Company:Neuralink

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Short description: American neurotechnology company
Neuralink Corp.
TypePrivate
IndustryBrain–computer interface
Neuroprosthetics
FoundedJune 21, 2016; 8 years ago (2016-06-21)
HeadquartersFremont, California, U.S.[1]
Key people
Jared Birchall (CEO)[2]
OwnerElon Musk
Number of employees
c. 300[3] (2022)
Websiteneuralink.com

Neuralink Corp.[4] is an American neurotechnology company that is developing implantable brain–computer interfaces (BCIs), based in Fremont, California, as of 2022. Founded by Elon Musk and a team of seven scientists and engineers, Neuralink was launched in 2016 and was first publicly reported in March 2017.[5][6][7][8]

Since its founding, the company has hired several high-profile neuroscientists from various universities.[9] By July 2019, it had received $158 million in funding (of which $100 million was from Musk) and was employing a staff of 90 employees.[10] At that time, Neuralink announced that it was working on a "sewing machine-like" device capable of implanting very thin (4 to 6 μm in width)[11] threads into the brain, and demonstrated a system that reads information from a lab rat via 1,500 electrodes. They had anticipated starting experiments with humans in 2020,[10] but have since moved that projection to 2023. As of May 2023, they have been approved for human trials in the United States .[12]

The company has faced criticism for a large amount of euthanization of primates that underwent medical trials. Veterinary records of the monkeys showed a number of complications with electrodes being surgically implanted.[13] On January 29, 2024, Musk said that Neuralink had successfully implanted a Neuralink device in a human and that the patient was recovering.[14]

Company

History

The Pioneer Building in San Francisco, formerly housing the offices of Neuralink and OpenAI

Neuralink was founded in 2016 by Elon Musk and a founding team of seven scientists and engineers.[6][15][16] The group of initial hires consisted of experts in areas such as neuroscience, biochemistry and robotics.[7] The trademark "Neuralink" was purchased from its previous owners in January 2017.[6][17]

In April 2017, Neuralink announced that it was aiming to make devices to treat serious brain diseases in the short-term, with the eventual goal of human enhancement, sometimes called transhumanism.[18][7][19] Musk had said his interest in the idea partly stemmed from the science fiction concept of "neural lace" in the fictional universe in The Culture, a series of 10 novels by Iain M. Banks.[19][20]

Musk defined the neural lace as a "digital layer above the cortex" that would not necessarily imply extensive surgical insertion but ideally an implant through a vein or artery.[21] He said the long-term goal is to achieve "symbiosis with artificial intelligence",[22] which he perceives as an existential threat to humanity if it goes unchecked.[22][23] He believes the device will be "something analogous to a video game, like a saved game situation, where you are able to resume and upload your last state" and "address brain injuries or spinal injuries and make up for whatever lost capacity somebody has with a chip."[24]

As of 2020, Neuralink was headquartered in San Francisco's Mission District, sharing the Pioneer building with OpenAI, another company co-founded by Musk.[25][26] As of 2022, Neuralink's headquarters were in Fremont, California.[1] Jared Birchall, the head of Musk's family office, was listed as CEO, CFO and president of Neuralink in 2018.[27][25] As of September 2018, Musk was the majority owner of Neuralink but did not hold an executive position.[28] By August 2020, only three of the eight founding scientists remained at the company, according to an article by Stat News which reported that Neuralink had seen "years of internal conflict in which rushed timelines have clashed with the slow and incremental pace of science."[29]

In April 2021, Neuralink demonstrated a monkey playing the game "Pong" using the Neuralink implant.[30] While similar technology has existed since 2002, when a research group first demonstrated a monkey moving a computer cursor with neural signals, scientists acknowledged the engineering progress in making the implant wireless and increasing the number of implanted electrodes.[31][32][33] In May 2021, co-founder and president Max Hodak announced that he no longer works with the company.[34] By January 2022, of the eight cofounders, only two remained at the company.[35]

