Earth:Bayan Shireh Formation

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Short description: Geological formation in Mongolia
Bayan Shireh Formation
Stratigraphic range: Albian-Santonian
~102–86 Ma
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsUpper beds, lower beds
UnderliesJavkhlant Formation
OverliesBaruunbayan Formation
ThicknessUp to 300 m (980 ft)
Lithology
PrimaryClaystone, sandstone
OtherConglomerate, mudstone
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] 44°18′N 109°12′E / 44.3°N 109.2°E / 44.3; 109.2
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 46°30′N 100°00′E / 46.5°N 100.0°E / 46.5; 100.0
RegionGobi Desert
Country Mongolia
Type section
Named forBayan Shireh
Named byVasiliev et al.
Year defined1959
Cretaceous-aged dinosaur fossil localities of Mongolia.PNG
Fossil localities in Mongolia. From C to D, mainly Bayan Shireh locations

The Bayan Shireh Formation (also known as Baynshiree/Baynshire, Baynshirenskaya Svita or Baysheen Shireh) is a geological formation in Mongolia, that dates to the Cretaceous period. It was first described and established by Vasiliev et al. 1959.[1]

Description

The Bayan Shireh Formation is primarily composed by varicoloured claystones and sandstones with calcareous concretions and characterized by grey mudstones and yellowish-brown medium grained sandstones.[1][2] Up to 300 m (980 ft) thick, the most complete sections are found in the eastern Gobi Desert, consisting of fine-grained, often cross-stratified gray sandstone interbedded with claystone and concretionary, intraformational conglomerates with relatively thick units of red to brown mudstone in the upper part.[3][4] The Baynshire and Burkhant localities are mainly composed by mudstone, siltstone, sandstone, and conglomerates, with most of their sedimentation being fluvial.[5][6][7] The environments that were present on the Bayan Shireh Formation consisted mainly on semi-arid climates with large water bodies, such as rivers or lakes.[8][7] Although it is considered to be partially lacustrine,[9] largescale cross-stratification in many of the sandstone layers at the Baynshire locality seem to indicate that a large meandering fluvial system was present. It has been implied that during the late Bayan Shirehnian times, large rivers with direct connections to the sea drained a prominent part of the eastern Gobi region.[3][6][8]

Stratigraphy

According to Jerzykiewicz and Russell, the Bayan Shireh Formation can be divided into 2 informal units: upper and lower beds.[5] Danilov and colleagues have suggested that the lower beds are Cenomanian to early Turonian, and the upper beds are late Turonian to Santonian in age.[10] While the lower beds are composed by extensive conglomerate that indicates the ancient presence of very active rivers, the upper beds are mainly composed by mudstone and claystone that is interbedded by sandstone, indicating again, the presence of rivers but also lakes and other water bodies.[11]

Based on comparisons with other formations, Jerzykiewicz and Russell suggested that the Bayan Shireh paleofauna seems to correspond best with the Turonian through early Campanian stages of the Late Cretaceous, about 93 to 80 million years ago.[5] However, examination of the magnetostratigraphy of the formation indicates that the entire Bayan Shireh lies within the Cretaceous Long Normal, which lasted only until the end of the Santonian stage, giving a possible Cenomanian through Late Santonian age, between 98 and 83 million years ago.[6] In 2012, Averianov and Sues re-examined many formations from the Gobi Desert and using biostratigraphic occurrences and previous dating, the Bayan Shireh Formation was considered to be Cenomanian to Santonian in age. The lower beds dating to 98 million and 90 million years ago (early Cenomanian to late Turonian), and the upper beds dating to 90 million and 83 million years ago (late Turonian to late Santonian).[8] Calcite U–Pb measurements performed by Kurumada and colleagues in 2020 have estimated the exact age of the Bayan Shireh Formation from 102–86 Ma, based on dates obtained of 95.9 ± 6.0 Ma and 89.6 ± 4.0 Ma.[12]

Correlations

A potential correlation between the Iren Dabasu Formation has been long suggested by most authors, mainly based on the highly similar vertebrate assemblages.[5][13][14][15] However, Van Itterbeeck et al. 2005 argued against this correlation concluding that instead, the Iren Dabasu Formation was coeval with the younger Nemegt Formation based on the charophyte and ostracode assemblages; therefore, these formations were dated to the Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian.[16] Averianov and Sues instead proposed a correlation between the Bayan Shireh, Iren Dabasu and Bissekty formations.[8] In 2015, Tsuihiji and team found the Iren Dabasu-Nemegt correlation to be inconsistent since the microfossil assemblages used by Van Itterbeeck and colleagues were not restricted to the Maastrichtian period and the similarities between these assemblages were most probably due to a similar deposition and climate settings.[17]

