Earth:Sarmiento Formation

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Short description: Geologic formation in Chubut Province, Argentina
Sarmiento Formation
Stratigraphic range: Bartonian-Burdigalian
(Casamayoran-Colhuehuapian)
~50–17.5 Ma
Geographic location of Cabeza Blanca locality.png
Sub-unitsColhué Huapí Member, Gran Barranca Member, Puesto Almendra Member, Rosado Member, Trelew Member, and Vera Member
UnderliesChenque Formation
 Gaiman Formation
OverliesKoluel Kaike Formation
(Río Chico Group)
Thickness319 metres
Lithology
PrimarySandstone, mudstone
OtherLimestone
Location
Country Argentina
ExtentGolfo San Jorge Basin
Type section
Named forSarmiento, Chubut
RegionChubut Province
CountryArgentina
Thickness at type section319 metres (1,047 ft) (tuffs)
Sarmiento Formation Map.jpg
Location of the Sarmiento Formation within Argentina

The Sarmiento Formation (Spanish: Formación Sarmiento), in older literature described as the Casamayor Formation, is a geological formation in Chubut Province, Argentina , in central Patagonia, which spans around 30 million years from the mid-Eocene to the early Miocene. It predominantly consists of pyroclastic deposits,[1] which were deposited in a semi-arid environment.[2] It is divided up into a number of members.[1] The diverse fauna of the Sarmiento Formation, including a variety of birds, crocodilians, turtles and snakes, also includes many mammals such as South American native ungulates (notoungulates, litopterns, astrapotheres) as well as armadillos, and caviomorph rodents.[3]

Paleofauna

Amphibians

Name Species Member/Locality Material Notes Image
Anura indet.[4] Currently undescribed Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Calyptocephalella[5] C. canqueli Upper Puesto Almendra Member A calyptocephalellid frog
Calyptocephallela gayi01.jpg
Eupsophus[5] E. sp. Upper Puesto Almendra Member An alsodid frog
Eupsophus emiliopugini.jpg
Neoprocoela[5] N. edentatus Upper Puesto Almendra Member A leptodactylid frog

Birds

Name Species Member/Locality Material Notes Image
Andrewsornis[6] A. abotti Upper Puesto Almendra Member A phorusrhacid
Andrewsornis skull holotype.jpg
Loxornis[7] L. clivus Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Physornis[7] P. sp. Upper Puesto Almendra Member A phorusrhacid
Telmabates[8] T. antiquus

T. howardae

Upper Puesto Almendra Member A presbyornithid

Reptiles

Crocodylomorphs

Name Species Member/Locality Material Notes Image
Eocaiman[9] E. cavernensis Gran Barranca Member A caiman
Sebecus[10] S. icaeorhinus Gran Barranca Member Disarticulated skull, mandible, and some postcranial material. A sebecid notosuchian.
Sebecus icaeorhinus AMNH 3160 cast.jpg

Lepidosaurs

Name Species Member/Locality Material Notes Image
Chubutophis[11] C. grandis Gran Barranca Member A boa snake
Gaimanophis[12] G. tenuis Trelew Member A boa snake
Iguanidae indet.[13] Currently undescribed Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Madtsoia[14] M. bai

M. sp.

Gran Barranca and Upper Puesto Almendra Members A madtsoiid snake
Madtsoia bai.JPG
Waincophis[15] W. australis Gran Barranca Member A boa snake

Testudines

Name Species Member Material Notes Image
Chelonoidis[16] C. gringorum Trelew Member A tortoise
Gaffneylania[17] G. auricularis A meiolaniid stem-turtle
Niolamia N. argentina Gran Barranca Member
Niolamia.jpg
Testudininae indet.[18] Currently undescribed Puesto Almendra Member A tortoise

Mammals

Meridiolestidans

Name Species Member/Locality Material Notes Image
Necrolestes[19] N. mirabilis Colhué Huapí Member Youngest known meridiolestidan
Necrolestes.svg

Meridiungulates

Name Species Member/Locality Material Notes Image
Acoelodus A proclivus Gran Barranca Member A notoungulate of uncertain affinities.
Acoelohyrax A. sigma

A. complicatissimus

Gran Barranca Member A notohippid notoungulate
Adiantoides[20] A. magnus Gran Barranca Member An indaleciid litoptern
Adiantoides leali.jpg
Albertogaudrya A. carahuasensis

A. unica

Gran Barranca Member An astrapothere
Albertogaudrya unica.jpg
Amilnedwardsia[21] A. brevicula Gran Barranca Member
Ancylocoelus[22] A. frequens Puesto Almendra Member A leontiniid notoungulate
Anisolambda [23] A. amel

A. fissidens

Gran Barranca Member A proterotheriid litoptern
Anisotemnus A. distentus Gran Barranca and Vera Members
Antepithecus[24] A. brachystephanus

A. innexus

Gran Barranca and Rosado Members A notopithecid notoungulate
Archaeohyrax[25] A. patagonicus Gran Barranca and Puesto Almendra Members A archaeohyracid notoungulate
Archaeohyrax patagonicus.jpg
A. patrius Puesto Almendra Member A interatheriid notoungulate
Archaeopithecus[23] A. rogeri Gran Barranca Member A archaeopithecid notoungulate
Archaeotypotherium[25] A. propheticus Puesto Almendra and Vera Members An archaeohyracid notoungulate
Argyrohippus[26] A. boulei

A. fraterculus

A. praecox

Colhué Huapí and Puesto Almendra Members
Argyrohyrax[27][28] A. proavus Puesto Almendra Member
Asmodeus A. osborni Puesto Almendra Member
Astraponotus A. assymmetrus

A. dicksoni

A. dilatatus

A. holdichi

A. thompsoni

Gran Barranca Member
Astraponotus skull.jpg
Astrapotherium[29] A. ruderarium Colhué Huapí member
Astrapotherium magnum NT.jpg
Astrapotheriidae indet. Currently undescribed Colhué Huapí Member
Bryanpattersonia[25] B. sulcidens Puesto Almendra and Vera Members Genus probably a synonym of Archaeotypotherium
Cochilius[9] C. brevirostris

C. fumensis


C. volvens

Colhué Huapí and Puesto Almendra Members
Cochilius volvens.jpg
Colpodon C. distinctus

C. propinquus

C. sp.

Colhué Huapí Member A leontiniid.
Coniopternium[30] C. andinum Puesto Almendra Member A macraucheniid litoptern
Coniopternium andinum fossils - Agua de la Piedra Formation.jpg
Cramauchenia[30] C. normalis Colhué Huapí and Puesto Almendra Members Nearly complete skull and humerus A macraucheniid litoptern
Cramauchenia insolita.jpg
Cramaucheniinae indet.[4] Currently undescribed Puesto Almendra Member
Deuterotherium[4] D. distichum Puesto Almendra Member
Didolodus[21] D. multicuspsis

D. magnus D. minor D. latigonus

Gran Barranca and Rosado Members All species mostly known from dental remains A didolodontid.
Didolodusfinal.jpg
Edvardotrouessartia E. sola Gran Barranca Member
Edvardotrouessartia.png
Eohyrax E. isotemnoides

E. platyodus

E. praerusticus

Gran Barranca and Rosado Members
Eolicaphrium[21][31] E. primarium Gran Barranca Member A litoptern
Eomorphippus E. bondi

E. neilopdykei

E. obscurus

Rosado and Lower Puesto Almendra members
Eomorphippus bondi.jpg
Eopachyrucos[3][25] E. pliciformis

E. pliciferus

Rosado and Puesto Almendra Members Mandibular and skull remains An interatheriid.
Eopachyrucos mandible.png
Ernestohaeckelia E. aculeata

