Earth:Haifanggou Formation

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Haifanggou Formation
Stratigraphic range: Callovian-Oxfordian
~165–160 Ma
↓
TypeGeological formation
UnderliesTiaojishan Formation
OverliesBeipiao Formation
(Separated by an unconformity)
Lithology
PrimaryConglomerate
OtherSandstone, mudstone, shale, coal
Location
Coordinates [ ⚑ ] : 41°48′N 120°48′E / 41.8°N 120.8°E / 41.8; 120.8
Paleocoordinates [ ⚑ ] 44°30′N 126°00′E / 44.5°N 126.0°E / 44.5; 126.0
RegionInner Mongolia
CountryChina
Type section
Named forHaifanggou
Named byLiaoning Stratigraphic Group
Year defined1978
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The Haifanggou Formation (simplified Chinese: 海房沟组; traditional Chinese: 海房溝組; pinyin: Hǎifánggōu zǔ), also known as the Jiulongshan Formation (simplified Chinese: 九龙山组; traditional Chinese: 九龍山組; pinyin: Jiǔlóngshān zǔ), is a fossil-bearing rock deposit located near Daohugou (simplified Chinese: 道虎沟; traditional Chinese: 道虎溝) village of Ningcheng County, in Inner Mongolia, northeastern China.

The formation consists of coarse conglomerates, sandstone, mudstone, and thin coal layers deposited in deltaic and lacustrine environments.

The formation dates to the Callovian of the Middle Jurassic to the Oxfordian of the Late Jurassic.[1]

The most prominent locality of the Haifanggou Formation are the Daohugou Beds, located near the village of Daohugou in southeastern Inner Mongolia.[2] Other localities include Wuhuaxigou, Chentaizi, Jiangzhangzi, Wubaiding, Guancaishan, Haifenggou, Fanzhangzi, and Zhuanshanzi.[3]

Dating

Daohugou bed

The age of the Daohugou bed has been debated, and a number of studies, using different methodologies, have reached conflicting conclusions. Various papers have placed the fossils here as being anywhere from the Middle Jurassic period (169 million years ago) to the Early Cretaceous period (122 ma).[4] One of the first studies on the age of the Daohugou beds, published in 2004 by He et al., found them to be Early Cretaceous, only a few million years older than the overlying Jehol beds of the Yixian Formation.[5] The 2004 study primarily used Argon–argon dating of a tuff within the Daohugou Beds to determine its age.

However, subsequent studies cast doubt on this relatively recent age. In a 2006 study, Gao & Ren criticized He et al. for not including enough specifics and detail in their paper, and also took issue with their radiometric dating of the Daohugou tuff. The tuff, Gao and Ren argued, contains crystals with a variety of diverse radiometric ages, some up to a billion years old, so using dates from only a few of these crystals could not determine the overall age of the deposits. Gao and Ren went on to defend a Middle Jurassic age for the beds based on biostratigraphy (the use of index fossils), and the bed's relationship to a layer that is known to mark the Middle Jurassic-Late Jurassic boundary.[6]

Another study, published in 2006 by Wang et al., argued that the 159-164 million years old Tiaojishan Formation underlies, rather than overlies, the Daohugou Beds. Unlike the earlier study by Gao and Ren, Wang et al. found an overall similarity between the fossil animals found in the Daohugou Beds and those from the Yixian Formation. The authors stated that

"vertebrate fossils such as Liaoxitriton, Jeholopterus and feathered maniraptorans show much resemblance to those of the Yixian Formation. In other words, despite the absence of Lycoptera, a typical fish of the Jehol Biota, the Daohugou vertebrate assemblage is closer to that of the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota than to any other biota."