Paleobiota of the Bayan Shireh Formation

In terms of biodiversity, therizinosaurs and turtles were the most abundant vertebrates across the formation, as evidenced on numerous remains.[10][18] Nevertheless, hadrosauroids were fairly abundant too, particularly at the Baynshire locality with numerous remains unearthed from this area and a new unnamed hadrosauroid. In addition, most specimens of Gobihadros come from this locality.[7][19][11] Also, niche partitioning has been reported within the therizinosaurids Erlikosaurus and Segnosaurus,[20] and the ankylosaurs Talarurus and Tsagantegia.[21] Mammals however, are extremely uncommon; Tsagandelta is the only mammal described so far.[22] Besides vertebrate fossils, abundant fossil fruits have been collected from the Bor Guvé and Khara Khutul localities and they are especially abundant at Bor Guvé. Although they resemble Abelmoschus esculentus their taxonomic position remains unclear and further examination is required.[23]

Bayan Shireh Formation fauna

Crocodylomorphs

Crocodylomorphs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images

Paralligator

P. gradilifrons Sheeregeen Gashoon "Complete skull with fragmentary postcrania."[24][25] A paralligatorid.
P. major Sheeregeen Gashoon "Fragmentary crania."[26][25] A paralligatorid.
Unnamed crocodylomorph ichnotaxon Indeterminate Shine Us Khuduk "Swim tracks."[18] Tracks made underwater by a swimming individual.

Fish

Sharks reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Hybodus H. kansaiensis Bayshin Tsav "Teeth and postcrania."[8] A hybodontid.

Hybodus model.jpg

Osteichthyes spp. Indeterminate "Unspecified material."[8] Bony fish.

Flora

Flora reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Bothrocaryum B. gobience Khara Khutul "Unspecified material."[27] A cornacean.
Nyssoidea N. mongolica Khara Khutul "Unspecified material."[27] A cornacean.
Angiosperm spp. Indeterminate Bor Guvé, Khara Khutul "Fossil fruits."[23] Very abundant at Bor Guvé.

Mammals

Deltatheroidans reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Tsagandelta T. dashzevegi Tsagan Tsonj "Partial left dentary."[22] A deltatheroidan.

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Azhdarchidae indet. Indeterminate Bayshin Tsav "Middle cervical vertebra."[28] An azhdarchid. Bayshin Tsav azhdarchid cervical vertebra.png
Azhdarchidae indet. Indeterminate Burkhant "Four cervical vertebrae."[28] An azhdarchid. Burkhant azhdarchid 3th cervical vertebra.png

Turtles

Turtles reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Charitonyx C. tajanikolaevae Khara Khutul "Fragmented postcrania."[29][30] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Gobiapalone G. orlovi Baynshire, Burkhant, Khongil Tsav "Skull and postcrania."[10] A trionychid.
Hanbogdemys H. orientalis Khara Khutul "Fragmented cervical remains."[30] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Kharakhutulia K. kalandadzei Khara Khutul Lower beds "Fragmented postcrania from multiple specimens."[30] A nanhsiungchelyid. Kharakhutulia holotype side views.png
Kirgizemys sp. Indeterminate Khara Khutul "Fragmented postcrania."[30] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Kizylkumemys K. schultzi Khara Khutul Lower beds "Fragmented postcrania."[31][30] A nanhsiungchelyid.
Lindholmemys L. martinsoni Sheeregeen Gashoon, Usheen Khuduk Upper beds "Fragmentary shell."[32] A lindholmemydid.
"Trionyx" T. baynshirensis Baynshire "Fragmentary shell."[10] A trionychine.

Dinosaurs

Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Deinonychosauria indet. Indeterminate Shine Us Khuduk "Isolated remains including a pedal phalanx II-2."[33] The pedal phalanx II-2 is similar to Achillobator.
Theropoda indet. Indeterminate Ulribe Khuduk "Nest with eggs."[7] Eggs probably laid by a theropod.

Ankylosaurids

Ankylosaurids reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Amtosaurus A. magnus Amtgai "Partial braincase." An ankylosaurid now regarded as nomen dubium.[34] Amtosaurus magnus.jpg
Maleevus M. disparoserratus Sheeregeen Gashoon Upper beds "Partial maxillae and a referred braincase." An ankylosaurid now regarded as nomen dubium.[35]
Talarurus T. plicatospineus Bayshin Tsav, Baynshire, Shine Us Khuduk "Multiple specimens including partial to nearly complete skulls and postcranial remains."[36][37][38][39][21] An ankylosaurid. Talarurus.png
Tsagantegia T. longicranialis Tsagan Teg "Skull lacking lower jaws."[40][21] An ankylosaurid.

Ceratopsians

Ceratopsians reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Graciliceratops G. mongoliensis Sheeregeen Gashoon Upper beds "Fragmented skull and postcrania."[41][42] A neoceratopsian originally identified as Microceratus. Graciliceratops BW.jpg
Unnamed neoceratopsian Indeterminate Bayshin Tsav "Left maxilla and teeth."[43] A neoceratopsian.