E. acutidens

Gran Barranca Member A litoptern
Ernestokokenia[21] E. nitida

E. patagonica

Gran Barranca Member Mostly known from dental remains A didolodontid.
Eurygenium[32] E. latirostris Puesto Almendra Member
Guilielmofloweria G. plicata Gran Barranca Member A proterotheriid.
Guilielmoscottia[25] G. plicifera Rosado and Vera Members A interatheriid notoungulate
Hegetotheriopsis[33] H. sulcatus Trelew Member
Hegetotherium[33] H. novum Trelew Member
Hegetotherium.svg
Homalostylops H. atavus

H. parvus

Gran Barranca and Rosado Members A notostylopid notoungulate
Henricofilholia H. lustrata

H. cingulata

H. circumdata

H. intercincta

H. vucetichia

Upper Puesto Almendra Member An astrapothere
Henricosbornia H. ampla

H. lophodonta

H. minuta

Gran Barranca Member
Interatherium[34] I. sp. Colhué Huapí Member An interatheriid
Interatherium robustum.jpg
Isotemnus Isotemnus ctalego

Isotemnus haugi

Isotemnus latidens

Isotemnus primitivus

Gran Barranca Member
Isotemnidae indet.[3] Currently undescribed Puesto Almendra Member
Lambdaconus L. lacerum Colhué Huapí Member
Cf. Lambdaconus suinus - Agua de la Piedra Formation.jpg
Leontinia[4][3] L. gaudryi

L. sp.

Puesto Almendra Member
Leontinia.jpg
Maddenia[35] M. lapidaria Puesto Almendra Member
Maxschlosseria M. consumata

M. expansa

M. minima

M. minuta

M. praeterita

M. rusticula

M. septa

Gran Barranca Member An oldfieldthomasiid notoungulata
Medistylus[36] M. dorsatus Puesto Almendra Member
Morphippus M. complicatus

M. fraternus

M. hypselodus

M. imbricatus

M. quadrilobus

Puesto Almendra Member
Morphippus imbricatus 2.png
Notopithecus[25] N. adapinus Gran Barranca and Rosado Members
Notopithecus.jpg
Notostylops N. murinus

N. appressus

N. pendens

N. pigafettai

N. sp.

Gran Barranca and Rosado Members
Notostylops murinus.jpg
Oldfieldthomasia O. anfractuosa

O. debilitata

O. parvidens

O. transversa

Gran Barranca Member
Othnielmarshia O. curviristra

O. lacunifera

O. reflexa

Gran Barranca Member
Pachyrukhos[37] P. sp. Colhué Huapí Member
Pachyrukhos moyani skull.jpg
Paginula P. parca Gran Barranca Member
Paramacrauchenia[38] P. scamnata

P. inexspectata

Colhué Huapí Member
Paramacrauchenia.png
Parastrapotherium[4][29] P. cingulatum

P. ephebicum

P. holmbergi

P. lemoinei

P. trouessarti

P. sp.

Colhué Huapí and Puesto Almendra Members
Parastrapotherium recosntruction.png
Patagonhippus[26] P. canterensis

P. dukei

Puesto Almendra Member A notohippid notoungulate
Paulogervaisia[25] P. inusta Gran Barranca and Rosado Members
Peripantostylops P. minutus Gran Barranca Member
Periphragnis[21] P. exauctus

P. sp.

Rosado Member
Periphragnis exactus Fossil.jpg
Pleurostylodon P. complanatus

P. crassiramis

P. modicus

P. recticrista

P. similis

Gran Barranca, Rosado, and Vera Members
Polymorphis[31] P. lechei Gran Barranca Member A macraucheniid litoptern
Proadiantus[7] P. excavatus Puesto Almendra Member
Proadinotherium[7] P. leptognathus Puesto Almendra Member
Proadinotherium from Quebrada Fiera.jpg
Proargyrohyrax[39][25][3] P. curanderensis

P. sp.

Vera Member An interatheriid notoungulate
Proargyrohyrax.png
Proectocion P. argentinus

P. precisus

Gran Barranca Member An adianthid litoptern
Progaleopithecus[27] P. fissurellatus

P. tournoueri

P. sp.

Puesto Almendra Member A interatheriid notoungulate
Prohegetotherium[4] P. sculptum

P. sp.

Puesto Almendra Member
Prohegetotherium fossils.png
Proheptaconus[40] P. patagonicus Colhué Huapí and Trelew Members An adianthid litoptern
Prolicaphrium[41][42] P. spectabile

P. specillatum

Colhué Huapí Member A proterotheriid litoptern
Propachyrucos[37] P. smithwoodwardi Puesto Almendra Member
Propyrotherium[43][44] P. saxeum Gran Barranca Member
Propyrotherium tusk.png
Prosotherium[37] P. garzoni Puesto Almendra Member
Propachyrucos ameghinorum.jpg
Protarchaeohyrax[3][25] P. minor Puesto Almendra Member A archaeohyracid notoungulate
Proterotheriidae indet.[3] Currently undescribed Puesto Almendra Member
Protheosodon[7] P. coniferus Puesto Almendra Member
Protheosodon.jpg
Protypotherium[45] P. sp. Colhué Huapí Member
Protypotherium australe 1.jpg
Pseudhyrax[25] P. eutrachytheroides Puesto Almendra Member
Pternoconius[46][47][48] P. polymorphoides

P. tournoueri

P. bondi

Colhué Huapí and Puesto Almendra Members
Puelia P. sigma

P. coarctatus

Gran Barranca, Rosado, and Vera Members A notohippid notoungulate
Puelia sp.png
Pyrotherium[49] P. romeroi Puesto Almendra Member
Pyrotherium romeroi NT small.jpg
Rhynchippus[3][50][51] R. pumilus

R. equinus

R. sp.

Puesto Almendra Member
Rhynchippus equinus - upper palate and dentition - Sarmiento Formation, Argentina.jpg
Rosendo[52] R. pascuali Vera Member A notohippid notoungulate
Rutimeyeria[53] R. conulifera Gran Barranca Member A litoptern
Santiagorothia[25] S. chiliensis Vera Member
Scaglia[23][54] S. kraglievichorum Gran Barranca Member
Scarrittia[22] S. canquelensis

S. barranquensis

Puesto Almendra Member
Scarrittia canquelensis 43.jpg
Sparnotheriodon[20] S. epsilonoides Gran Barranca Member
Teratopithecus[55] T. elpidophoros Gran Barranca Member
Tetragonostylops[54] T. apthomasi Gran Barranca Member
Tetramerorhinus[45] T. sp. Colhué Huapí Member
Tetramerorhinus jaw.png
Teushentherium[3][56] T. camaronensis Puesto Almendra Member
Theosodon[57][38] T.? frenguellii Colhué Huapí Member
Theosodon NT.jpg
Thomashuxleya[21] T. rostrata

T. externa

Gran Barranca Member
Trachytherus[4][58] T. spegazzinianus

T. sp.

Puesto Almendra Member
Trachytherus.jpg
Transpithecus T. obtentus

T. sp.

Gran Barranca and Rosado Members
Tricoelodus[40] T. bicuspidatus Puesto Almendra Member An adianthid litoptern
Trigonolophodon[59] T. elegans

T. inflatus

Gran Barranca Member A homalodotheriid notoungulate
Trigonostylops T. wortmani

T. sp.

Gran Barranca Member An astrapothere
Trigonostylops wortmani reconstruction.jpg
Ultrapithecus U. rutilans Gran Barranca and Rosado Members
Victorlemoinea[31] V. labyrinthica

