Biology:Spondias mombin
| Spondias mombin | |
|---|---|
| |
| S. mombin, fruiting | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Anacardiaceae |
| Genus: | Spondias |
| Species: | S. mombin
|
| Binomial name | |
| Spondias mombin | |
| Synonyms[2] | |
| |
Spondias mombin, also known as yellow mombin, hog plum or amra, is a species of tree and flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae. It is native to the tropical Americas, including the West Indies. The tree was introduced by the Portuguese in South Asia in the beginning of the 17th century. It has been naturalized in parts of Africa, India , Nepal, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, The Bahamas, Indonesia, and other Caribbean islands. It is rarely cultivated except in parts of the Brazilian Northeast.
The mature fruit has a leathery skin and a thin layer of pulp. The seed has an oil content of 31.5%.[3]
Description
.jpg)
.jpg)
Spondias mombin is a small deciduous tree up to 20 m (66 ft) high and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in girth, and is moderately buttressed.[4] Its bark is thick, corky, and deeply fissured. When slashed, it is pale pink, darkening rapidly. Branches are low and branchlets are glabrous. The leaves are pinnate, with 5-8 leaflets opposite pairs with a terminal leaflet, 10 cm × 5 cm (4 in × 2 in), oblong or oblong lanceolate, broadly acuminate, glabrous. The flowers bloom January to May and are sweet-scented, in large, lax terminal panicles of small white flowers. Fruits appear July to September and are nearly 4 cm (1.5 in) long, ovoid yellow, acid, wrinkled when dry. The fruits have a sharp, somewhat acid taste and are edible. Their flesh surrounds a single spiny kernel.
Use as food
The fruit pulp is either eaten fresh or made into juice, concentrate, jellies, and sherbets.
In Thailand this fruit is called makok (Thai: มะกอก) and is used in som tam as a secondary ingredient. The young leaves, which taste slightly bitter and sour, are sometimes served raw together with certain types of nam phrik (Thai chili pastes). It is also served with chili powder in Bangladesh where the fruit is known as আমড়া (amṛa). In India, it is known as Amado in Konkani, അമ്പഴം (ambazham) in Malayalam and, omora in Assamese. In Nepal this fruit is called amaaro.
As a member of the sumac family (Anacardiaceae), exposure to the sap of this species may result in an identical allergic reaction to that of the poison ivy plant. Those with a known sensitivity to urushiol should exercise caution in consuming or handling this species.
Traditional medicine
In traditional medicine, Spondias mombin has had a variety of uses. The fruit has been used as a diuretic and febrifuge.[5] The bark is astringent and used as an emetic and for diarrhea, dysentery, hemorrhoids, gonorrhoea, and leukorrhea.[5] The flowers and leaves are used to make a tea for stomach ache, biliousness, urethritis, cystitis, and inflammation.[5]
Common names
Spondias mombin has several common names. Throughout most of the Spanish-speaking Caribbean, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and parts of Mexico it called jobo, derived from the Carib language.[6] In Northern Mexico and most of Cuba it is called ciruela. In the Habla Congo language of the Palo Mayombe religion in Cuba, it is called nkunia guenguere kunansieto'. In Costa Rica it is called yuplón after the English name gully plum. In El Salvador, it is called Jocote de Corona. Among the English-speaking Caribbean islands it is known as yellow mombin[7] or hog plum. In Jamaica it is also called Spanish plum, gully plum or coolie plum. In Suriname the fruit is called Mope. In Brazil , the fruit is known by several different names, such as cajá, taperebá and ambaló. In Peru, it is known as uvos or mango ciruelo. In Ghana, it is known as the hog plum or Ashanti plum, or Akukor in the Ewe-speaking regions. In Nigeria, the fruit is called Ughighen in the Urhobo language, Iyeye orYeye in the Yoruba language,[8] ngulungwu in Igbo and isada in Hausa.[9] In Somalia, it is called Isbaandhees. In Bengali, it is called Amṛa (আমড়া). In the southern Indian state of Kerala it is called Ambazhanga (അമ്പഴങ്ങ). In Kannada it is called AmateKaayi (ಅಮಟೆ ಕಾಯಿ). In Goa it is known as Ambadde. In Telugu, it is called karakkaya (కరక్కాయ). In Sri Lanka, it is called Ambaralla (ඇඹරැල්ල). In Palauan, it is called titimel. Other common names include hug plum, true yellow mombin, golden apple or Java plum.