Culture criticism

A January 2022 article in Fortune highlighted criticism of Neuralink's corporate culture from anonymous former employees. They described a "culture of blame and fear" and one with vacillating priorities. Additionally, Musk allegedly undermined management by encouraging junior employees "to email issues and complaints to him directly".[35]

Technology

In 2018, Gizmodo reported that Neuralink "remained highly secretive about its work", although public records showed that it had sought to open an animal testing facility in San Francisco; it subsequently started to carry out research at the University of California, Davis.[25] In 2019, during a live presentation at the California Academy of Sciences, the Neuralink team revealed to the public the technology of the first prototype they had been working on. It is a system that involves ultra-thin probes being inserted into the brain, a neurosurgical robot to perform the operations and a high-density electronic system capable of processing information from neurons. It is based on technology developed at UCSF and UC Berkeley.[36]

Probes

The probes, composed mostly of polyimide, a biocompatible material, with a thin gold or platinum conductor, are inserted into the brain through an automated process performed by a surgical robot. Each probe consists of an area of wires that contains electrodes capable of locating electrical signals in the brain, and a sensory area where the wire interacts with an electronic system that allows amplification and acquisition of the brain signal. Each probe contains 48 or 96 wires, each of which contains 32 independent electrodes, making a system of up to 3072 electrodes per formation.[11][37]

Robot

Neuralink says they have engineered a surgical robot capable of rapidly inserting many flexible probes into the brain, which may avoid the problems of tissue damage and longevity issues associated with larger and more rigid probes.[38][39][40] This surgical robot has an insertion head with a 40 μm diameter needle made of tungsten-rhenium designed to attach to the insertion loops, inject individual probes, and penetrate the meninges and cerebral tissue; it is capable of inserting up to six wires (192 electrodes) per minute.[38]A linear motor powers the needle, enabling fast retraction acceleration and varying insertion speeds. A 50-µm tungsten wire that has been bent at the tip and is driven both axially and rotationally makes up the pincher. An imaging stack is also included in the inserter head for needle guidance, real-time insertion viewing, and verification.[41][42][43]

Electronics

Elon Musk discussing the Neuralink

Neuralink has developed an application-specific integrated circuit to create a 1,536-channel recording system. This system consists of 256 amplifiers capable of being individually programmed, analog-to-digital converters within the chip and peripheral circuit control to serialize the digitized information obtained.[38][44] It aims to convert information obtained from neurons into an understandable binary code in order to achieve a greater understanding of brain function and the ability to stimulate these neurons back. With the present technology, Neuralink's electrodes are still too big to record the firing of individual neurons, so they can record only the firing of a group of neurons; Neuralink representatives believe this issue might get mitigated algorithmically, but it is computationally expensive and does not produce exact results.[45]

In July 2020, according to Musk, Neuralink obtained a FDA breakthrough device designation which allows limited human testing under the FDA guidelines for medical devices.[46][47]

Animal testing and alleged harm

Neuralink tests their devices by surgically implanting them in the brains of live monkeys, pigs and other animals.[48] Neuralink's methods have been criticized by groups such as PETA.[49] From 2017 to 2020, Neuralink's experiments on monkeys were conducted in partnership with UC Davis. At the end of their partnership, UC Davis transferred seven monkeys to Neuralink. In 2022, the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (PCRM) alleged that Neuralink and UC Davis had mistreated several monkeys, subjecting them to psychological distress, extreme suffering, and chronic infections due to surgeries.[50] Experiments conducted by Neuralink and UC Davis have involved at least 23 monkeys, and the PCRM believes that 15 of those monkeys died or were euthanized as a result of the experiments. Furthermore, the PCRM alleged that UC Davis withheld photographic and video evidence of the mistreatment.[51]