Wang et al. concluded that the Daohugou probably represents the earliest evolutionary stages of the Jehol Biota, and that it "belongs to the same cycle of volcanism and sedimentation as the Yixian Formation of the Jehol Group."[7] However, a later study by Ji et al. argued that the key indicator of the Jehol biota are the index fossils Peipiaosteus and Lycoptera. Under this definition, the earliest evolutionary stage of the Jehol Biota is represented by the Huajiying Formation, and the Daohugou Formation is excluded due to the absence of Lycoptera fossils.[8] Later in 2006, Liu et al. published their own study of the age of the Daohugou beds, this time using Zircon Uranium-lead dating on the volcanic rocks overlying and underlying salamander-bearing layers (salamanders are often used as index fossils). Liu et al. found that the beds formed between 164 and 158 million years ago, in the Middle to Late Jurassic.[1][9] A 2012 study by Gao and Shubin agreed with this assessment, and reported an Argon–argon date of 164 plus or minus 4 million years ago for the Daohugou horizon.[10]

Animal fossil content

Arthropods

At least 760 insect species have been described from the Haifanggou Formation and associated deposits, making it one of the most diverse insect-bearing strata from the Jurassic period.[11]

Insects
Genus Species Year Abundance Notes Images
Ahirmoneura A. neimengguensis[12] 2008 A tangle-veined fly
Juracimbrophlebia

Mongolarachne
Aneuroderma A. oiodes[13] 2021 2 specimens An earwig
Applanatiforceps A. angustus[14] 2023 3 specimens An earwig
Archaboilus A. musicus[15] 2012 1 specimen A stem-katydid
Ekpagloderma E. gracilentum[14] 2023 1 specimen An earwig
Formosibittacus F. macularis[16] 2008 1 specimen A hangingfly
Fortiholcorpa F. paradoxa[17] 2013 1 specimen A Mecopteran
Juracimbrophlebia J. ginkgofolia[18] 2012 1 specimen A hangingfly
Jurahylobittacus J. astictus[16] 2008 1 specimen A hangingfly
Mesobunus M. dunlopi[19] 2012 1 specimen A harvestman
Miriholcorpa M. forcipata[17] 2013 1 specimen A Mecopteran
Mongolarachne M. jurassica[20] 2011 A spider
Mongolbittacus M. daohugoensis[21] 2007 1 specimen A hangingfly
Pseudomantina P. baijuyii[22] 2023 A cockroach
Pycnopolystoechotes P. striatus[23] 2023 A lacewing
Sinojuraphis S. ningchengensis[24] 2008 An aphid
Sinopalaeodermata S. concavum[13] 2021 1 specimen An earwig
Stictopolystoechotes S. sparsulus[23] 2023 A lacewing

Vertebrates

Based largely on.[25]

Amphibians

Amphibians of the Haifanggou Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Chunerpeton[26] C. tianyiensis A preserved skeleton A salamander
Chunerpeton
Pangerpeton
Jeholotriton J. paradoxus A salamander
Neimengtriton N. daohugouensis A salamander
Pangerpeton P. sinensis A salamander

Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs of the Haifanggou Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Pedopenna P. daohugouensis A maniraptoran dinosaur
Epidexipteryx E. hui A scansoriopterygid dinosaur
Epidendrosaurus Rningchengensis A scansoriopterygid dinosaur

Pterosaurs

Pterosaurs of the Haifanggou Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Daohugoupterus D. delicatus A pterosaur
Jeholopterus
Liaodactylus
Jeholopterus J. ningchengensis An anurognathid pterosaur
Liaodactylus L. primus A ctenochasmid pterosaur
Pterorhynchus P. wellnhoferi A darwinopteran pterosaur

Mammaliforms

Mammaliforms of the Haifanggou Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Agilodocodon A, scansorius A docodont mammaliaform
Agilodocodon
Castorocauda
Megaconus
Pseudotribos
Volaticotherium
Castorocauda[27] C. lutrasimilis An aquatic docodont mammaliaform
Microdocodon M. gracilis A docodont mammaliaform
Megaconus M. mammaliaformis A possible allotherian mammal
Mirusodens[28] M. caii an arboreal/climbing euharamiyidan mammal/mammaliaform
Pseudotribos P. robustus A shuotheriid mammaliaform
Volaticotherium V. antiquum A gliding eutriconodont mammal

Fish

Fish of the Haifanggou Formation
Genus Species Locality Material Notes Images
Liaosteus[29] L. hongi A peipiaosteid fish
Yanliaomyzon
Yanliaomyzon[30] Y. ingensdentes A lamprey