Dromaeosaurids

Dromaeosaurids reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Achillobator A. giganticus Burkhant "Maxilla and fragmentary postcrania."[44] A giant dromaeosaurid. Achillobator reconstruction.png
Dromaeosauridae indet. Indeterminate Burkhant "Claw and large postcranial remains."[45][46] A dromaeosaurid.
Unnamed velociraptorine Indeterminate Shine Us Khuduk, Tel Ulan Chaltsai "Fragmentary crania and postcrania from two specimens."[47][48][49] A dromaeosaurid.

Hadrosaurs

Hadrosaurs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Amblydactylus spp. Indeterminate Baynshire "Five three-toed footprints."[50] Ornithopod tracks.
Gobihadros G. mongoliensis Bayshin Tsav, Baynshire, Char Teeg, Khongil Tsav, Khoorai Tsav Upper beds "Multiple specimens with a virtually complete skull and postcranial remains".[19][11] A hadrosauroid. Gobihadros skeleton.png
Hadrosauroidea indet. Indeterminate Shine Us Khuduk "Isolated surangular".[33] A hadrosauroid.
Ovaloolithidae indet. Indeterminate Mogoyn Ulagiyn Khaets "Eggs, shells and egg clutches."[51] Eggs probably laid by a hadrosaur.
Spheroolithus sp. Indeterminate Sheeregeen Gashoon "Egg clutch."[52] Eggs probably laid by a hadrosaur.
Undescribed Hadrosauroidea Indeterminate Amtgai, Bayshin Tsav, Bayshin Tsav IV, Khoorai Tsav "Multiple postcranial remains including an articulated skeleton."[7] Hadrosauroid remains.
Undescribed hadrosauroids Indeterminate Baynshire "Remains of at least two juvenile hadrosauroids."[53] Juvenile hadrosauroids in a caenagnathoid nesting site.
Unnamed hadrosauroid Indeterminate Baynshire, Char Teeg Upper beds "Partial right dentary and sparse postcranial remains."[11] A hadrosauroid slightly smaller than Gobihadros.
Unnamed hadrosauroid Indeterminate Bayshin Tsav "Nearly complete skeleton from a juvenile individual."[54] A hadrosauroid distinct from Gobihadros. Juvenile hadrosaur.jpg

Ornithomimosaurs

Ornithomimosaurs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
"Gallimimus" "G. mongoliensis" Bayshin Tsav "Complete skull with postcrania only lacking the caudal region."[55] An informally named ornithomimid that actually differs from Gallimimus. Gallimimus mongoliensis mount.jpg
Garudimimus G. brevipes Bayshin Tsav "Skull with fragmented postcrania."[56][57][58] An ornithomimosaur. Garudimimus Restoration.png
Undescribed ornithomimosaur Indeterminate Amtgai "Nearly 1 m (3.3 ft) long ulna."[59] A large ornithomimosaur.
Undescribed ornithomimosaurs Indeterminate Baynshire, Bayshin Tsav, Khongil Tsav, Sheeregeen Gashoon, Shine Us Khuduk "More than five specimens and a bonebed containing mainly postcranial elements."[33][60][61][62][63] Multiple ornithomimosaurian taxa.

Oviraptorosaurs

Oviraptorosaurs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Caenagnathoidea indet. Indeterminate Baynshire "Nests including elongatoolithid eggs and associated juveniles."[53] A large caenagnathoid nesting site.
Macroelongatoolithus indet. Indeterminate Baynshire "Eggs within a large nest."[64] Eggs probably laid by a large oviraptorosaur.
Unnamed caenagnathid Indeterminate Tsagan Teg "Partial lower jaw similar to Gigantoraptor."[17] A large caenagnathid. LH V0011 & MPC-D 107 17 lower jaws.png

Pachycephalosaurs

Pachycephalosaurs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Amtocephale A. gobiensis Amtgai "Nearly complete frontoparietal dome."[65] A primitive pachycephalosaurid. Amtocephale LM.png

Sauropods

Sauropods reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Erketu E. ellisoni Bor Guvé "Vertebrae and postcrania."[23] A somphospondylan. Erketu cervical vertebrae.png
Sauropoda indet. Indeterminate Amtgai "Partial vertebrae and pelvic elements."[33] A sauropod.
Unnamed sauropod Indeterminate Shine Us Khuduk "Articulated skeleton."[33] A sauropod.
Unnamed sauropod ichnogenus Indeterminate Khavirgiin Dzo "Four consecutive hind footprints."[66] Sauropod tracks.
Unnamed titanosaur Indeterminate Bor Guvé "Vertebrae."[67] A titanosaur.