V. emarginata

V. longidens

V. sp.

Gran Barranca Member

Xenarthrans

Name Species Member/Locality Material Notes Image
Archaeutatus[3][60] A. malaspinensis

A. sp.

Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Astegotherium[31] A. dichotomum Gran Barranca Member
Barrancatatus[60] B. rigidus

B. maddeni

B. sp.

Vera and Upper Puesto Almendra Members
Clypeotherium C. magnum Upper Puesto Almendra Members
Cochlops C. sp. Colhué Huapí Member
Glyptodontinae indet.[61][3][42] Currently undescribed Colhué Huapí and Upper Puesto Almendra Members
Hapaloides[61] H. ignavus

H. laeviusculus

H. ponderosus

H. sp.

Colhué Huapí Member
Holomegalonyx[61] H. menendezi Colhué Huapí Member
Machlydotherium[61][3] M. ater

M. sparsum

M. sp.

Gran Barranca, Rosado, Upper Puesto Almendra, and Vera Members
Machlydotherium.png
Mazzoniphractus[60] M. ingens Rosado Member
Megalonychidae indet.[42] Currently undescribed Colhué Huapí Member
Meteutatus[61][3][7] M. anthinus

M. ascendens

M. concavus

M. confluens

M. lagenaformis

M. lucidus

M. minutus

M. nepotulus

M. percarinatus

M. tortuosus

M. sp.

Gran Barranca, Rosado, Upper Puesto Almendra, and Vera Members
Nematherium[45] N. sp. Colhué Huapí Member
Nematherium.JPG
Octodontotherium[7] O. grande

O. crassidens

Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Octodontotherium astragalus.JPG
Palaeopeltis[7] P. inornatus Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Parutaetus[62][60][3] P. chicoensis

P. chilensis

P. clusus

P. signatus

Gran Barranca, Rosado, Upper Puesto Almendra, and Vera Members
Peltephilus[3][45] P. pumilus

P. undulatus

P. sp.

Colhué Huapí and Upper Puesto Almendra Members
Peltephilus ferox.JPG
Peltephilidae indet.[61] Currently undescribed Colhué Huapí, Rosado, Upper Puesto Almendra, and Vera Members
Proeuphractus[7] P. setiger Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Proeutatus[61][63] P. oenophorum

Proeutatus robustus

P. sp.

Colhué Huapí Member
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (PLATE XI) (7005553277).jpg
Propalaehoplophorus P sp. Colhué Huapí Member
Propalaeohoplophorus minor.JPG
Proplatyarthrus[31] P longipes Vera Member
Proschismotherium[41][61] P. oppositum

P. sp.

Colhué Huapí Member
Proschismotherium holotype jaw.png
Prostegotherium[41][21] P. astrifer

P. notostylopianum

P. sp.

Gran Barranca Member
Prozaedyus[7][61][63][45] P. humilis

P. impressus

P. planus

P. sp.

Colhué Huapí and Upper Puesto Almendra Members
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (PLATE V) (6859432278).jpg
Pseudoglyptodon[64][3] P. chilensis Gran Barranca and Upper Puesto Almendra Members
Stegosimpsonia[61][60] S. chubutanum Colhué Huapí, Gran Barranca, and Rosado Members
Stegotherium[61][65][60][45] S. caroloameghinoi

S. pascuali

S. tessellatum

S. variegatum

Colhué Huapí Member
Stegotherium tesselatum.jpg
Stegotheriini indet.[60] Currently undescribed Colhué Huapí, Rosado, Upper Puesto Almendra, and Vera Members
Stenotatus[61][62][45] S. centralis

S. patagonicus

S. ornatus

S sp.

Colhué Huapí, Upper Puesto Almendra, and Vera Members
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (PLATE VII) (6859432828).jpg
Utaetus[41][61][60] U. buccatus

U. deustus

U. laevus

U. lenis

Gran Barranca and Rosado Members

Metatherians

Name Species Member/Locality Material Notes Image
Abderites[45] A. meridionalis Colhué Huapí Member
Abderitidae indet.[19] Currently undescribed Colhué Huapí Member
Acdestodon[66] A. bonapartei Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Acdestoides[7] A. praecursor Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Acrocyon[19] A. riggsi Colhué Huapí Member
Acyon[67] A. tricuspidatus Colhué Huapí Member
Amphidolops[31] A. serrula Gran Barranca Member
Anargyrolagus[68] A. primus Trelew Member
Angelocabrerus[69] A. daptes Gran Barranca Member
Arctodictis[19] A. sinclairi Colhué Huapí Member
Arminiheringia[41][23] A auceta Gran Barranca Member
Australohyaena[70] A. antiqua Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Borhyaena[19] B. macrodonta Colhué Huapí Member
Borhyaena tuberata.JPG
Caenolestoides[71] C. miocaenicus Colhué Huapí Member
Canchadelphys[72] C. cristata Vera Member
Carlothentes[7] C. chubutensis Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Caroloameghinia[31][21][4] C. mater

C. tenuis

Gran Barranca Member
Cladosictis[19] C. centralis

C sp.

Colhué Huapí Member
Cladosictis NT.jpg
Clenia[19][72] C. minuscula

C. brevis

Colhué Huapí and Vera Members
Coona[73] C. gaudryi

C. gutierrezi

C. pattersoni

Gran Barranca Member
Didelphimorphia indet.[19] Currently undescribed Colhué Huapí Member
Eomicrobiotherium[19] E. matutinum

E. mykerum

Colhué Huapí, Trelew, Upper Puesto Almendra, and Vera Members
Epikhlonia[72] E. verticalis Vera Member
Eudolops[74] E. tetragonus Gran Barranca Member
Evolestes[72] E. sp. Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Gaimanlestes[71] G. pascuali Trelew Member
Hathliacynidae indet.[19][72] Currently undescribed Colhué Huapí and Vera Members
Hondonadia[72] H. fierroensis

H. parca

H. praecipitia

H. pumila

Upper Puesto Almendra and Vera Members
Kramadolops[72] K. fissuratus

K. hernandezi

K. maximus

K. mayoi

Gran Barranca, Upper Puesto Almendra, and Vera Members
Microbiotherium[72] M. praecursor

M. sp.

Colhué Huapí and Vera Members
Microbiotheriidae indet.[19] Currently undescribed Colhué Huapí Member
Nemolestes[31] N. spalacotherinus Gran Barranca Member
Notogale[75][7] N. mitis Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Oligobiotherium[74] O. divisum Colhué Huapí Member
Patagonia[19] P. peregrina Trelew Member A metatherian of uncertain placement
Pachybiotherium[19][74] P. acclinum Colhué Huapí Member
Palaeothentes[66] P. marshalli

P. migueli

P. minutus

Colhué Huapí and Upper Puesto Almendra Members
Palaeothentes lepidus mandible.jpg
Palaeothentidae indet.[19] Currently undescribed Colhué Huapí and Upper Puesto Almendra Members
Parabderites[75] P. bicrispatus

P. minisculus

Colhué Huapí and Upper Puesto Almendra Members
Periakros[72] P. ambiguus Vera Member
Pharsophorus[72] P. lacerans

P. tenax

Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Pichiplidae indet.[72] Currently undescribed Upper Puesto Almendra and Vera Members
Pilchenia[72] P. antiqua

P. intermedia

P. lobata

P. lucina

Upper Puesto Almendra and Vera Members
Polydolops[31] P. crassus

P. serra

P. tetragonus

P. thomasi

P. unicus

Gran Barranca Member
Praedens[72] P. aberrans Vera Member
Proargyrolagus[19] P. argentinus Colhué Huapí Member
Proborhyaena[75] P. gigantea Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Proborhyaena skull.jpg
Procladosictis[31] P. erecta Gran Barranca Member
Progarzonia P. notostylopense Gran Barranca Member
Pseudothylacynus[74] P. rectus Colhué Huapí Member
Rosendolops[76] R. ebaios

R. primigenium

Gran Barranca, Upper Puesto Almendra, and Vera Members
Rosendolopidae indet.[72] Currently undescribed Upper Puesto Almendra and Vera Members
Sipalocyon[19] S. externus

S. sp.

Colhué Huapí Member
Stilotherium[71] S. parvum Colhué Huapí Member
Thylacosmilidae indet.[19] Currently undescribed Colhué Huapí Member
Trelewthentes[66] T. rothi Upper Puesto Almendra Member

Rodents

Name Species Member/Locality Material Notes Image
Acarechimys[77][63] A. leucotheae

A. minutissimus

A sp.