Flora

Fossil plants
Genus Species State Abundance Notes Images
Coniopteris C. bella[31] Liaoning A fern
C. burejensis[31] Liaoning
C. haifanggouensis
Sequoia S. jeholensis[32] Ningcheng The earliest known redwood tree
Schmeissneria Liaoning Uncertain plant originally described as angiosperm.[33]
Xingxueanthus X. sinensis[34] Liaoning Uncertain plant originally described as angiosperm.[35]
Euanthus E. panii Liaoning[36] Uncertain plant originally described as angiosperm.[33]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Liu, Yongqing; Liu, Yanxue; Ji, S.; Yang, Z. (2006). "U-Pb zircon age for the Daohugou Biota at Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia and comments on related issues". Chinese Science Bulletin 51 (21): 2634–2644. doi:10.1007/s11434-006-2165-2. Bibcode: 2006ChSBu..51.2634L. 
  2. ↑ Huang, D.; Cai, C.; Jiang, J.; Su, Y.; Liao, H. (2015). (in zh-cn)Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 54 (3): 75–81. ISSN 0001-6616. 
  3. ↑ Xu, Xing; Zhou, Zhonghe; Sullivan, Corwin; Wang, Yuan; Ren, Dong (2016). "An Updated Review of the Middle-Late Jurassic Yanliao Biota: Chronology, Taphonomy, Paleontology and Paleoecology". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 90 (6): 2229–2243. doi:10.1111/1755-6724.13033. ISSN 1755-6724. Bibcode: 2016AcGlS..90.2229X. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1755-6724.13033. 
  4. ↑ Ren, D. (2002). "On the biostratigraphy of the Jurassic fossil beds at Daohugou near Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia". Geol. Bull. China 21: 584–591. 
  5. ↑ He, H.; Wang, X.; Zhou, Z.; Zhu, R.; Jin, F.; Wang, F.; Ding, X.; Boven, A. (2004). "(^40)Ar/(^39)Ar dating of ignimbrite from Inner Mongolia, northeastern China, indicates a post-Middle Jurassic age for the overlying Daohugou Beds". Geophysical Research Letters 31 (20): L20609. doi:10.1029/2004gl020792. Bibcode: 2004GeoRL..3120609H. 
  6. ↑ Gao, K.; Ren, D. (2006). "Radiometric dating of ignimbrite from Inner Mongolia provides no indication of a post-Middle Jurassic age for the Daohugou Beds". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 80 (1): 42–45. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00793.x. Bibcode: 2006AcGlS..80...42G. 
  7. ↑ Wang, Y (2006). "Biodiversity and palaeoclimate of the Middle Jurassic floras from the Tiaojishan Formation in western Liaoning, China". Progress in Natural Science 16 (S1): 222–30. doi:10.1080/10020070612330087A. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10020070612330087A. 
  8. ↑ Jin, F.; Zhang, F.C.; Li, Z.H.; Zhang, J.Y.; Li, C.; Zhou, Z.H. (2008). "On the horizon of Protopteryx and the early vertebrate fossil assemblages of the Jehol Biota". Chinese Science Bulletin 53 (18): 2820–2827. doi:10.1007/s11434-008-0209-5. Bibcode: 2008SciBu..53.2820J. 
  9. ↑ Yanxue, Liu; Yongqing, Liu; Hong, Zhang (2010-09-07). "LA-ICPMS Zircon U-Pb Dating in the Jurassic Daohugou Beds and Correlative Strata in Ningcheng of Inner Mongolia" (in en). Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 80 (5): 733–742. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00296.x. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2006.tb00296.x. 
  10. ↑ Gao, K. -Q.; Shubin, N. H. (2012). "Late Jurassic salamandroid from western Liaoning, China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (15): 5767–72. doi:10.1073/pnas.1009828109. PMID 22411790. Bibcode: 2012PNAS..109.5767G. 
  11. ↑ Lian, Xin-Neng; Cai, Chen-Yang; Huang, Di-Ying (2021-04-29). "The early assemblage of Middle–Late Jurassic Yanliao biota: checklist, bibliography and statistical analysis of described taxa from the Daohugou beds and coeval deposits". Palaeoentomology 4 (2): 095–136. doi:10.11646/palaeoentomology.4.2.1. ISSN 2624-2834. https://www.mapress.com/j/pe/article/view/palaeoentomology.4.2.1. 