Therizinosaurs

Therizinosaurs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Dendroolithidae spp. Indeterminate Baynshire "Various nests and egg clutches."[68][69] Eggs probably laid by a therizinosaur Segnosaurus nest 2.jpg
Enigmosaurus E. mongoliensis Khara Khutul A therizinosauroid. Enigmosaurus Restoration.jpg
Erlikosaurus E. andrewsi Bayshin Tsav Upper beds "Skull, right pes, and left humerus."[70][71][72] A therizinosaurid. Erlikosaurus Restoration.png
Segnosaurus S. galbinensis Amtgai, Bayshin Tsav, Khara Khutul, Ulribe Khuduk "Multiple specimens including the lower jaws and partial postcrania."[73][70][72] A large therizinosaurid. Segnosaurus Restoration.jpg
Undescribed therizinosaurs Indeterminate Bayshin Tsav, Khara Khutul, Shine Us Khuduk "Cranial and postcranial elements from multiple specimens."[74][75][45][76][77][33][72] Some elements may represent already named taxa.
Unnamed therizinosaur Indeterminate Ulribe Khuduk "Forelimbs with two digits, partial pelvis and vertebrae."[78] A two-fingered therizinosaur.

Troodontids

Troodontids reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Undescribed troodontid Indeterminate Bayshin Tsav "Partial vertebrae, forelimbs and hindlimbs."[79][80] A troodontid.

Tyrannosaurs

Tyrannosaurs reported from the Bayan Shireh Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic Position Material Notes Images
Alectrosaurus? A. olseni? Bayshin Tsav "Two specimens, fragmentary skull and postcrania."[81][82] A tyrannosauroid also present in the Iren Dabasu Formation Alectrosaurus.png
Tyrannosauroidea indet. Indeterminate Tsagan Teg "An isolated nearly complete left frontal."[83] A tyrannosauroid.

See also

  • List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations
  • List of Asian dinosaurs
  • Laurasia
  • Geology of Mongolia
  • Cretaceous Mongolia