Gallery
Bai makok, the name for the leaves of the Spondias mombin in Thai
- The fruit, of which the seed can easily be seen in this image, can also be used for making green papaya salad in Thailand and Laos
Green fruits in a supermarket in the Dominican Republic
Ripe fruits
Buds of Spondias mombin
As Spondias mombin is a Deciduous Tree, it lose all of their leaves for a part of the year.
As Spondias mombin is a Deciduous Tree, the leaves are turning yellow.
_fruit.JPG)
_fruit.JPG)
See also
- List of plants of Cerrado vegetation of Brazil
- Amazonian cuisine
- Spondias purpurea (Purple mombin)
- Spondias tuberosa (Umbú)
- Spondias pinnata (India)
Notes
- ↑ Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI); IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2019). "Spondias mombin". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: e.T61984209A149039998. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T61984209A149039998.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61984209/149039998. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ↑ "Spondias mombin L.". http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2480696. Retrieved June 27, 2014.
- ↑ Eromosele, C.O; Paschal, N.H (2003). "Characterization and viscosity parameters of seed oils from wild plants". Bioresource Technology 86 (2): 203–205. doi:10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00147-5. PMID 12653289.
- ↑ "Hog plum". 2017-08-22. https://www.britannica.com/plant/hog-plum.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Ayoka A.O, Akomolafe R.O, Akinsomisoye O.S & Ukponmwan O.E (2008). "Medicinal and Economic Value of Spondias mombin". African Journal of Biomedical Research 11 (2): 129–136. http://www.bioline.org.br/request?md08018. Retrieved 2017-11-04.
- ↑ "Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary". http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?LEMA=hobo.
- ↑ "Spondias mombin". Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS Database. USDA. https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SPMO4. Retrieved 27 November 2015.
- ↑ See Ayoka et al. (2008, p.130), Oladele (2008, p.5). Note that Aiyeloja & Ajewole (2006, p.57) give agbalumo as the local name in Osun State, however other sources identify agbalumo elsewhere in Nigeria with the African star apple, Chrysophyllum alibidum and related species; see for example Aiyeloja & Bello (2006, p.18) and Oyelade et al. (2005).
- ↑ Aiyeloja, Adedapo Ayo; Bello, Oluwakemi A. (April 2006). "Ethnobotanical potentials of common herbs in Nigeria: A case study of Enugu state". Educational Research Review 1 (1): 16–22.
References
- Oladele, O.I. (2008). "Contribution of Neglected and Underutilized Crops to Household food security and Health among Rural Dwellers in Oyo State, Nigeria". International Symposium "Underutilized plants for food, nutrition, income and sustainable development", Arusha, Tanzania 3–7 March 2008. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Centre for Underutilised Crops (ICUC). http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/Symposium2008/1-2-OladeleNUS_full_Paper.pdf.
- Oyelade, O.J.; P.O. Odugbenro; A.O. Abioye; N.L. Raji (April 2005). "Some physical properties of African star apple (Chrysophyllum alibidum) seeds". Journal of Food Engineering (London: Elsevier Science) 67 (4): 435–440. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.05.046. OCLC 108380173.
- Adepoju, O.T.; O.E. Oyewole (2008). "Nutrient Composition and Acceptability Study of Fortified Jams from Spondias Mombin (Hog Plum, Iyeye in Yoruba) Fruit Pulp". Nigerian Journal of Nutritional Science 29 (2): 180–189. ISSN 0189-0913.
- Tolu Odugbemi (2008). Outlines and Pictures of Medicinal Plants from Nigeria. University of Lagos Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-978-48712-7-3.
External links
Wikidata ☰ Q794969 entry
 |  |