  12. ↑ Zhang, K.; Yang, D.; Ren, D.; Ge, F. (2008). "New Middle Jurassic tangle−veined flies from Inner Mongolia, China". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53 (1): 161–164. doi:10.4202/app.2008.0112. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Xiong, Shurong; Engel, Michael; Xiao, Lifang; Ren, Dong (26 October 2021). "New archidermapteran earwigs (Dermaptera) from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China". ZooKeys (1065): 125–139. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1065.72720. PMID 34759716. PMC 8563706. Bibcode: 2021ZooK.1065..125X. https://zookeys.pensoft.net/article/72720/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Yin, Yuqing; Shih, Chungkun; Engel, Michael S.; Ren, Dong (2023-07-07). "New Earwigs from the Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Northeastern China (Dermaptera)" (in en). Insects 14 (7): 614. doi:10.3390/insects14070614. ISSN 2075-4450. PMID 37504620. 
  15. ↑ Gu J.-J., Montealegre-Z, F., Robert, D., Engel, M.S., Qiao G.-X., and Ren D. (2012). "Wing stridulation in a Jurassic katydid (Insecta, Orthoptera) produced low-pitched musical calls to attract females." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (advance online publication) doi:10.1073/pnas.1118372109
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Li, Y-L.; Ren, D.; Shih, C-K (2008). "Two Middle Jurassic hanging-flies (Insecta: Mecoptera: Bittacidae) from Northeast China". Zootaxa 1929: 38–46. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1929.1.2. ISSN 1175-5334. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/z01929p046f.pdf. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Wang, Qi; Shih, Chungkun; Ren, Dong; Carrier, David (2013). "The Earliest Case of Extreme Sexual Display with Exaggerated Male Organs by Two Middle Jurassic Mecopterans". PLoS ONE 8 (8). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071378. PMID 23977031. Bibcode: 2013PLoSO...871378W. 
  18. ↑ Wang, Yongjie; Labandeira, Conrad C.; Shih, Chungkun; Ding, Qiaoling; Wang, Chen; Zhao, Yunyun; Ren, Dong (2012-12-11). "Jurassic mimicry between a hangingfly and a ginkgo from China". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109 (50): 20514–20519. doi:10.1073/pnas.1205517109. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 23184994. Bibcode: 2012PNAS..10920514W. 
  19. ↑ Giribet, G., et al., 2012. An exquisitely preserved harvestman (Arthropoda, Arachnida, Opiliones) from the Middle Jurassic of China. Organisms, Diversity & Evolution, 12, p.51-56.
  20. ↑ Selden, Paul A.; Shih, ChungKun; Ren, Dong (2011-10-23). "A golden orb-weaver spider (Araneae: Nephilidae: Nephila) from the Middle Jurassic of China". Biology Letters 7 (5): 775–778. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0228. ISSN 1744-9561. PMID 21508021. 
  21. ↑ Petrulevicius, J. F.; Huang, D-Y.; Ren, D. (2007). "A new hangingfly (Insecta: Mecoptera: Bittacidae) from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China". African Invertebrates 48 (1): 145–152. http://fossilinsects.net/pdfs/Lpetrul.145-152.pdf. Retrieved 2011-08-29. 
  22. ↑ Liang, Junhui; Wang, Ying; Shih, Chungkun; Ren, Dong (2023-01-02). "A new Middle Jurassic cockroach (Blattaria: Blattulidae) from the Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou in China" (in en). Biologia 78 (6): 1429–1432. doi:10.1007/s11756-022-01300-7. ISSN 1336-9563. Bibcode: 2023Biolg..78.1429L. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Gao, Wei; Xu, Yifan; Shih, Chungkun; Ren, Dong; Wang, Yongjie (2023-06-18). "Two new genera of giant lacewings (Insecta, Neuroptera, Ithonidae) from the Middle Jurassic of China" (in en). Historical Biology 36 (8): 1672–1676. doi:10.1080/08912963.2023.2224377. ISSN 0891-2963. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/08912963.2023.2224377. 
  24. ↑ Huang, D.; Nel, A. (2008). "A new Middle Jurassic aphid family (Insecta: Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Sinojuraphididae fam. nov.) from Inner Mongolia, China". Palaeontology 51 (3): 715–719. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00773.x. Bibcode: 2008Palgy..51..715H. 