Colhué Huapí, Puesto Almendra, and Trelew Members
Acaremys[78][79][63] A. preminutus

A. murinus

A. sp.

Colhué Huapí and Trelew Members
Asteromys[77] A. punctus

A. sp.

Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Australoprocta[80][63] A. fleaglei Trelew Member
Banderomys[81] B. leanzai Colhué Huapí Member
Branisamyopsis[82] B. australis Colhué Huapí Member
Caviocricetus[83] C. lucasi Colhué Huapí and Trelew Members
Caviomorpha indet.[84] Currently undescribed Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Cephalomyidae indet.[85] Currently undescribed Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Cephalomyopsis[77][86] C. hipselodontus Puesto Almendra and Trelew Members
Cephalomys[87][85][78] C. arcidens Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Cephalomys.jpg
Changquin[88] C. woodi Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Chinchilloidea indet.[63] Currently undescribed Colhué Huapí Member
Chubutomys[84][89] C. simpsoni

C. leucoreios

Trelew and Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Deseadomys[84] D. arambourgi Puesto Almendra Member
Dudumus[90] D. ruigomezi Trelew Member
Draconomys[63] D. verai Puesto Almendra Member
Eobranisamys[63] E sp. Puesto Almendra Member
Eocardiidae indet.[84] Currently undescribed Puesto Almendra Member
Eosteiromys[63] E. homogenidens

E. segregatus E. sp.

Colhué Huapí and Trelew Members
Eoviscaccia[91][78][63][77] E. australis Colhué Huapí, Puesto Almendra, and Trelew Members
Ethelomys[77] E. loomisi Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Hypsosteiromys[92] H. nectus

H. axiculus

Colhué Huapí Member
Incamys[93][94] I. bolivianus

I. menniorum

Puesto Almendra Member
Leucokephalos[77] L. zeffiae Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Litodontomys[77][7] L chubtensis Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Llitun[77] L. notuca Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Loncolicu[77] L. tretos Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Luantus[63][89][45] L. initialis

L. minor L. propheticus L. sp.

Colhué Huapí and Trelew Members
Neoepiblemidae indet.[42] Currently undescribed Colhué Huapí Member
Neoreomys[63] N. pinturensis Colhué Huapí Member
Neoreomys.jpg
Paradelphomys[95] P. fissus Colhué Huapí Member
Parasteiromys P. friantae

P. uniformis

Colhué Huapí Member
Perimys[63] P. incavatus

P. transversus

P. dissimilis

P. sp.

Colhué Huapí and Trelew Members
Perimys tooth.png
Platypittamys[96] P. brachyodon Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Prospaniomys[97][98] P. priscus

P. sp.

Colhué Huapí and Trelew Members
Prostichomys[45] P. bowni Colhué Huapí Member
Protacaremys[63][77] P. adilos

P. avunculus

P. prior

P. pulchellus

P. sp.

Colhué Huapí and Upper Puesto Almendra Members
Protadelphomys[63] P. latus

P. sp.

Colhué Huapí and Trelew Members
Saremmys[99] S. ligcura Colhué Huapí and Trelew Member
Scotamys[7] S. antiquus Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Soriamys[63] S. gaimanensis

S. ganganensis S. sp.

Colhué Huapí and Trelew Members
Willidewu[100] W. estaparius Trelew Member
Vallehermosomys[63] V mazzonii Upper Puesto Almendra Member
Xylechimys[95] X. obliquus Upper Puesto Almendra Member

Primates

Name Species Member/Locality Material Notes Image
Dolichocebus[101] D. gaimanensis Trelew Member
Dolichocebus 2.jpg
Homunculus[102] H. sp. Colhué Huapí Member
Homunculus patagonicus Amgh. Crane incomplet.jpg
Mazzonicebus[102][103] M. almendrae Colhué Huapí Member
Tremacebus[104] T. harringtoni Colhué Huapí Member
Tremacebus skull 2.jpg

Bats

Name Species Member/Locality Material Notes Image
Mormopterus M. barrancae

M. sp.

Colhué Huapí Member
Phyllostominae indet. Currently undescribed Colhué Huapí Member