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vasiliev, V. G.; Volkhonin, V. C.; Grishin, G. L.; Ivanov, A. Kh.; Marinov, I. A.; Mokshancev, K. B. (1959). Geological structure of the People's Republic of Mongolia (stratigraphy and tectonics). p. 492. 
  2. ↑ Watabe, M.; Suzuki, S. (2000). "Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1994". Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences, Research Bulletin 1: 30−44. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sochava, A. V. (1975). "Stratigraphy and lithology of the Upper Cretaceous sediments in southern Mongolia. In Stratigraphy of Mesozoic sediments of Mongolia". Transactions of Joint Soviet–Mongolian Scientific Research and Geological Expedition 13: 113–182. 
  4. ↑ Martinson, G. G. (1982). "The Upper Cretaceous mollusks of Mongolia". Sovmestnaya Sovetsko– Mongolskaya Paleontolog-icheskaya Ekspeditsia 17: 5–76. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Jerzykiewicz, T.; Russell, D. A. (1991). "Late Mesozoic stratigraphy and vertebrates of the Gobi Basin". Cretaceous Research 12 (4): 345–377. doi:10.1016/0195-6671(91)90015-5. Bibcode: 1991CrRes..12..345J. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Hicks, J. F.; Brinkman, D. L.; Nichols, D. J.; Watabe, M. (1999). "Paleomagnetic and palynologic analyses of Albian to Santonian strata at Bayn Shireh, Burkhant, and Khuren Dukh, eastern Gobi Desert, Mongolia". Cretaceous Research 20 (6): 829−850. doi:10.1006/cres.1999.0188. Bibcode: 1999CrRes..20..829H. https://www.academia.edu/1229640. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Ishigaki, S.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Saneyoshi, M.; Mainbayar, B.; Aoki, K.; Ulziitseren, S.; Imayama, T.; Takahashi, A. et al. (2016). "Report of the Okayama University of Science - Mongolian Institute of Paleontology and Geology Joint Expedition in 2016". Bulletin of Research Institute of Natural Sciences (42): 33−46. http://dinosaur.ous.ac.jp/pdf/box/exc2016.pdf. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Averianov, A.; Sues, H. (2012). "Correlation of Late Cretaceous continental vertebrate assemblages in Middle and Central Asia". Journal of Stratigraphy 36 (2): 462–485. http://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/df17/104349a1f7fd4dfd76252f91817fe5f58fb6.pdf. 
  9. ↑ Samoilov, V. S.; Benjamini, C. (1996). "Geochemical features of dinosaur remains from the Gobi Desert, South Mongolia". PALAIOS 11 (6): 519–531. doi:10.2307/3515188. Bibcode: 1996Palai..11..519S. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Danilov, I. G.; Hirayama, R.; Sukhanov, V. B.; Suzuki, S.; Watabe, M.; Vitek, N. S. (2014). "Cretaceous soft-shelled turtles (Trionychidae) of Mongolia: new diversity, records, and a revision". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 12 (7): 799–832. doi:10.1080/14772019.2013.847870. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Slowiak, J.; Szczygielski, T.; Ginter, M.; Fostowicz-Frelik, L. (2020). "Uninterrupted growth in a non-polar hadrosaur explains the gigantism among duck-billed dinosaurs". Palaeontology 63 (4): 579–599. doi:10.1111/pala.12473. 
  12. ↑ Kurumada, Y.; Aoki, S.; Aoki, K.; Kato, D.; Saneyoshi, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Windley, B. F.; Ishigaki, S. (2020). "Calcite U–Pb age of the Cretaceous vertebrate-bearing Bayn Shire Formation in the Eastern Gobi Desert of Mongolia: usefulness of caliche for age determination". Terra Nova 32 (4): 246–252. doi:10.1111/ter.12456. Bibcode: 2020TeNov..32..246K. 
  13. ↑ Currie, P. J.; Eberth, D. A. (1993). "Palaeontology, sedimentology and palaeoecology of the Iren Dabasu Formation (Upper Cretaceous), Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China". Cretaceous Research 14 (2): 127−144. doi:10.1006/cres.1993.1011. Bibcode: 1993CrRes..14..127C. 
  14. ↑ Nessov, L. A. (1995) (in ru). Dinosaurs of northern Eurasia: new data about assemblages, ecology and paleobiogeography. Saint Petersburg: Saint Petersburg University. p. 156.  Translated paper
  15. ↑ Averianov, A. O. (2002). "An ankylosaurid (Ornithischia: Ankylosauria) braincase from the Upper Cretaceous Bissekty Formation of Uzbekistan". Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Sciences de la Terre 72: 97−100. http://biblio.naturalsciences.be/rbins-publications/bulletin-of-the-royal-belgian-institute-of-natural-sciences-earth-sciences/72-2002/irscnb_p4087_01ec04x_72-bulletin-7.pdf. 
  16. ↑ Van Itterbeeck, J.; Horne, D. J.; Bultynck, P.; Vandenberghe, N. (2005). "Stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment of the dinosaur-bearing Upper Cretaceous Iren Dabasu Formation, Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China". Cretaceous Research 26 (4): 699–725. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2005.03.004. Bibcode: 2005CrRes..26..699V. https://www.academia.edu/3856254. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Tsuihiji, T.; Watabe, M.; Barsbold, R.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2015). "A gigantic caenagnathid oviraptorosaurian (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia". Cretaceous Research 56: 60–65. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.03.007. Bibcode: 2015CrRes..56...60T. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jEkqwhpqCRsvGxVaCSN1QDtue_sfNBut/view. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Lee, Y. N.; Lee, H. J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Carabajal, A. P.; Barsbold, R.; Fiorillo, A. R.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2019). "Unusual locomotion behaviour preserved within a crocodyliform trackway from the Upper Cretaceous Bayanshiree Formation of Mongolia and its palaeobiological implications". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 533 (109353): 2. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.109239. Bibcode: 2019PPP...533j9239L. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Tsogtbaatar, K.; Weishampel, D. B.; Evans, D. C.; Watabe, M. (2019). "A new hadrosauroid (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Late Cretaceous Baynshire Formation of the Gobi Desert (Mongolia)". PLOS ONE 14 (4): e0208480. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0208480. PMID 30995236. Bibcode: 2019PLoSO..1408480T. 