  25. ↑ Li, Yuling; Chang, Su-Chin; Zhang, Haichun; Wang, Jun; Pei, Rui; Zheng, Daran; Fang, Yan; Hemming, Sidney R. (November 2023). "A chronostratigraphic and biostratigraphic framework for the Yanliao Biota of northeastern China: Implications for Jurassic terrestrial ecosystems and evolution" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 630. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111818. Bibcode: 2023PPP...63011818L. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031018223004364. 
  26. ↑ Gao, Ke-Qin; Shubin, Neil H. (2003). "Earliest known crown-group salamanders". Nature 422 (6930): 424–428. doi:10.1038/nature01491. PMID 12660782. Bibcode: 2003Natur.422..424G. http://doc.rero.ch/record/15276/files/PAL_E2575.pdf. 
  27. ↑ Castorocauda - Science Magazine
  28. ↑ Mao, Fangyuan; Li, Zhiheng; Hooker, Jerry J; Meng, Jin (2023-11-01). "A new euharamiyidan, Mirusodens caii (Mammalia: Euharamiyida), from the Jurassic Yanliao Biota and evolution of allotherian mammals" (in en). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 199 (3): 832–859. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad050. ISSN 0024-4082. https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/199/3/832/7222641. 
  29. ↑ Li, X.; Chen, Y. (2021). "The Mesozoic Acipenseriformes in northeast China and adjacent areas" (in en). IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 864 (1). doi:10.1088/1755-1315/864/1/012005. ISSN 1755-1315. 
  30. ↑ Wu, Feixiang; Janvier, Philippe; Zhang, Chi (2023-10-31). "The rise of predation in Jurassic lampreys" (in en). Nature Communications 14 (1): 6652. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-42251-0. ISSN 2041-1723. PMID 37907522. Bibcode: 2023NatCo..14.6652W. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Li, Fang-Yu; Xiu, Yun-Yan; Tan, Xiao; Tian, Ning (2023-06-26). "The new records of Coniopteris (Dicksoniaceae, Filicales) with in-situ spores from the Middle Jurassic of northeastern China and its spatio-temporal distribution in China" (in en). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 316. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2023.104937. Bibcode: 2023RPaPa.31604937L. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034666723001069. 
  32. ↑ Qing-Wen Ma; David K. Ferguson; Hai-Ming Liu; Jing-Xian Xu (2021). "Compressions of Sequoia (Cupressaceae sensu lato) from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou, Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, China". Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments 101 (1): 25–33. doi:10.1007/s12549-020-00454-z. Bibcode: 2021PdPe..101...25M. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Sokoloff, Dmitry D.; Remizowa, Margarita V.; El, Elena S.; Rudall, Paula J.; Bateman, Richard M. (2020). "Supposed Jurassic angiosperms lack pentamery, an important angiosperm-specific feature". The New Phytologist 228 (2): 420–426. doi:10.1111/nph.15974. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 31418869. 
  34. ↑ Xin WANG; and Shijun WANG (2010). "Xingxueanthus: An Enigmatic Jurassic Seed Plant and Its Implications for the Origin of Angiospermy". Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 84 (1): 47–55. doi:10.1111/j.1755-6724.2010.00169.x. Bibcode: 2010AcGlS..84...47W. 
  35. ↑ Coiro, Mario; Doyle, James A.; Hilton, Jason (2019). "How deep is the conflict between molecular and fossil evidence on the age of angiosperms?" (in en). New Phytologist 223 (1): 83–99. doi:10.1111/nph.15708. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 30681148. https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.15708. 
  36. ↑ "PBDB Collection". https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=176950. 

Further reading

  • Liaoning Stratigraphic Group. 1978. The Stratigraphic Tables of Liaoning. Geology Press 1-296

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