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 H.), Madden, R. H. (Richard (2010). "Physical stratigraphy of the Sarmiento Formation (middle Eocene – lower Miocene) at Gran Barranca, central Patagonia". The paleontology of Gran Barranca : evolution and environmental change through the middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6. OCLC 499130096. http://worldcat.org/oclc/499130096. 
  2. ↑ Madden, Richard H. (2010). "Loessic and fluvial sedimentation in Sarmiento Formation pyroclastics, middle Cenozoic of central Patagonia". The paleontology of Gran Barranca : evolution and environmental change through the middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6. OCLC 499130096. http://worldcat.org/oclc/499130096. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 Dozo, María Teresa; Ciancio, Martín; Bouza, Pablo José; Martínez, Gastón (2014). "New association of Paleogene Mammals in Eastern of Patagonia (Chubut Province, Argentina): biochronological and paleobiogeographical implications.". Andean Geology 41 (1). doi:10.5027/andgeoV41n1-a09. http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V41n1-a09/html.  CC-BY icon.svg Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International License
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Marshall, Larry G.; Cifelli, Richard L.; Drake, Robert E.; Curtis, Garniss H. (1986-07-14). "Vertebrate paleontology, geology, and geochronology of the Tapera de López and Scarritt Pocket, Chubut Province, Argentina" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 60 (4): 920–951. doi:10.1017/S0022336000043080. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/vertebrate-paleontology-geology-and-geochronology-of-the-tapera-de-lopez-and-scarritt-pocket-chubut-province-argentina/24C0BFFF7738EC8F1DB58D3E4B5CA103. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Schaeffer, Bobb; Simpson, George Gaylord (1949). "Anurans from the early Tertiary of Patagonia." (in en-US). American Museum Novitates (2): 44–68. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/404. 
  6. ↑ Alvarenga, Herculano M. F.; Höfling, Elizabeth (2003). "Systematic revision of the Phorusrhacidae (Aves: Ralliformes)" (in en). Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 43 (4): 55–91. doi:10.1590/S0031-10492003000400001. ISSN 0031-1049. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 Loomis, Frederic Brewster (1914) (in en). The Deseado Formation of Patagonia. Amherst College. pp. 1–232. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.28110. OCLC 1053693. https://archive.org/details/deseadoformation00loom/mode/1up?view=theater. 
  8. ↑ Howard, Hildegarde (1955). "A new wading bird from the Eocene of Patagonia." (in en-US). American Museum Novitates (1710). https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/2434. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Simpson, George Gaylord (1933). "A new crocodilian from the Notostylops beds of Patagonia." (in en-US). American Museum Novitates (623). https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/2050. 
  10. ↑ Pol, Diego; Leardi, Juan M.; Lecuona, Agustina; Krause, Marcelo (2012-03-01). "Postcranial anatomy of Sebecus icaeorhinus (Crocodyliformes, Sebecidae) from the Eocene of Patagonia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 32 (2): 328–354. doi:10.1080/02724634.2012.646833. ISSN 0272-4634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2012.646833. 
  11. ↑ Albino, Adriana Maria (1993-07-01). "Snakes from the Paleocene and Eocene of Patagonia (Argentina): Paleoecology and coevolution with mammals". Historical Biology 7 (1): 51–69. doi:10.1080/10292389309380443. ISSN 0891-2963. https://doi.org/10.1080/10292389309380443. 
  12. ↑ Albino, Adriana M. (1996-04-24). "Snakes from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) Part I: The Booidea" (in en). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 199 (3): 417–434. doi:10.1127/njgpa/199/1996/417. ISSN 0077-7749. http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/njgpa/detail/199/90067/Snakes_from_the_Miocene_of_Patagonia_Argentina_Par?af=crossref. 
  13. ↑ Albino, Adriana María; Brizuela, Santiago (2014-07-03). "First record of squamate reptiles from the Oligocene of South America". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 38 (3): 412–421. doi:10.1080/03115518.2014.886029. ISSN 0311-5518. https://doi.org/10.1080/03115518.2014.886029. 
  14. ↑ Simpson, George Gaylord (1933) (in en-US). A new fossil snake from the Notostylops beds of Patagonia.. 67. pp. 1–22. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/354. 
  15. ↑ Albino, Adriana M. (1987) (in es). Un nuevo Boidae (Reptilia: Serpentes) del Eoceno temprano de la Provincia del Chubut, Argentina. 24. pp. 61–66. ISSN 1851-8044. https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/1849. 
  16. ↑ Fuente, Marcelo S. De La; Vucetich, María G. (1998) (in en). Nuevos materiales de tortugas cryptodiras miocenas del Valle de Chubut, Argentina.. 35. pp. 211–215. ISSN 1851-8044. https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/2434. 
  17. ↑ Sterli, Juliana; de la Fuente, Marcelo S.; Krause, J. Marcelo (2015). "A new turtle from the Palaeogene of Patagonia (Argentina) sheds new light on the diversity and evolution of the bizarre clade of horned turtles (Meiolaniidae, Testudinata): A new horned turtle from Patagonia" (in en). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 174 (3): 519–548. doi:10.1111/zoj.12252. 
  18. ↑ De Broin, F; De la Fuente, M. (1993). "Les tortues fossiles d'Argentine:synthèse". Les tortues fossiles d'Argentine: Synthèse 79 (3): 169–232. ISSN 0753-3969. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257696635. 
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 19.12 19.13 19.14 19.15 19.16 Goin, Francisco J.; Abello, María Alejandra (February 2013). "Los Metatheria Sudamericanos de Comienzos Del Neógeno (Mioceno Temprano, Edad MamÍFero Colhuehuapense): Microbiotheria y Polydolopimorphia". Ameghiniana 50 (1): 51–78. doi:10.5710/AMGH.9.11.2012.570. ISSN 0002-7014. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Soria, Miguel Fernando (1980). "Una nueva y problemática forma de ungulado del Casamayorense.". Actas del Segundo Congreso Argentino de Paleontología y Bioestratigrafía y Primer Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.7 Cifelli, Richard (1985). "Biostratigraphy of the Casamayoran, Early Eocene of Patagonia.". American Museum Novitates (2820): 1–26. ISSN 0003-0082. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/5227/N2820.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Madden, Richard H.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Vucetich, Maria Guiomar; Kay, Richard F. (2010-06-17). "The Leontiniidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the Sarmiento Formation at Gran Barranca, Chubut Province, Argentina." (in en). The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=oY7wkK6lV4cC&dq=The+Leontiniidae+%28Mammalia%2C+Notoungulata%29+from+the+Sarmiento+Formation+at+Gran+Barranca%2C+Chubut+Province%2C+Argentina.&pg=PR5. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Simpson, George Gaylord (1967). "The beginning of the age of mammals in South America. Part 2, Systematics : Notoungulata, concluded (Typotheria, Hegetotheria, Toxodonta, Notoungulata incertae sedis), Astrapotheria, Trigonostylopoidea, Pyrotheria, Xenungulata, Mammalia incertae sedis." (in en-US). American Museum Novitates (137). https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1621. 
  24. ↑ Vera, Bárbara; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2014-05-01). "Systematic revision of Antepithecus brachystephanus Ameghino, 1901, and dental eruption sequence in Eocene "notopithecines" (Notoungulata) from Patagonia" (in en). Geobios 47 (3): 165–181. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2014.02.001. ISSN 0016-6995. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016699514000242. 
  25. ↑ 25.00 25.01 25.02 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.06 25.07 25.08 25.09 25.10 Madden, Richard H.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Vucetich, Maria Guiomar; Kay, Richard F. (2010-06-17). "Rodent-like notoungulates (Typotheria) from Gran Barranca, Chubut Province, Argentina: Phylogeny and systematics" (in en). The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259571202. 
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 G.M López; A.M. Ribeiro; M. Bond (2010). "The Notohippidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Gran Barranca: preliminary considerations". in Richard H. Madden. The Paleontology of Gran Barranca. Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–151. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=oY7wkK6lV4cC&pg=PA143. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Vera, Bárbara; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Reguero, Marcelo (2017-07-04). "The Interatheriinae from the Late Oligocene of Mendoza (Argentina), with comments on some Deseadan Interatheriidae". Historical Biology 29 (5): 607–626. doi:10.1080/08912963.2016.1220945. ISSN 0891-2963. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307566526. 