  20. ↑ Zanno, L.E.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Chinzorig, T.; Gates, T.A. (2016). "Specializations of the mandibular anatomy and dentition of Segnosaurus galbinensis (Theropoda: Therizinosauria)". PeerJ 4: e1885. doi:10.7717/peerj.1885. PMID 27069815. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Park, J. Y.; Lee, Y. N.; Currie, P. J.; Kobayashi, Y.; Koppelhus, E.; Barsbold, R.; Mateus, O.; Lee, S. et al. (2019). "Additional skulls of Talarurus plicatospineus (Dinosauria: Ankylosauridae) and implications for paleobiogeography and paleoecology of armored dinosaurs". Cretaceous Research 108: 104340. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2019.104340. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Rougier, G. W.; Davis, B. M.; Novacek, M. J. (2015). "A deltatheroidan mammal from the Upper Cretaceous Baynshiree Formation, eastern Mongolia". Cretaceous Research 52: 167–177. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2014.09.009. Bibcode: 2015CrRes..52..167R. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Ksepka, D. T.; Norell, M. A. (2006). "Erketu ellisoni, a long-necked sauropod from Bor Guvé (Dornogov Aimag, Mongolia)". American Museum Novitates (3508): 1–16. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3508[1:EEALSF2.0.CO;2]. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5783/N3508.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 
  24. ↑ Konzhukova, E. D. (1954). "New fossil crocodilian from Mongolia". Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta 48: 171–194. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Turner, A. H. (2015). "A Review of Shamosuchus and Paralligator (Crocodyliformes, Neosuchia) from the Cretaceous of Asia". PLOS ONE 10 (2): e0118116. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0118116. PMID 25714338. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1018116T. 
  26. ↑ Efimov, M. B. (1981). "New paralligatorids from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-Mongol'skoi Paleontologicheskoi Ekspeditsii 15: 26–28. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Khand, Y.; Badamgarav, D.; Ariunchimeg, Y.; Barsbold, R. (2000). "Cretaceous system in Mongolia and its depositional environments". Cretaceous Environments of Asia. Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy. 17. pp. 49–79. doi:10.1016/s0920-5446(00)80024-2. ISBN 9780444502766. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Watabe, M.; Suzuki, D.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2009). "The first discovery of pterosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54 (2): 231–242. doi:10.4202/app.2006.0068. https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app54/app54-231.pdf. 
  29. ↑ Chkhikvadze, V. M. (1980). "On the question of the origin of the soft−shelled turtles". Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR 100 (2): 501–503. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 Sukhanov, V. B.; Danilov, I. G.; Syromyatnikova, E. V. (2008). "The Description and Phylogenetic Position of a New Nanhsiungchelyid Turtle from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53 (4): 601–614. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0405. 
  31. ↑ Nessov, L. A. (1981). "Herpetological Investigations in Siberia and the Far East". On the turtle of the family Dermatemydidae from the Cretaceous of Amur River Basin and some other rare findings of remains of ancient turtles of Asia. pp. 69–73. 
  32. ↑ Danilov, I. G.; Sukhanov, V. B. (2001). "New data on lindholmemydid turtle Lindholmemys from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 46 (1): 125–131. https://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app46/app46-125.pdf. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 33.4 33.5 Barsbold, R.; Kobayashi, Y.; Kubota, K. (2007). "New discovery of dinosaur fossils from the Upper Cretaceous Bayanshiree Formation of Mongolia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (supp. 003): 44A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2007.10010458. 
  34. ↑ Parish, J. C.; Barrett, P. M. (2004). "A reappraisal of the ornithischian dinosaur Amtosaurus magnus Kurzanov and Tumanova 1978, with comments on the status of A. archibaldi Averianov 2002". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41 (3): 299–306. doi:10.1139/e03-101. Bibcode: 2004CaJES..41..299P. 
  35. ↑ Arbour, V. M. (2014). Systematics, evolution, and biogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs (PDF) (PhD thesis). p. 265.
  36. ↑ Maleev, E. A. (1952). "New ankylosaur of the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 87: 273−276. 
  37. ↑ Tumanova, T. A. (1987). "The armored dinosaurs of Mongolia". The Joint Soviet Mongolian Paleontological Expedition Transaction 32: 1–76. 
  38. ↑ Tumanova, T. A. (2000). "Armoured dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia". The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 517–532. 
  39. ↑ Arbour, V. M.; Currie, P. J. (2016). "Systematics, phylogeny and palaeobiogeography of the ankylosaurid dinosaurs". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 14 (5): 385–444. doi:10.1080/14772019.2015.1059985. 
  40. ↑ Tumanova, T. A. (1993). "A new armored dinosaur from Southeastern Gobi". Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 27: 92–98. 
