Earth:Peedee Formation

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Peedee Formation
Stratigraphic range: Early to Late Maastrichtian, 71.0–66.9 Ma
↓
Cucullaea, a fossil bivalve from the Peedee Formation (South Carolina)
TypeFormation
Sub-unitsRocky Point Member, Island Creek Member
UnderliesCastle Hayne Limestone
OverliesBlack Creek Group
ThicknessUp to 886 ft (270 m)
Lithology
PrimaryGlauconitic to argillic sandstone
OtherClaystone, limestone
Location
RegionNorth Carolina, South Carolina
CountryUnited States
Type section
Named forPee Dee River, type locality: Burches Ferry, South Carolina[1]

The Peedee Formation is a geologic formation in North and South Carolina. A marine deposit representing an inner neritic environment,[2] named for exposures along the Great Peedee River, it preserves invertebrate (primarily belemnites, echinoderms and foraminifera) and vertebrate (primarily shark teeth, with some marine reptile remains) fossils dating to the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian).[1]

The formation is notable for its occurrence of Belemnitella americana, known as the Pee Dee Belemnite (PDB), a long-standing standard in stable carbon isotope research. A single pterosaur femur, possibly an Azhdarchid, from the Peedee formation is one of the few pterosaur body fossils found in Eastern North America.[3]

The stratigraphy of the formation spans from the early Maastrichtian (in South Carolina)[4] to the late Maastrichtian shortly before the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. The formation is divided into several members, including the early-mid Maastrichtian Rocky Point Member and the late Maastrichtian Island Creek Member.[2] Based on its fauna, it appears to be roughly concurrent with the Navesink Formation from New Jersey.[3]

Vertebrate paleobiota

Cartilaginous fish

Based on Case et al. (2017):[2]

Sharks

Genus Species Location Member Notes Images
Anomotodon A. cf. toddi Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A goblin shark.
Archaeolamna A. kopingensis Duplin County, North Carolina An archaeolamnid mackerel shark.
Cantioscyllium C. cf. meyeri Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A nurse shark.
Carcharias C. cf. samhammeri Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A sand shark, related to the modern sand tiger shark. frameless
Cretalamna C. maroccana Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A megatooth shark. frameless
Heterodontus H. granti Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A bullhead shark. frameless
"Hybodus" "H." sp. Duplin County, North Carolina A hybodont shark. frameless
Notidanodon N. sp. Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A cow shark. Teeth damaged but resemble those of the widespread species N. dentatus. frameless
Odontaspis O. aculeatus Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A sand shark. frameless
Palaeogaleus P. sp. Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A houndshark.
Plicatoscyllium P. antiquum Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina A nurse shark.
P. derameei
Pseudocorax P. cf. affinis Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A pseudocoracid mackerel shark.
Scapanorhynchus S. texanus Duplin County, North Carolina A goblin shark. frameless
Serratolamna S. serrata Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A serratolamnid mackerel shark. frameless
Squalicorax S. kaupi Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A crow shark. frameless
S. pristodontus
Squalus S. huntensis Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A spurdog. frameless

Rays

Genus Species Location Member Notes Images
Dasyatis D. commercensis Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A whiptail stingray. frameless
Ischyrhiza I. avonicola Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A sawskate. frameless
I. mira
Ptychotrygon P. clementsi Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A ptychotrygonid sawskate. frameless
Raja R. farishi Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A skate. frameless
Rhinobatos R. sp. Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A guitarfish, tentatively placed in Rhinobatos. frameless
Rhombodus R. binkhorsti Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A rhombodontid stingray. frameless
Sclerorhynchus S. cf. pettersi Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Island Creek A ganopristid sawskate. frameless

Bony fish

Genus Species Location Member Notes Images
Enchodus E. sp. East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina Rocky Point An enchodontid aulopiform.[3] frameless

Reptiles

Pterosaurs

Genus Species Location Member Notes Images
cf. Azhdarchidae indet. East Coast Limestone Quarry Rocky Point A potential azhdarchid, known from a femur closely resembling that of Azhdarcho.[3]

Crocodilians

Genus Species Location Notes Images
Borealosuchus B. sp. Diamondhead Loop Road, South Carolina A eusuchian.[4] frameless

Turtles

Genus Species Location Member Notes Images
Peritresius P. ornatus East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina

Allison Ferry, South Carolina

Rocky Point A pancheloniid sea turtle.[3] frameless
"Trionyx" "T." halophilus Lynchburg, South Carolina A stem-trionychian.[4]

Plesiosaurs

Genus Species Location Member Notes Images
Cimoliasaurus C. magnus East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina Rocky Point An elasmosaurid.[3]

Mosasaurs

Genus Species Location Notes Images
Halisaurus H. sp. Holden Beach, North Carolina A halisaurine.[5] frameless
Mosasaurus M. cf. beaugei Holden Beach, North Carolina A mosasaurine.[5] frameless
M. cf. hoffmannii
Prognathodon P. cf. solvayi Holden Beach, North Carolina