In February 2022, Neuralink said that macaque monkeys died and were euthanized after experimentation, denying that any animal abuse had occurred.[52][53] Musk previously stated that Neuralink implants might be introduced by injecting them through the jugular vein, and not by opening the cranium (which Neuralink currently requires).[54] In December 2022, it was reported that Neuralink was under federal investigation by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) regarding animal welfare violations. Additionally, a report by Reuters cited claims from several Neuralink employees that testing was being rushed due to Musk's demands for fast results, which was leading to needless suffering and deaths among the animals.[53][55] A September 2023 exposé by Wired provided additional details on the primate deaths based on public records and confidential interviews with a former Neuralink employee and a current researcher at the California National Primate Research Center.[13][56] Those records showed complications with the installation of electrodes, including partial paralysis, bloody diarrhea, lost fingers and brain swelling.[13]

In July 2023, an investigation by the USDA found no evidence of animal welfare breaches in the trials other than a previous, self reported incident from 2019.[57] The PCRM disputed the results of the investigation.[58]

In October 2023, Wired reported that Neuralink worked to keep details of animal suffering and death hidden from the public.[59] In November 2023, U.S. lawmakers asked the Securities and Exchange Commission to investigate whether Neuralink deceived investors in by omitting details about possible animal deaths.[60]

Human testing

Neuralink received FDA approval for human clinical trials in May 2023.[61] The FDA had previously rejected a 2022 application to pursue human clinical trials citing "major safety concerns involving the device’s lithium battery; the potential for the implant’s tiny wires to migrate to other areas of the brain; and questions over whether and how the device can be removed without damaging brain tissue."[62]

In September 2023, Neuralink opened up its first human trials. It recruited people with quadriplegia due to cervical spinal cord injury or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis under an investigational device exemption by the FDA.[63][64]

On January 29, 2024, Musk said that Neuralink had successfully implanted a Neuralink device in a human on the day prior, and that the patient was recovering: "Initial results show promising neuron spike detection".[14]

Reception

Scientists have cited technical challenges for Neuralink. In 2017, a journalist at the IEEE Spectrum magazine had asked for comments from five researchers that had been working on BCI implants, including Thomas Oxley who invented the Stentrode.[further explanation needed][65] At a live demonstration in August 2020, Musk described their device as "a Fitbit in your skull". Several neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims.[66][67][68] MIT Technology Review accused the demonstration of having the main objective to "stir excitement", adding that "Neuralink has provided no evidence that it can (or has even tried to) treat depression, insomnia, or a dozen other diseases that Musk mentioned in a slide".[66] Andrew Jackson, professor of neural interfaces at Newcastle University, also commented on the presentation to the BBC. To Musk's statement that he found Neuralink's advancements to be "profound", Jackson responded, "I don't think there was anything revolutionary in the presentation."[69]