  41. ↑ Maryańska, T.; Osmólska, H. (1975). "Protoceratopsidae (Dinosauria) of Asia". Palaeontologia Polonica 33: 134–143. http://palaeontologia.pan.pl/Archive/1975-33_133-181_36-50.pdf. Retrieved 2020-02-24. 
  42. ↑ Sereno, P. C. (2000). "The fossil record, systematics and evolution of pachycephalosaurs and ceratopsians from Asia". The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 489–491. https://d3qi0qp55mx5f5.cloudfront.net/paulsereno/i/docs/00-Marginocephalia.pdf. 
  43. ↑ Kobayashi, Y.; Chiba, K.; Chinzorig, T.; Ganzorig, B.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2020). "A large non-ceratopsid neoceratopsian from the Upper Cretaceous Bayanshiree Formation in Mongolia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Program and Abstracts. https://vertpaleo.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/SVP_2020_Program-Abstracts-Volume-FINAL-for-Publishing-1.27.2021.pdf. 
  44. ↑ Perle, A.; Norell, M. A.; Clark, J. (1999). "A new maniraptoran Theropod−Achillobator giganticus (Dromaeosauridae)−from the Upper Cretaceous of Burkhant, Mongolia". Contributions from the Geology and Mineralogy Chair, National Museum of Mongolia (101): 1–105. OCLC 69865262. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Watabe, M.; Suzuki, S. (2000). "Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1993". Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin 1: 17−29. 
  46. ↑ Watabe, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Suzuki, S.; Saneyoshi, M. (2010). "Geology of dinosaur-fossil-bearing localities (Jurassic and Cretaceous: Mesozoic) in the Gobi Desert: Results of the HMNS-MPC Joint Paleontological Expedition". Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin 3: 41−118. 
  47. ↑ Kubota, K.; Barsbold, R. (2007). "New dromaeosaurid (Dinosauria Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous Bayanshiree Formation of Mongolia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (suppl. to 3): 102A. doi:10.1080/02724634.2007.10010458. 
  48. ↑ Turner, A. H.; Makovicky, P. J.; Norell, M. A. (2012). "A Review of Dromaeosaurid Systematics and Paravian Phylogeny". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 371 (371): 19–20. doi:10.1206/748.1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274270291. 
  49. ↑ Kubota, K. (2015). Descriptions of Mongolian Dromaeosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) and phylogeny of Dromaeosauridae (PhD thesis) (in 日本語).
  50. ↑ Ishigaki, S.; Watabe, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Saneyoshi, M. (2009). "Dinosaur footprints from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Geological Quarterly 53 (9): 449–460. https://gq.pgi.gov.pl/article/view/7533/6183. 
  51. ↑ Mikhailov, K.; Sabath, K.; Kurzanov, S. (1996). "Egg and nests from the Cretaceous of Mongolia". Dinosaur Eggs and Babies. Cambridge University Press. pp. 97−98. ISBN 9780521567237. https://books.google.com/books?id=9BPIRx-OpRMC&q=Mogoyn-Ulagiyn-Khaets&pg=PA88. 
  52. ↑ Sochava, A. V. (1969). "Dinosaur eggs from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert". Paleontological Journal 1969 (4): 517−527. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Ijima, M.; Sato, T.; Watabe, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Ariunchimeg, Y. (2011). "Bone bed of baby oviraptorosaur and hadrosauroid dinosaurs from the Bayanshiree Formation (Late Cretaceous) in southeastern Mongolia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31 (supp. 2): 130. doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.10635174. https://drive.google.com/file/d/156HHJFU_3fGgyqO7-onb2mlC2Y6KtO3Y/view. 
  54. ↑ Averianov, A. O; Lopatin, A. V.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2022). "Taxonomic attribution of a juvenile hadrosauroid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous Bayinshire Formation of Mongolia". Doklady Earth Sciences 503 (1): 93–96. doi:10.1134/S1028334X22030035. Bibcode: 2022DokES.503...93A. 
  55. ↑ Kobayashi, Y.; Barsbold, R. (2006). "Ornithomimids from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia". Journal of the Paleontological Society of Korea 22 (1): 195−207. http://cactus.dixie.edu/jharris/Kobayashi%26Barsbold_ornithomimids.pdf. 
  56. ↑ Barsbold, R. (1981). "Toothless carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia". Transactions, Joint Soviet–Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition 15: 28–39. 
  57. ↑ Kobayashi, Y.; Barsbold, R. (2005). "Reexamination of a primitive ornithomimosaur, Garudimimus brevipes Barsbold, 1981 (Dinosauria: Theropoda), from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 42 (9): 1501–1521. doi:10.1139/e05-044. Bibcode: 2005CaJES..42.1501K. 
  58. ↑ Cuff, A. R.; Rayfield, E. J. (2015). "Retrodeformation and muscular reconstruction of ornithomimosaurian dinosaur crania". PeerJ 3: e1093. doi:10.7717/peerj.1093. PMID 26213655. 
  59. ↑ Suzuki, S.; Watabe, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (2010). "Report of the HMNS-MPC Joint Paleontological Expedition in 2004". Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin 3: 1−9. 
  60. ↑ Kobayashi, Y.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Kubota, K.; Lee, Y.-N.; Lee, H.-J.; Barsbold, R. (2014). "New ornithomimid from the Upper Cretaceous Bayanshiree Formation of Mongolia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Program and Abstracts: 161. 
  61. ↑ Chinzorig, T.; Kobayashi, Y.; Saneyoshi, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Batamkhatan, Z.; Ryuji, T. (2017). "Multitaxic bonebed of two new ornithomimids (Theropoda, Ornithomimosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Bayanshiree Formnation of southeastern Gobi desert, Mongolia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Program and Abstracts: 97. 
