Although Hypsilophodontidae was interpreted as a natural group in the early 1990s,[3][4] this hypothesis has fallen out of favor and Hypsilophodontidae has been found to be an unnatural family composed of a variety of animals more or less closely related to Iguanodontia (paraphyletic), with various small clades of closely related taxa.[5][6][7][8][9] "Hypsilophodontidae" and "hypsilophodont" are better understood as informal terms for an evolutionary grade, not a true clade. Thescelosaurus has been regarded as both very basal[4] and very derived[7] among the hypsilophodonts. One issue that has potentially interfered with classifying Thescelosaurus is that not all of the remains assigned to T. neglectus necessarily belong to it.[10] Clint Boyd and colleagues found that while the clade Thescelosaurus included the genus Bugenasaura and the species that had been assigned to that genus, there were at least two and possibly three species within Thescelosaurus, and several specimens previously assigned to T. neglectus could not yet be assigned to a species within the genus.[5] It appears to be closely related to Parksosaurus,[5][7][8][11][12] although this relationship has been called into question.[13]
The dissolution of Hypsilophodontidae has been followed by the recognition of the distinct family Parksosauridae by Buchholz in 2002, defined as the most inclusive clade containing Parksosaurus warreni, but not Hypsilophodon foxii, Dryosaurus altus, or Iguanodon bernissartensis.[14][2] Boyd et al. (2009) and Brown et al. (2011) found North American "hypsilophodonts" of Cretaceous age to sort into two related clusters, one (Orodrominae) consisting of Orodromeus, Oryctodromeus, and Zephyrosaurus, and the other (Thescelosaurinae) consisting of Parksosaurus and Thescelosaurus.[5][11] Brown et al. (2013) recovered similar results, with the addition of the new genus Albertadromeus to the Orodromeus clade (called Orodrominae) and several long-snouted Asian forms (previously described under Jeholosauridae)[6] to the Thescelosaurus clade (called Thescelosaurinae).[12] They also formally defined Thescelosauridae (Thescelosaurus neglectus, Orodromeus makelai, their most recent common ancestor, and all descendants) and the smaller clades Orodrominae and Thescelosaurinae.[12]
A 2015 analysis by Clint Boyd recovered Parksosauridae outside Ornithopoda, as the sister taxon to Cerapoda.[2] However, a 2019 analysis by Herne et al., which placed Parksosaurus as the most basal member of Ornithopoda, would effectively restrict Parksosauridae to only having the one member, Parksosaurus, as well as reviving Thescelosauridae as a separate group.[13] Below is the cladogram by Herne et al. (2019):
| Ornithischia |
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Brown, C. M.; Evans, D. C.; Ryan, M. J.; Russell, A. P. (2013). "New data on the diversity and abundance of small-bodied ornithopods (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Belly River Group (Campanian) of Alberta". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 (3): 495–520. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.746229.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Boyd, Clint A. (2015). "The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs". PeerJ 3 (e1523): e1523. doi:10.7717/peerj.1523. PMID 26713260. PMC 4690359. https://peerj.com/articles/1523/. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
- ↑ Sues, Hans-Dieter; Norman, David B. (1990). "Hypsilophodontidae, Tenontosaurus, Dryosauridae". in Weishampel, David B.. The Dinosauria (1st ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 498–509. ISBN 978-0-520-06727-1.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Weishampel, David B.; Heinrich, Ronald E. (1992). "Systematics of Hypsilophodontidae and Basal Iguanodontia (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda)". Historical Biology 6 (3): 159–184. doi:10.1080/10292389209380426. http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/pdf/ghbi_06_01_01.pdf. Retrieved 2007-03-10.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Boyd, Clint A.; Brown, Caleb M.; Scheetz, Rodney D.; Clarke, Julia A. (2009). "Taxonomic revision of the basal neornithischian taxa Thescelosaurus and Bugenasaura". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29 (3): 758–770. doi:10.1671/039.029.0328.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Han, Feng-Lu; Paul M. Barrett; Richard J. Butler; Xing Xu (2012). "Postcranial anatomy of Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation of China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (6): 1370–1395. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.694385.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Norman, David B.; Sues, Hans-Dieter; Witmer, Larry M.; Coria, Rodolfo A. (2004). "Basal Ornithopoda". in Weishampel, David B.. The Dinosauria (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 393–412. ISBN 978-0-520-24209-8. https://archive.org/details/dinosauriandedit00weis.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Weishampel, David B.; Jianu, Coralia-Maria; Csiki, Z.; Norman, David B. (2003). "Osteology and phylogeny of Zalmoxes (n.g.), an unusual euornithopod dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous of Romania". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 1 (2): 1–56. doi:10.1017/S1477201903001032.
- ↑ Varricchio, David J.; Martin, Anthony J.; Katsura, Yoshihiro (2007). "First trace and body fossil evidence of a burrowing, denning dinosaur". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274 (1616): 1361–1368. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.0443. PMID 17374596.
- ↑ Butler, Richard J.; Upchurch, Paul; Norman, David B. (2008). "The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 6 (1): 1–40. doi:10.1017/S1477201907002271.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Brown; Caleb M.; Boyd, Clint A.; and Russell, Anthony P. (2011). "A new basal ornithopod dinosaur (Frenchman Formation, Saskatchewan, Canada), and implications for late Maastrichtian ornithischian diversity in North America". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 163 (4): 1157–1198. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2011.00735.x.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Brown, Caleb Marshall; Evans, David C.; Ryan, Michael J.; Russell, Anthony P. (2013). "New data on the diversity and abundance of small-bodied ornithopods (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Belly River Group (Campanian) of Alberta". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 (3): 495–520. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.746229.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Herne, Matthew C.; Nair, Jay P.; Evans, Alistair R.; Tait, Alan M. (2019). "New small-bodied ornithopods (Dinosauria, Neornithischia) from the Early Cretaceous Wonthaggi Formation (Strzelecki Group) of the Australian-Antarctic rift system, with revision of Qantassaurus intrepidus Rich and Vickers-Rich, 1999". Journal of Paleontology. doi:10.1017/jpa.2018.95. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/new-smallbodied-ornithopods-dinosauria-neornithischia-from-the-early-cretaceous-wonthaggi-formation-strzelecki-group-of-the-australianantarctic-rift-system-with-revision-of-qantassaurus-intrepidus-rich-and-vickersrich-1999/D6FEF2CD3EC1CAAD8F41B6ED73EC356C.
- ↑ Buchholz, P. W. (2002). "Phylogeny and biogeography of basal Ornithischia". in Brown, D. E.. The Mesozoic in Wyoming. Casper: Tate Geological Museum. pp. 18–34.
Wikidata ☰ Q13574271 entry
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