  28. ↑ Hernández Del Pino, Santiago; Seoane, Federico; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2022). "New craniodental information and taxonomic decisions of the typotherians (Notoungulata) from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina" (in en). Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 67. doi:10.4202/app.00974.2022. ISSN 0567-7920. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Madden, Richard H.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Vucetich, Maria Guiomar; Kay, Richard F. (2010-06-17). "Colhuehuapian Astrapotheriidae (Mammalia) from Gran Barranca south of Lake Colhue Huapi." (in en). The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=oY7wkK6lV4cC&dq=Colhuehuapian+Astrapotheriidae+%28Mammalia%29+from+Gran+Barranca+south+of+Lake+Colhue+Huapi.&pg=PA182. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Dozo, M.T.; Vera, B. (2010). "First skull and associated postcranial bones of Macraucheniidae (Mammalia, Litopterna) from the Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene) of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut, Argentina)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (6): 1818–1826. doi:10.1080/02724634.2010.521534. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233015768. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 31.5 31.6 31.7 31.8 31.9 Simpson, George Gaylord (1948). "The beginning of the age of mammals in South America. Part 1, Introduction: Systematics: Marsupialia, Edentata, Condylarthra, Litopterna and Notioprogonia". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 91 (1): 1–232. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/1632. 
  32. ↑ Marani, Hernán; Dozo, María Teresa (2008-02-22). "El cráneo más completo de Eurygenium latirostris Ameghino, 1895 (Mammalia, Notoungulata), un Notohippidae del Deseadense (Oligoceno Tardío) de la Patagonia, Argentina". Ameghiniana 45 (3): 619–626. ISSN 0002-7014. https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/715. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Kramarz, Alejandro Gustavo; Paz, Ernesto Rodrigo (2013). "Un Hegetotheriidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) basal del Mioceno temprano de Patagonia" (in es). Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geológicas 30 (1): 186–195. ISSN 1026-8774. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S1026-87742013000100013&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es. 
  34. ↑ Madden, Richard H.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Vucetich, Maria Guiomar; Kay, Richard F. (2010-06-17) (in en). The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=oY7wkK6lV4cC&dq=A+new+mammal+fauna+at+the+top+of+the+Gran+Barranca+sequence+and+its+biochronological+significance&pg=PA264. 
  35. ↑ Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano (2009-03-01). "A new oligocene astrapothere (mammalia, meridiungulata) from patagonia and a new appraisal of astrapothere there phylogeny". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7 (1): 117–128. doi:10.1017/S147720190800268X. ISSN 1477-2019. https://doi.org/10.1017/S147720190800268X. 
  36. ↑ Reguero, Marcelo A.; Dozo, María Teresa; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2007). "A poorly known rodentlike mammal (Pachyrukhinae, Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata) from the Deseadan (Late Oligocene) of Argentina. Paleoecology, biogeography, and radiation of the rodentlike ungulates in South America". Journal of Paleontology 81 (6): 1301–1307. doi:10.1666/05-100.1. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022336000051817/type/journal_article. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Seoane, Federico Damián; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Singleton, Hayley (2019-09-01). "Re-assessment of the Oligocene genera Prosotherium and Propachyrucos (Hegetotheriidae, Notoungulata)" (in en). Comptes Rendus Palevol 18 (6): 643–662. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.07.001. ISSN 1631-0683. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano (2005) (in es). Los Litopterna (Mammalia) de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno Temprano-Medio de Patagonia. 42. pp. 611–625. ISSN 1851-8044. https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/928. 
  39. ↑ Hitz, Ralph B.; Reguero, Marcelo; Wyss, André R.; Flynn, John J.; History, Field Museum of Natural (2000). "New interatheriines (Interatheriidae, notoungulata) from the Paleogene of central Chile and southern Argentina". Fieldiana 42: 1–42. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.5169. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/5169. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Cifelli, Richard; Soria, Miguel Fernando (1983). "Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia)." (in en-US). American Museum Novitates (2771): 1–25. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/5255. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 Ameghino, Florentino (1902). "Première contribution a la connaissance de la faune mammalogique des couches a Colpodon". Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Córdoba, República Argentina 17: 71–141. ISSN 0325-2051. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/198536. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Vera, Bárbara Soledad; Fornasiero, Mariagabriella; Del Favero, Letizia (December 2015). "The Egidio Feruglio's collection in the Museum of Geology and Palaeontology of the University of Padova: its importance to the knowledge of Cenozoic mammals from South America". Museologia Scientifica 9: 35–44. ISSN 1123-265X. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290430697. 
  43. ↑ Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano (2014-03-01). "Reconstruction of the dentition of Propyrotherium saxeum Ameghino, 1901 (Mammalia, Pyrotheria): taxonomic and phylogenetic implications". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (2): 434–443. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.799070. ISSN 0272-4634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.799070. 
  44. ↑ Vera, B.; Folino, M.; Soechting, W.; Böttcher, N. (2022). "New data on Propyrotherium (Mammalia, Pyrotheria) from the middle Eocene age (Chubut, Argentina): anatomy, age constraints, and phylogeny". The Science of Nature 109 (5): Article number 40. doi:10.1007/s00114-022-01810-z. PMID 35939154. Bibcode: 2022SciNa.109...40V. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00114-022-01810-z. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 45.6 45.7 45.8 45.9 A. G. Kramarz; M. G. Vucetich; A. A. Carlini; M. R. Ciancio; M. A. Abello; C. M. Deschamps; J. N. Gelfo (2010). "A new mammal fauna at the top of the Gran Barranca sequence and its biochronological significance.". in Richard H. Madden. The Paleontology of Gran Barranca. Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–151. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233955394. 
  46. ↑ Cifelli, Richard L.; Soria, Miguel F. (1983). "Notes on Deseadan Macraucheniidae" (in es). Ameghiniana 20 (1–2): 141–153. ISSN 1851-8044. https://ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/1799. 
  47. ↑ Soria, Miguel Fernando; Hoffstetter, Robert (1985). "Pternoconius tournoueri, nueva especie de Macraucheniidae (Mammalia; Litopterna) de edad Colhuehuapense (Oligoceno Tardio); Pcia. Del Chubut, República Argentina" (in es). Ameghiniana 22 (3–4): 149–158. ISSN 1851-8044. https://ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/1758. 
  48. ↑ Cheme-Arriaga, Lucas; Dozo, MarÍa Teresa; Gelfo, Javier N. (2016-11-01). "A new Cramaucheniinae (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) from the early Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36 (6): e1229672. doi:10.1080/02724634.2017.1229672. ISSN 0272-4634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2017.1229672. 
  49. ↑ MacPhee, R. D. E.; Pino, Santiago Hernández Del; Kramarz, Alejandro; Forasiepi, Analía M.; Bond, Mariano; Sulser, R. Benjamin (2021-04-19). "Cranial Morphology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Trigonostylops wortmani, an Eocene South American Native Ungulate". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 449 (1): 1–183. doi:10.1206/0003-0090.449.1.1. ISSN 0003-0090. 
  50. ↑ Simpson, George Gaylord. "New or little-known ungulates from the Pyrotherium and Colpodon beds of Patagonia.". American Museum Novitates (576). https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/91310. 
  51. ↑ Martínez, Gastón; Dozo, María Teresa; Gelfo, Javier N.; Marani, Hernán (2016-05-27). "Cranial Morphology of the Late Oligocene Patagonian Notohippid Rhynchippus equinus Ameghino, 1897 (Mammalia, Notoungulata) with Emphases in Basicranial and Auditory Region" (in en). PLOS ONE 11 (5): e0156558. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156558. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 27232883. Bibcode: 2016PLoSO..1156558M. 