Thiago Arzua of the Medical College of Wisconsin argued that Neuralink's functions are not novel and that ideas for a brain–machine interface (BMI) are at least 50 years old.[70] He cited successful control of a robotic prosthetic arm by a man that gave him haptic feedback, which he used in 2016 to give President Obama a fist bump.[71] Arzua said that the 2020 Neuralink presentation "showed little more than a flashy new design for a BMI with more electrodes".[70]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Falconer, Rebecca (December 1, 2022). "Elon Musk highlights monkey "telepathic typing" at Neuralink event". https://www.axios.com/2022/12/01/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-chip-event. 
  2. ↑ "Elon Musk's Inner Circle Rocked by Fight Over His $230 Billion Fortune". Wall Street Journal. July 18, 2022. https://www.wsj.com/amp/articles/elon-musk-fortune-fight-jared-birchall-igor-kurganov-11657308426. 
  3. ↑ Levy, Rachael (19 July 2022). "Neuralink co-founder departs Musk-backed startup". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/legal/transactional/neuralink-co-founder-departs-musk-backed-startup-sources-2022-07-19/. 
  4. ↑ "NEURALINK CORP.". 2016-06-21. https://opencorporates.com/companies/us_de/6064185. 
  5. ↑ Winkler, Rolfe (March 27, 2017). "Elon Musk Launches Neuralink to Connect Brains With Computers". Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/elon-musk-launches-neuralink-to-connect-brains-with-computers-1490642652. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Meet the Guys Who Sold "Neuralink" to Elon Musk without Even Realizing It" (in en). https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/04/04/152788/meet-the-guys-who-sold-neuralink-to-elon-musk-without-even-realizing-it/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Masunaga, Samantha (21 April 2017). "A quick guide to Elon Musk's new brain-implant company, Neuralink". Los Angeles Times. http://www.latimes.com/business/technology/la-fi-tn-elon-musk-neuralink-20170421-htmlstory.html. 
  8. ↑ Statt, Nick (March 27, 2017). "Elon Musk launches Neuralink, a venture to merge the human brain with AI". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/27/15077864/elon-musk-neuralink-brain-computer-interface-ai-cyborgs. 
  9. ↑ "Elon Musk's Brain Tech Startup Is Raising More Cash" (in en). 2019-05-11. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-10/elon-musk-s-brain-tech-startup-is-raising-more-cash. "The company has hired away several high-profile neuroscientists" 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Markoff, John (2019-07-16). "Elon Musk's Company Takes Baby Steps to Wiring Brains to the Internet" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/16/technology/neuralink-elon-musk.html. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Elon Musk unveils Neuralink’s plans for brain-reading ‘threads’ and a robot to insert them. Elizabeth Lopatto, The Verge. 16 July 2019.
  12. ↑ Sharma, Akriti; Levy, Rachel (May 25, 2023). "Elon Musk's Neuralink says has FDA approval for study of brain implants in humans". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/science/elon-musks-neuralink-gets-us-fda-approval-human-clinical-study-brain-implants-2023-05-25/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Mehrotra, Dhruv; Cameron, Dell (September 20, 2023). "The Gruesome Story of How Neuralink's Monkeys Actually Died". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-pcrm-neuralink-monkey-deaths/. Retrieved 2023-09-21. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Elon Musk says Neuralink has implanted first brain chip in a human". 2024-01-30. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/jan/29/elon-musk-neuralink-first-human-brain-chip-implant. 
  15. ↑ Kolodny, Lora (2021-05-02). "Neuralink co-founder Max Hodak leaves Elon Musk's brain implant company" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/01/neuralink-cofounder-max-hodak-leaves-elon-musks-brain-implant-company.html. 
  16. ↑ "Neuralink co-founder departs Musk-backed startup -sources" (in en). Reuters. 2022-07-19. https://www.reuters.com/article/neuralink-merolla-idUKKBN2OU112. 