  62. ↑ Chinzorig, T.; Kobayashi, Y.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Currie, P. J.; Takasaki, R.; Tanaka, T.; Iijima, M.; Barsbold, R. (2018). "Ornithomimosaurs from the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia: manus morphological variation and diversity". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 494: 91–100. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.10.031. Bibcode: 2018PPP...494...91C. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320819494. 
  63. ↑ Tsogtbaatar, K. (2019). Evolution, diversity, and disparity of ornithomimosaurs (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia (PDF) (PhD thesis). Hokkaido University. hdl:2115/74432.
  64. ↑ Watabe, M.; Suzuki, S. (1997). "First discovery of dinosaur eggs and nests from Bayn Shire (Upper Cretaceous) in eastern Gobi, Mongolia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 17 (supp. 003): 84A. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011028. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1csGJByo6neDTQ1GMJocxz47Fy4yXyZLM/view. 
  65. ↑ Watabe, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Sullivan, R. M. (2011). "A new pachycephalosaurid from the Baynshire Formation (Cenomanian-late Santonian), Gobi Desert, Mongolia". Fossil Record 3. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Bulletin 53: 489–497. http://www.robertmsullivanphd.com/uploads/174.Watabe_et_al__Mongolian_pachy_.pdf. 
  66. ↑ Ishigaki, S.; Mainbayar, B.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Nishimura, R.; Tsutanaga, S.; Hayashi, S.; Saneyoshi, M. (2018). "First giant sauropod trackway with meter-sized footprints from the Upper Cretaceous of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Program and Abstracts. https://docplayer.net/92310878-Meeti-ng-program-an-d-abstracts.html. 
  67. ↑ Ksepka, D.; Norell, M. A. (2010). "The Illusory Evidence for Asian Brachiosauridae: New Material of Erketu ellisoni and a Phylogenetic Reappraisal of Basal Titanosauriformes". American Museum Novitates (3700): 1–27. doi:10.1206/3700.2. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/6087/N3700.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 
  68. ↑ Ariunchimeg, Y. (1997). "Results of studies of dinosaur eggs". Mongolia–Japan Joint Paleontological Expedition Abstract of Report Meeting: 13. 
  69. ↑ Watabe, M.; Ariunchimeg, Y.; Brinkman, D. (1997). "Dinosaur egg nests and their sedimentary environments in the Bayn Shire locality (Late Cretaceous), eastern Gobi". Mongolia–Japan Joint Paleontological Expedition Abstract of Report Meeting: 11. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named BarsboldPerle1980
  71. ↑ Perle, A. (1981). "Novyy segnozavrid iz verkhnego mela Mongolii" (in ru). Transactions of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Paleontological Expedition 15: 50–59. https://paleoglot.org/files/Perle%2081.pdf. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Zanno2010
  73. ↑ Perle, A. (1979). "Segnosauridae - a new family of theropods from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". Sovmestnaya Sovetsko-Mongol'skaya Paleontologicheskaya Ekspeditsiya 8: 45–55. https://paleoglot.org/files/Perle%2079.pdf. 
  74. ↑ Watabe, M.; Weishampel, D. B. (1994). "Results of Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences–Institute of Geology, Academy of Sciences of Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert in 1993". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 14 (supp. 003): 51A. doi:10.1080/02724634.1994.10011592. 
  75. ↑ Matsumoto, Y.; Hashimoto, R.; Sonoda, T. (2000). "Report of preparation works for Mongolian specimens in HMNS from March 1994 to December 1998". Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin 1: 113−127. 
  76. ↑ Watabe, M.; Suzuki, S. (2000). "Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1994". Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin 1: 30−44. 
  77. ↑ Watabe, M.; Suzuki, S. (2000). "Cretaceous Fossil Localities and a List of Fossils Collected by the Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences and Mongolian Paleontological Center Joint Paleontological Expedition (JMJPE) from 1993 through 1998". Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin 1: 99−108. 
  78. ↑ Kobayashi, Y.; Chinzorig, T.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Barsbold, R. (2015). "A new therizinosaur with functionally didactyl hands from the Bayanshiree Formation (Cenomanian-Turonian), Omnogovi Province, southeastern Mongolia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology Program and Abstracts. http://seaturtle.org/library/KonishiT_2015_Ina_p157.pdf.  Photographs
  79. ↑ Watabe, M.; Suzuki, S. (2000). "Report on the Japan - Mongolia Joint Paleontological Expedition to the Gobi desert, 1995". Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin 1: 45−57. 
  80. ↑ Tsogtbaatar, K. (2004). "Fossil specimens prepared in Mongolian Paleontological Center 1993-2001". Hayashibara Museum of Natural Sciences Research Bulletin 2: 123−128. 
  81. ↑ Perle, A. (1977). "O pervoy nakhodke Alektrozavra (Tyrannosauridae, Theropoda) iz pozdnego Mela Mongolii" (in ru). Shinzhlekh Ukhaany Akademi Geologiin Khureelen 3 (3): 104–113. 
  82. ↑ Mader, B. J.; Bradley, R. L. (1989). "A redescription and revised diagnosis of the syntypes of the Mongolian tyrannosaur Alectrosaurus olseni". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 9 (1): 41–55. doi:10.1080/02724634.1989.10011737. Bibcode: 1989JVPal...9...41M. 
  83. ↑ Tsuihiji, T.; Watabe, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Barsbold, R.; Suzuki, S. (2012). "A tyrannosauroid frontal from the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Santonian) of the Gobi Desert, Mongolia". Vertebrata PalAsiatica 50 (2): 102−110. http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/201204/P020120423370465011170.pdf. 



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