  52. ↑ Wyss, André R.; Flynn, John J.; Croft, Darin A. (2018-06-25). "New Paleogene Notohippids and Leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, Central Chile". American Museum Novitates (3903): 1–42. doi:10.1206/3903.1. ISSN 0003-0082. 
  53. ↑ Ameghino, Florentino (1901). "Notices préliminaires sur des ongulés nouveaux des terrains crétacès de Patagonie". Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias de Córdoba 16: 349–429. OCLC 123174974. http://worldcat.org/oclc/123174974. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano; Carlini, Alfredo A. (2019-08-26). "Astrapotheres from Cañadón Vaca, middle Eocene of central Patagonia. New insights on diversity, anatomy and early evolution of Astrapotheria" (in English). Palaeontologia Electronica 22 (2): 1–22. doi:10.26879/986. ISSN 1094-8074. https://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2019/2688-canadon-vaca-astrapotheres. 
  55. ↑ López, Guillermo M.; Gelfo, Javier N.; Bauzá, Nicolás; Bond, Mariano; Tejedor, Marcelo F. (2020-02-13). "Biochron and Diversity of Archaeopithecidae (Mammalia, Notoungulata) and a New Genus and Species from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Ameghiniana 57 (2): 103–116. doi:10.5710/AMGH.18.01.2020.3291. ISSN 0002-7014. https://bioone.org/journals/ameghiniana/volume-57/issue-2/AMGH.18.01.2020.3291/Biochron-and-Diversity-of-Archaeopithecidae-Mammalia-Notoungulata-and-a-New/10.5710/AMGH.18.01.2020.3291.full. 
  56. ↑ Martínez, Gastón; Dozo, María T.; Gelfo, Javier N.; Ciancio, Martín R.; González-José, Rolando (2021-02-11). "A new toxodont (Mammalia, Panperissodactyla, Notoungulata) from the Oligocene of Patagonia, Argentina, and systematic considerations on the paraphyletic 'Notohippidae'". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18 (24): 1995–2013. doi:10.1080/14772019.2021.1872723. ISSN 1477-2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2021.1872723. 
  57. ↑ Soria, Miguel Fernando (1981). "Los Litopterna del Colhuehuapense (Oligoceno tardío) de la Argentina.". Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia". Paleontología (3): 1–54. 
  58. ↑ Billet, Guillaume; De Muizon, Christian; Mamani Quispe, Bernardino (2008-01-22). "Late Oligocene mesotheriids (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from Salla and Lacayani (Bolivia): implications for basal mesotheriid phylogeny and distribution". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 152 (1): 153–200. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00388.x. ISSN 0024-4082. 
  59. ↑ Roth, Santiago (1904). "Noticias preliminares sobre nuevos mamíferos fósiles del cretáceo superior y terciario inferior de la Patagonia". Revista del Museo de La Plata 11: 135–158. ISSN 2545-6377. https://publicaciones.fcnym.unlp.edu.ar/rmlp/article/view/1215. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 60.4 60.5 60.6 60.7 Carlini, Alfredo Armando; Ciancio, Martin R.; Scillato-Yané, G. J. (2010). "Middle Eocene-early Miocene Dasypodidae (Xenarthra) of Southern South America, successive faunas in Gran Barranca; Biostratigraphy and Palaeoecology". The Paleontology of Gran Barranca. Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 143–151. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233955405. 
  61. ↑ 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.03 61.04 61.05 61.06 61.07 61.08 61.09 61.10 61.11 61.12 Carlini, Alfredo Armando; Cancio, Martin R.; Scillato-Yané, Gustavo J. (2005). "Los Xenarthra de Gran Barranca: Más de 20 Ma de historia.". Actas del XVI Congreso Geológico Argentino. La Plata 2005. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259345614. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 Carlini, Alfredo A.; Ciancio, Martín Ricardo; Flynn, John J.; Scillato‐Yané, Gustavo J.; Wyss, André R. (2009-12-01). "The phylogenetic and biostratigraphic significance of new armadillos (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Dasypodidae, Euphractinae) from the Tinguirirican (early oligocene) of Chile". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7 (4): 489–503. doi:10.1017/S1477201908002708. ISSN 1477-2019. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1477201908002708. 
  63. ↑ 63.00 63.01 63.02 63.03 63.04 63.05 63.06 63.07 63.08 63.09 63.10 63.11 63.12 63.13 63.14 63.15 63.16 Madden, Richard H.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Vucetich, Maria Guiomar; Kay, Richard F. (2010-06-17). "Colhuehuapian rodents from Gran Barranca and other Patagonian localities: the state of the art." (in en). The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=oY7wkK6lV4cC&q=Colhuehuapian+rodents+from+Gran+Barranca+and+other+Patagonian+localities%3A+the+state+of+the+art.&pg=PA206. 
  64. ↑ Mckenna, Malcolm C.; Wyss, André R.; Flynn, John J. (2006). "Paleogene pseudoglyptodont xenarthrans from central Chile and Argentine Patagonia". American Museum Novitates (3536): 1–18. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3536[1:PPXFCC2.0.CO;2]. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/169128. 
  65. ↑ Fernicola, Juan Carlos; Vizcaíno, Sergio (2008) (in es). Revisión del género Stegotherium Ameghino, 1887 (Mammalia, Xenarthra, Dasypodidae). 45. ISSN 1851-8044. https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/143. 
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Bown, Thomas M.; Fleagle, John G. (1993). "Systematics, Biostratigraphy, and Dental Evolution of the Palaeothentidae, Later Oligocene to Early–Middle Miocene (Deseadan–Santacrucian) Caenolestoid Marsupials of South America" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 67 (S29): 1–76. doi:10.1017/S0022336000062107. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/systematics-biostratigraphy-and-dental-evolution-of-the-palaeothentidae-later-oligocene-to-earlymiddle-miocene-deseadansantacrucian-caenolestoid-marsupials-of-south-america/D9E10E776C74F28431ABA0E899FEF2C0. 
  67. ↑ Marshall, Larry G.; History, Field Museum of Natural (1981). "Review of the Hathlyacyninae, an extinct subfamily of South American "dog-like" marsupials". Fieldiana 7: 1–120. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3520. 
  68. ↑ Carlini, Alfredo A.; Pascual, Rosendo; Goin, Francisco J. (2007-10-16). "A new argyrolagid marsupial from the Early Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina)" (in en). Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen 245 (3): 323–330. doi:10.1127/0077-7749/2007/0245-0323. ISSN 0077-7749. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233714181. 
  69. ↑ Simpson, George Gaylord (1970). "Mammals from the early Cenozoic of Chubut, Argentina". Breviora 360: 1–13. ISSN 0006-9698. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/6267. 
  70. ↑ Forasiepi, Analía M.; Judith Babot, M.; Zimicz, Natalia (2015-06-03). "Australohyaena antiqua (Mammalia, Metatheria, Sparassodonta), a large predator from the Late Oligocene of Patagonia". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 13 (6): 503–525. doi:10.1080/14772019.2014.926403. ISSN 1477-2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2014.926403. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Abello, María Alejandra; Martin, Gabriel M; Cardoso, Yamila (2021-01-12). "Review of the extinct 'shrew-opossums' (Marsupialia: Caenolestidae), with descriptions of two new genera and three new species from the Early Miocene of southern South America". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 193 (2): 464–498. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa165. ISSN 0024-4082. 
  72. ↑ 72.00 72.01 72.02 72.03 72.04 72.05 72.06 72.07 72.08 72.09 72.10 72.11 72.12 72.13 Goin, Francisco J.; Abello, María Alejandra; Chornogubsky, Laura (2010-01-01). "Middle Tertiary marsupials from central Patagonia (early Oligocene of Gran Barranca): understanding South America’s Grande Coupure" (in en). The Paleontology of Gran Barranca: Evolution and Environmental Change Through the Middle Cenozoic of Patagonia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 69–105. ISBN 978-0-521-87241-6. https://www.academia.edu/3574942. 
  73. ↑ Simpson, George Gaylord (1938). "A new marsupial from the Eocene of Patagonia" (in en-US). American Museum Novitates (989): 1–5. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/2204. 
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 Marshall, Larry G. (1982). "Systematics of the extinct South American marsupial family Polydolopidae". Fieldiana 12: 1–109. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.3350. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3350. 
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Patterson, Bryan; Marshall, Larry G. (1978). "The Deseadan, early Oligocene, Marsupialia of South America". Fieldiana 42 (2): 1–100. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/3439. 
  76. ↑ Goin, Francisco J.; Candela, Adriana M. (1996-06-05). "A new early Eocene polydolopimorphian (Mammalia, Marsupialia) from Patagonia". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 (2): 292–296. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011316. ISSN 0272-4634. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233173694. 