  17. ↑ Levy, Rachael (2022-12-01). "Elon Musk expects Neuralink's brain chip to begin human trials in 6 months" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/technology/elon-musk-says-expects-neuralink-begin-human-trials-six-months-2022-12-01/. 
  18. ↑ Urban, Tim (20 April 2017). "Neuralink and the Brain's Magical Future". Wait But Why. http://waitbutwhy.com/2017/04/neuralink.html. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Newitz, Annalee (March 27, 2017). "Elon Musk is setting up a company that will link brains and computers" (in en-us). Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/business/2017/03/elon-musk-is-setting-up-a-company-that-will-link-brains-and-computers/. 
  20. ↑ Cross, Tim (31 March 2017). "The novelist who inspired Elon Musk". The Economist (1843 Magazine). https://www.1843magazine.com/culture/the-daily/the-novelist-who-inspired-elon-musk. 
  21. ↑ Elon Musk thinks we will have to use AI this way to avoid a catastrophic future . Robert Ferris, CNBC News. 31 January 2017.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Elon Musk believes AI could turn humans into an endangered species like the mountain gorilla . Isobel Asher Hamilton, Business Insider. 26 November 2018.
  23. ↑ Everything you need to know about Neuralink: Elon Musk’s brainy new venture . Tyler Lacoma, Digital Trends. 7 November 2017.
  24. ↑ "Clubhouse Elon Musk interview transcript". 2021-02-07. https://zamesin.me/clubhouse-elon-musk-interview/. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Conger, Kate. "Elon Musk's Neuralink Sought to Open an Animal Testing Facility in San Francisco". Gizmodo. https://gizmodo.com/elon-musks-neuralink-sought-to-open-an-animal-testing-f-1823167674. 
  26. ↑ Hao, Karen (2020-02-17). "The messy, secretive reality behind OpenAI's bid to save the world". https://www.technologyreview.com/s/615181/ai-openai-moonshot-elon-musk-sam-altman-greg-brockman-messy-secretive-reality/. 
  27. ↑ "Why Elon Musk's Companies Aren't Melting Down, Even If He Is". 2018-08-17. https://slate.com/technology/2018/08/why-elon-musks-companies-arent-melting-down-even-if-he-is.html. 
  28. ↑ No-Action Letter: Neuralink Corp . U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), October 16, 2018
  29. ↑ "Ahead of Neuralink event, ex-employees detail research timeline clashes". 2020-08-25. https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/25/elon-musk-neuralink-update-brain-machine-implants/. 
  30. ↑ Jack Guy (April 9, 2021). "Elon Musk's Neuralink claims monkeys can play Pong using just their minds". https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/09/tech/elon-musk-neuralink-pong-scli-intl/index.html. 
  31. ↑ "Neuralink's Monkey Experiment Raises Questions From Scientists and Tech Ethicist". 2021-04-13. https://observer.com/2021/04/elon-musk-neuralink-monkey-demo-draw-skepticism-scientist/. 
  32. ↑ Andrew Paul (April 9, 2021). "Elon Musk really wants to impress you with his Neuralink monkey" (in en). https://www.inputmag.com/culture/elon-musk-really-wants-to-impress-you-with-his-neuralink-monkey. 
  33. ↑ "Private money will really push the field forward" (in en). 2021-04-14. https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/private-money-will-really-push-field-forward. 
  34. ↑ Kolodny, Lora (2021-05-02). "Neuralink co-founder Max Hodak leaves Elon Musk's brain implant company" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/01/neuralink-cofounder-max-hodak-leaves-elon-musks-brain-implant-company.html. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Inside Neuralink, Elon Musk's mysterious brain chip startup: A culture of blame, impossible deadlines, and a missing CEO" (in en). https://fortune.com/longform/neuralink-brain-computer-interface-chip-implant-elon-musk/. 
  36. ↑ Timothy L. Hanson, Michel M. Maharbiz, Philip N. Sabes, "Methods, Compositions, and Systems for Device Implantation.", US patent application 20180296243
  37. ↑ Elon Musk’s Neuralink Aims to Merge Human Brain With A.I. Dinker, TechBrackets. 18 July 2019.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Musk, Elon; Neuralink (Oct 2019). "An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels" (in en). J Med Internet Res. 21 (10): e16194. doi:10.2196/16194. PMID 31642810. 