?Myrtle Beach, South Carolina

A mosasaurine.[5] frameless
Prognathodontini indet. Holden Beach, North Carolina An indeterminate mosasaurine with large teeth, reminiscent of Thalassotitan.[5]
Tylosaurus T. sp. Diamondhead Loop Road, South Carolina A tylosaurine.[4] frameless

Invertebrate paleobiota

Echinoderms

Echinoids

Genus Species Location Member Notes Images
Cardiaster C. leonensis East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina Rocky Point A holasterid. frameless
Catopygus C. mississippiensis East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina A cassidulid. frameless
Hardouinia H. aequoria Wadsworth Marl Pit, North Carolina

Niels Eddy Landing, North Carolina East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina Myrtle Beach, South Carolina

A cassiduloid.
H. kellumi
H. mortonia
Faujasia F. chelonium East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina A sand dollar.
Lefortia L. trojana East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina A sand dollar.
Linthia L. variabilis East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina A schizasterid heart urchin. frameless
Porosoma P. sp. East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina A phymosomatid.

Sea stars

Genus Species Location Member Notes Images
Aldebarania A. arenitea Martin-Marietta Castle Hayne Quarry, North Carolina Rocky Point An astropectinid.[6]

Crinoids

The Peedee Formation preserves some of the latest-occurring remains of the Roveacrinida, an extinct order of minute, pelagic crinoids.[7]

Genus Species Location Member Notes Images
Applinocrinus A. texanus Wilmington, North Carolina An applinocrinine saccocomid.
Birgelocrinus B. degraafi Wilmington, North Carolina An hessicrinine saccocomid.
Lucernacrinus B. degraafi Wilmington, North Carolina An hessicrinine saccocomid.
B. jagti
Peedeecrinus P. sadorfi Wilmington, North Carolina An applinocrinine saccocomid.

Molluscs

Cephalopods

Genus Species Location Member Notes Images
Belemnitella B. americana East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina

Black Rock Landing, North Carolina

Rocky Point A belemnite, source of the famous "Pee Dee Belemnite".
Sphenodiscus S. lobatus East Coast Limestone Quarry, North Carolina Rocky Point A sphenodiscid ammonite. frameless

See also

  • List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in South Carolina
  • List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in North Carolina

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 USGS Peedee Formation South Carolina and USGS Peedee Formation North Carolina
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Case, Gerard R.; Cook, Todd D.; Saford, Eric M.; Shannon, Kevin R. (2016). "A late Maastrichtian selachian assemblage from the Peedee Formation of North Carolina, USA." (in en). Vertebrate Anatomy Morphology Palaeontology 3. doi:10.18435/B5T88N. ISSN 2292-1389. https://journals.library.ualberta.ca/vamp/index.php/VAMP/article/view/28648. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Parris, David, C.; Smith Grandstaff, Barbara; Clements, Donald (August 2004). "A Pterosaur Femur from the Upper Cretaceous of North Carolina". Southeastern Geology 43 (1): 51-55. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279545200_A_pterosaur_femur_from_the_upper_Cretaceous_of_North_Carolina. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Schwimmer, David R.; Sanders, Albert E.; Erickson, Bruce R.; Weems, Robert E. (2015). "A Late Cretaceous Dinosaur and Reptile Assemblage from South Carolina, Usa". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 105 (2): i–157. ISSN 0065-9746. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24398224. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Rempert, Trevor H.; Martens, Brennan P.; Vinkeles Melchers, Alexander P. M. (2024). "Mosasaurs (Squamata: Mosasauridae) from the Late Cretaceous (Late Maastrichtian) of North Carolina, USA". Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS 328 (3): 384–391. doi:10.31610/trudyzin/2024.328.3.384. https://www.zin.ru/journals/trudyzin/eng/publication.html?id=566. 
  6. ↑ Blake, Daniel B.; Sturgeon, Keith (1995). "Aldebarania arenitea, a new genus and species of Astropectinidae (Asteroidea; Echinodermata) from the Maastrichtian (Upper Cretaceous) Peedee Formation of North Carolina" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 69 (2): 376–380. doi:10.1017/S0022336000034697. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/aldebarania-arenitea-a-new-genus-and-species-of-astropectinidae-asteroidea-echinodermata-from-the-maastrichtian-upper-cretaceous-peedee-formation-of-north-carolina/2F7F5FF8ED805872D85A50941F74382B. 
  7. ↑ Gale, Andrew S.; Sadorf, Eric; Jagt, John W. M. (2018-05-01). "Roveacrinida (Crinoidea, Articulata) from the upper Maastrichtian Peedee Formation (upper Cretaceous) of North Carolina, USA – The last pelagic microcrinoids". Cretaceous Research 85: 176–192. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.01.008. ISSN 0195-6671. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0195667117304913. 



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