  77. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 77.3 77.4 77.5 77.6 77.7 77.8 77.9 Vucetich, M.G.; Dozo, M.T.; Arnal, M.; Pérez, M.E. (2015-02-17). "New rodents (Mammalia) from the late Oligocene of Cabeza Blanca (Chubut) and the first rodent radiation in Patagonia". Historical Biology 27 (2): 236–257. doi:10.1080/08912963.2014.883506. ISSN 0891-2963. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2014.883506. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 Arnal, M.; Vucetich, M.G. (2015-01-02). "Revision of the fossil rodent Acaremys Ameghino, 1887 (Hystricognathi, Octodontoidea, Acaremyidae) from the Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina) and the description of a new acaremyid". Historical Biology 27 (1): 42–59. doi:10.1080/08912963.2013.863881. ISSN 0891-2963. 
  79. ↑ Vucetich, María Guiomar; Kramarz, Alejandro G. (2003-06-17). [0435:NMRFPA2.0.CO;2 "New Miocene rodents from Patagonia (Argentina) and their bearing on the early radiation of the octodontoids (Hystricognathi)"]. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23 (2): 435–444. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0435:NMRFPA2.0.CO;2]. ISSN 0272-4634. https://doi.org/10.1671/0272-4634(2003)023[0435:NMRFPA]2.0.CO;2. 
  80. ↑ Kramarz, Alejandro G. (1998) (in en). Un nuevo Dasyproctidae (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) del Mioceno inferior De Patagonia. 35. pp. 181–192. ISSN 1851-8044. https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/2431. 
  81. ↑ Busker, Felipe; Pérez, María Encarnación; Krause, Javier Marcelo; Vucetich, María Guiomar (2017-11-27). "First record of Banderomys leanzai Kramarz, 2005 (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) in Chubut Province, Patagonia (Argentina)" (in en). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales. Nueva Serie 19 (2): 121–129. ISSN 1853-0400. http://revista.macn.gob.ar/ojs/index.php/RevMus/article/view/533. 
  82. ↑ Candela, Adriana Magdalena (2003) (in es). A new porcupine (Rodentia, Hystricognathi, Erethizontidae) from the Early and Middle Miocene of Patagonia. 40. pp. 483–494. ISSN 1851-8044. https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/975. 
  83. ↑ Vucetich, M. G.; Verzi, D. H. (1996-06-05). "A peculiar octodontoid (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) with terraced molars from the Lower Miocene of Patagonia (Argentina)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16 (2): 297–302. doi:10.1080/02724634.1996.10011317. ISSN 0272-4634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.1996.10011317. 
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 84.3 Wood, Albert Elmer; Patterson, B. (1959). "The rodents of the Deseadan Oligocene of Patagonia and the beginnings of South American rodent evolution, by Albert E. Wood and Bryan Patterson". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College 120: 279–428. ISSN 0027-4100. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/30346. 
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Vucetich, María Guiomar (1989). "Rodents (Mammalia) of the Lacayani fauna revisited (Deseadan, Bolivia). Comparison with new Chinchillidae and Cephalomyidae from Argentina.". Bulletin du Muséum national d'histoire naturelle 11 (4): 233–247. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292546558. 
  86. ↑ Busker, Felipe (2022-12-07). "New insight of the genus Cephalomyopsis (Caviomorpha, Cephalomyidae): Systematic revision and paleobiogeographical implications" (in en). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 121: 104145. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2022.104145. ISSN 0895-9811. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089598112200431X. 
  87. ↑ Busker, Felipe; Dozo, María Teresa; Soto, Ignacio María (2020-10-01). "New remains of Cephalomys arcidens (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) and a redefinition of the enigmatic Cephalomyidae". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18 (19): 1589–1629. doi:10.1080/14772019.2020.1796833. ISSN 1477-2019. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343807210. 
  88. ↑ Vucetich, María G.; Pérez, María E.; Ciancio, Martín R.; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Madden, Richard H.; Kohn, Matthew J. (2014-04-16). "A new acaremyid rodent (Caviomorpha, Octodontoidea) from Scarritt Pocket, Deseadan (late Oligocene) of Patagonia (Argentina)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (3): 689–698. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.804414. ISSN 0272-4634. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Pérez, María E.; Vucetich, María G.; Kramarz, Alejandro G. (2010-03-24). "The first Eocardiidae (Rodentia) in the Colhuehuapian (early Miocene) of Bryn Gwyn (northern Chubut, Argentina) and the early evolution of the peculiar cavioid rodents". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 30 (2): 528–534. doi:10.1080/02724631003618223. ISSN 0272-4634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724631003618223. 
  90. ↑ Arnal, Michelle; Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Vucetich, M. Guiomar; Vieytes, E. Carolina (2014-03-01). "A new early Miocene octodontoid rodent (Hystricognathi, Caviomorpha) from Patagonia (Argentina) and a reassessment of the early evolution of Octodontoidea". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (2): 397–406. doi:10.1080/02724634.2013.808203. ISSN 0272-4634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2013.808203. 
  91. ↑ Kramarz, Alejandro Gustavo (2001) (in es). Registro de Eoviscaccia (Rodentia, Chinchillidae) en estratos colhuehuapenses de Patagonia, Argentina. 38. pp. 237–242. ISSN 1851-8044. https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/2608. 
  92. ↑ Dozo, María T.; Vucetich, María G.; Candela, Adriana M. (2004-03-25). "Skull anatomy and neuromorphology of Hypsosteiromys, a Colhuehuapian erethizontid rodent from Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24 (1): 228–234. doi:10.1671/18.1. ISSN 0272-4634. https://doi.org/10.1671/18.1. 
  93. ↑ Busker, Felipe; Dozo, María Teresa (2017-05-28). "First Confirmed Record of Incamys Bolivianus (Caviomorpha, Chinchilloidea) in the Deseadan of Patagonia (Argentina)". Ameghiniana 54 (6): 706–712. doi:10.5710/AMGH.24.05.2017.3098. ISSN 0002-7014. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317200483. 
  94. ↑ Patterson, B.; Wood, Albert Elmer (1982). "Rodents from the Deseadan Oligocene of Bolivia and the relationships of the caviomorpha". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 149: 371–543. ISSN 0027-4100. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/33810. 
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 Patterson, B.; Pascual, R. (1968). "New echimyid rodents from the Oligocene of Patagonia, and a synopsis of the family". Breviora 301: 1–14. ISSN 0006-9698. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/31522. 
  96. ↑ Wood, Albert Elmer (1949). "A new Oligocene rodent genus from Patagonia.". American Museum Novitates (1435): 1–54. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/90652. 
  97. ↑ Arnal, Michelle; Kramarz, Alejandro G. (2011-09-01). "First complete skull of an octodontoid (Rodentia, Caviomorpha) from the Early Miocene of South America and its bearing in the early evolution of Octodontoidea" (in en). Geobios 44 (5): 435–444. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2010.12.003. ISSN 0016-6995. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016699511000532. 
  98. ↑ Álvarez, Alicia; Arnal, Michelle (2015-12-01). "First Approach to the Paleobiology of Extinct Prospaniomys (Rodentia, Hystricognathi, Octodontoidea) Through Head Muscle Reconstruction and the Study of Craniomandibular Shape Variation" (in en). Journal of Mammalian Evolution 22 (4): 519–533. doi:10.1007/s10914-015-9291-z. ISSN 1573-7055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10914-015-9291-z. 
  99. ↑ Busker, Felipe; Pérez, María E.; Dozo, María T. (2019-07-01). "A new chinchilloid (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) from the early Miocene of the localities of Bryn Gwyn and Gran Barranca (Patagonia, Argentina)" (in en). Comptes Rendus Palevol 18 (5): 525–540. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.05.003. ISSN 1631-0683. 
  100. ↑ Vucetich, María Guiomar; Verzi, Diego H. (1991) (in es). Un nuevo Echimyidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi) de la edad Colhuehuapiense de Patagonia y consideraciones sobre la sistematica de la familia.. 28. pp. 67–74. ISSN 1851-8044. https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/2028. 
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  104. ↑ Hershkovitz, Philip (1974). "A New Genus of Late Oligocene Monkey (Cebidae, Platyrrhini) with Notes on Postorbital Closure and Platyrrhine Evolution" (in english). Folia Primatologica 21 (1): 1–35. doi:10.1159/000155594. ISSN 0015-5713. PMID 4210697. https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/155594. 



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