  39. ↑ Biran, Roy; Martin, David C.; Tresco, Patrick A. (2005-09-01). "Neuronal cell loss accompanies the brain tissue response to chronically implanted silicon microelectrode arrays" (in en). Experimental Neurology 195 (1): 115–126. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.04.020. ISSN 0014-4886. PMID 16045910. 
  40. ↑ Hanson, Timothy L.; Diaz-Botia, Camilo A.; Kharazia, Viktor; Maharbiz, Michel M.; Sabes, Philip N. (2019-03-14). "The "sewing machine" for minimally invasive neural recording" (in en). bioRxiv: 578542. doi:10.1101/578542. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/578542v1. Retrieved December 10, 2020. 
  41. ↑ Musk, Elon; Neuralink (2019-10-31). "An Integrated Brain-Machine Interface Platform With Thousands of Channels". Journal of Medical Internet Research 21 (10): e16194. doi:10.2196/16194. ISSN 1438-8871. PMID 31642810. 
  42. ↑ Levett, Jordan J.; Elkaim, Lior M.; Niazi, Farbod; Weber, Michael H.; Iorio-Morin, Christian; Bonizzato, Marco; Weil, Alexander G. (2023-11-08). "Invasive Brain Computer Interface for Motor Restoration in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review". Neuromodulation: Journal of the International Neuromodulation Society: S1094–7159(23)00754–7. doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2023.10.006. ISSN 1525-1403. PMID 37943244. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37943244/. 
  43. ↑ Valle, Giacomo (2019-11-06). "The Connection Between the Nervous System and Machines: Commentary". Journal of Medical Internet Research 21 (11): e16344. doi:10.2196/16344. ISSN 1438-8871. PMID 31692449. 
  44. ↑ Wiggers, Kyle (August 28, 2020). "Neuralink demonstrates its next-generation brain-machine interface". https://venturebeat.com/ai/neuralink-demonstrates-its-next-generation-brain-machine-interface/. 
  45. ↑ "Neuralink Paper Review - Numenta Research Meeting". Numenta, Inc.. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2-YiXuXdp8. 
  46. ↑ Metz, Rachel (2020-08-28). "Elon Musk shows off a working brain implant — in pigs". https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/28/tech/elon-musk-neuralink/index.html. 
  47. ↑ Neuralink Progress Update, Summer 2020 , Neuralink, 28 August 2020, accessed 4 October 2020.
  48. ↑ Shead, Sam (February 1, 2021). "Elon Musk says his start-up Neuralink has wired up a monkey to play video games using its mind". https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/01/elon-musk-neuralink-wires-up-monkey-to-play-video-games-using-mind.html. 
  49. ↑ Linder, Courtney (September 9, 2020). "Why Is Elon Musk Testing His Brain Implant on Pigs?". https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/animals/a33850122/neuralink-brain-implant-animal-testing-pigs/. 
  50. ↑ "Neuralink shows what happens when you bring "move fast and break things" to animal research" (in en). 2022-12-11. https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2022/12/11/23500157/neuralink-animal-testing-elon-musk-usda-probe. 
  51. ↑ Vanian, Jonathan (9 February 2022). "Elon Musk's brain-implant startup has a new legal headache—allegations that it abuses its monkeys". https://fortune.com/2022/02/09/elon-musks-neuralink-brain-implant-startup-monkeys-animal-mistreatment-complaint/. 
  52. ↑ Ryan, Hannah (February 17, 2022). "Elon Musk's Neuralink confirms monkeys died in project, denies animal cruelty claims". https://edition.cnn.com/2022/02/17/business/elon-musk-neuralink-animal-cruelty-intl-scli/index.html. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Levy, Rachel (December 6, 2022). "Exclusive: Musk's Neuralink faces federal probe, employee backlash over animal tests". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/technology/musks-neuralink-faces-federal-probe-employee-backlash-over-animal-tests-2022-12-05/. 
  54. ↑ D'Onfro, Jillian. "Elon Musk thinks we need brain-computers to avoid becoming 'house cats' to artificial intelligence" (in en-US). https://www.businessinsider.com/elon-musk-on-neural-lace-2016-6. 
  55. ↑ Levy, Rachael; Lynch, Sarah; Taylor, Marisa (2022-12-20). "Investigation of Musk's Neuralink targets federal oversight of animal testing" (in en). https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/dec/20/neuralink-animal-testing-musk-investigation. 
  56. ↑ "Terrible Things Happened to Monkeys After Getting Neuralink Implants, According to Veterinary Records". https://futurism.com/neoscope/terrible-things-monkeys-neuralink-implants. 
  57. ↑ "Regulator says found no animal welfare breaches at Elon Musk firm beyond 2019 incident". The Economic Times. Reuters. July 19, 2023. https://m.economictimes.com/tech/technology/regulator-says-found-no-animal-welfare-breaches-at-elon-musk-firm-beyond-2019-incident/amp_articleshow/101965058.cms/. 
  58. ↑ "Elon Musk Company Neuralink Given Free Pass for Animal Welfare Act Violations, USDA Reveals in Letter to Congress". https://www.pcrm.org/news/news-releases/elon-musk-company-neuralink-given-free-pass-animal-welfare-act-violations-usda#:~:text=WASHINGTON%2C%20D.C.—Elon%20Musk's%20brain,sent%20in%20December%20and%20May. 
  59. ↑ Cameraon, Dell; Mehrotra, Dhruv (Oct 4, 2023). "How Neuralink Keeps Dead Monkey Photos Secret". Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/neuralink-uc-davis-monkey-photos-videos-secret/. 
  60. ↑ Mehrotra, Dhruv. "US Lawmakers Ask SEC to Launch Fraud Investigation Into Elon Musk". WIRED. https://www.wired.com/story/elon-musk-nerualink-congress-sec-letter/. 
  61. ↑ Neuralink [@neuralink] (2023-05-25). "We are excited to share that we have received the FDA's approval to launch our first-in-human clinical study! is the result of incredible work by the Neuralink team in close collaboration with the FDA and represents an important first step that will one day allow our technology to help many people. Recruitment is not yet open for our clinical trial. We'll announce more information on this soon!". https://twitter.com/neuralink/status/1661857379460468736. 
  62. ↑ "U.S. regulators rejected Elon Musk's bid to test brain chips in humans" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/neuralink-musk-fda/. 
  63. ↑ Singh, Maanvi (September 19, 2023). "Elon Musk's Neuralink approved to recruit humans for brain-implant trial". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2023/sep/19/elon-musk-neuralink-human-trials-brain-implant. 
  64. ↑ Studio, Play. "Neuralink's First-in-Human Clinical Trial is Open for Recruitment | Blog" (in en). https://neuralink.com/blog/first-clinical-trial-open-for-recruitment?202308049001. 
  65. ↑ "Full Page Reload" (in en). IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News. https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-human-os/biomedical/devices/5-neuroscience-experts-weigh-in-on-elon-musks-mysterious-neural-lace-company. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Regalado, Antonio (August 30, 2020). "Elon Musk's Neuralink is neuroscience theater". MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/2020/08/30/1007786/elon-musks-neuralink-demo-update-neuroscience-theater/. 
  67. ↑ Cellan-Jones, Rory (September 1, 2020). "Is Elon Musk over-hyping his brain-hacking Neuralink tech?". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-53987919. 
  68. ↑ Rogers, Adam (September 4, 2020). "Neuralink Is Impressive Tech, Wrapped in Musk Hype". Wired. https://www.wired.com/story/neuralink-is-impressive-tech-wrapped-in-musk-hype/. Retrieved September 14, 2020. 
  69. ↑ "Is Elon Musk over-hyping his brain-hacking Neuralink tech?" (in en-GB). BBC News. 2020-09-01. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-53987919. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Arzua, Thiago (2020-08-29). "Despite a flashy design, Elon Musk's Neuralink has little substance". https://massivesci.com/notes/neuralink-brain-machine-interface-fda-breakthrough-device/. 
  71. ↑ Hurley, Billy (March 9, 2022). "What a Feeling: A Look Back at a High-Tech Presidential Handshake". SAE Media Group. https://www.techbriefs.com/component/content/article/tb/stories/blog/45405. 

Further reading

  • Neuralink; Musk, Elon (2019-08-02). "An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels". bioRxiv 10.1101/703801. (whitepaper)

External links



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