Engineering:Cygnus NG-16

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Short description: 2021 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS
Cygnus NG-16
Antares NG-16 launch WFF-2021-055-014 (51372303240).jpg
A Northrop Grumman Antares 230 launch vehicle with Cygnus NG-16 spacecraft onboard
NamesCygnus OA-16 (2016–2018)
Mission typeISS resupply
OperatorNorthrop Grumman / NASA
COSPAR ID2021-072A
SATCAT no.49064
WebsiteCygnus NG-16
Mission duration126 days, 8 hours, 23 minutes
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftS.S. Ellison Onizuka
Spacecraft typeEnhanced Cygnus
Manufacturer
Launch mass8,041 kg (17,727 lb)
Payload mass3,723 kg (8,208 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date10 August 2021, 22:01:05 UTC[1]
RocketAntares 230+
Launch siteWallops Islands, Pad 0A
ContractorNorthrop Grumman
End of mission
DisposalDeorbited
Decay date15 December 2021, 06:25 UTC
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Inclination51.66°
Berthing at International Space Station
Berthing portUnity nadir
RMS capture12 August 2021, 10:07 UTC
Berthing date12 August 2021, 13:42 UTC
Unberthing date20 November 2021, 13:40 UTC
RMS release20 November 2021, 16:01 UTC
Time berthed100 days
Cargo
Mass3,723 kg (8,208 lb)
Cygnus NG-16 Patch.png
NASA Cygnus NG-16 mission patch  

Cygnus NG-16,[2][3] previously known as Cygnus OA-16, was the sixteenth flight of the Northrop Grumman robotic resupply spacecraft Cygnus and its fifteenth flight to the International Space Station (ISS) under the Commercial Resupply Services (CRS-2) contract with NASA. The mission was launched on 10 August 2021 at 22:01:05 UTC, for a (planned) 90-day mission at the ISS.[1][4] This was the fifth launch of Cygnus under the CRS-2 contract.[5][6]

Orbital ATK (now Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems) and NASA jointly developed a new space transportation system to provide commercial cargo resupply services to the International Space Station (ISS). Under the Commercial Orbital Transportation Services (COTS) program, Orbital ATK designed, acquired, built, and assembled these components: Antares, a medium-class launch vehicle; Cygnus, an advanced spacecraft using a Pressurized Cargo Module (PCM) provided by industrial partner Thales Alenia Space and a Service Module based on the Orbital GEOStar satellite bus.[7]

History

Cygnus NG-16 was the fifth Cygnus mission under the Commercial Resupply Services-2 contract. Production and integration of Cygnus spacecraft are performed in Dulles, Virginia. The Cygnus service module is mated with the pressurized cargo module at the launch site, and mission operations are conducted from control centers in Dulles, Virginia and Houston, Texas .[7]

Spacecraft

Main page: Engineering:Cygnus (spacecraft)

This was the eleventh flight of the Enhanced-sized Cygnus PCM.[8][6] Northrop Grumman named this spacecraft after Ellison Onizuka, the first Asian American astronaut.[2]

Manifest

The Cygnus spacecraft was loaded with 3,723 kg (8,208 lb) of research, hardware, and crew supplies.[1][9]

  • Crew supplies: 1,396 kg (3,078 lb)
  • Unpressurized cargo: 48 kg (106 lb)
  • Science investigations: 1,064 kg (2,346 lb)
  • Spacewalk equipment: 15 kg (33 lb)
  • Vehicle hardware: 1,037 kg (2,286 lb)
  • Computer resources: 44 kg (97 lb)

The SEOPS Slingshot Deployment System delivered CubeSats to a 500 km (310 mi) orbit, following un-berthing from the ISS in late 2021.[10]

The 4-Bed Carbon Dioxide Scrubber, a next-generation air filtration unit developed and built by NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, was aboard Cygnus NG-16.[11]

Research

NASA Glenn Research Center:[12]

  • Flow Boiling and Condensation Experiment (FBCE)
  • Fluids Integrated Rack (FIR) Reconfigure

University of Kentucky:[13]

  • Kentucky Re-Entry Probe Experiment (KREPE): This experiment consisted of three capsules which re-entered the atmosphere in a hypersonic flight. This experiment was conducted at the conclusion of the NG-16 flight. Each capsule was outfitted with a heat shield for protection during re-entry. The goal of the mission was to collect thermal data from each heat shield.

Space Development Agency:

  • Prototype Infrared Payload (PIRPL): An experimental missile tracking infrared sensor made by Northrop Grumman for the Space Development Agency (SDA) and the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) in support of the SDA's planned Tracking Layer constellation.[14] Before the re-entry into the atmosphere, Cygnus NG-16 released the PIRPL to conduct observations using its infrared sensor. The infrared data helped engineers designing the next generation of missile tracking satellites. The technology demonstration helped future U.S. military satellites better detect and track hypersonic missiles, like the ones China and Russia have recently (around 2021) tested.[15]

Undocking and departure

On 18 November 2021, SPDM/Dextre grappled STP-H6 from ExPRESS-3 and mounted it onto the external payload attach device on the hull.[16] At 16:01 UTC on 20 November 2021, flight controllers on the ground sent commands to release the Northrop Grumman Cygnus spacecraft from the Canadarm2 robotic arm after earlier detaching Cygnus NG-16 from the Earth-facing port of the Unity module. At the time of release, the station was flying about 420 km (260 mi) over the South Pacific Ocean. The Cygnus spacecraft successfully departed the International Space Station more than three months after arriving at the space station to deliver about 3,400 kg (7,500 lb) of scientific investigations and supplies to the orbiting laboratory. After departure, the Kentucky Re-Entry Probe Experiment (KREPE) stowed inside Cygnus took measurements to demonstrate a thermal protection system for spacecraft and their contents during re-entry in Earth's atmosphere, which can be difficult to replicate in ground simulations. Cygnus deorbited on 15 December 2021, following a deorbit engine firing to set up a destructive re-entry in which the spacecraft, filled with waste the space station crew packed in the spacecraft, burns up in the atmosphere of Earth.[17]

See also

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 Clark, Stephen (10 August 2021). "Northrop Grumman launches commercial resupply mission to space station". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/08/10/northrop-grumman-launches-commercial-resupply-mission-to-space-station/. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 "NASA Commercial Resupply Mission NG-16". Northrop Grumman. 12 July 2021. https://www.northropgrumman.com/space/nasa-commercial-resupply-mission-ng-16/. 
  3. Clark, Stephen (9 August 2021). "Antares rocket ready for launch on space station resupply mission". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/08/09/antares-rocket-ready-for-launch-on-space-station-resupply-mission/. 
  4. "NASA Invites Media to Northrop Grumman's August Launch from Virginia" (Press release). NASA. 7 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. Gebhardt, Chris (1 June 2018). "Orbital ATK looks ahead to CRS-2 Cygnus flights, Antares on the commercial market". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2018/06/orbital-atk-crs2-cygnus-flights-antares-commercial/. 
  6. 6.0 6.1 Clark, Stephen (1 October 2020). "Northrop Grumman "optimistic" to receive more NASA cargo mission orders". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/10/01/northrop-grumman-optimistic-to-receive-more-nasa-cargo-mission-orders/. 
  7. 7.0 7.1 "Cygnus Spacecraft". Northrop Grumman. 6 January 2020. https://www.northropgrumman.com/space/cygnus-spacecraft/. 
  8. Leone, Dan (17 August 2015). "NASA Orders Two More ISS Cargo Missions From Orbital ATK". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-orders-two-more-iss-cargo-missions-from-orbital-atk/. 
  9. "Overview for Northrop Grumman's 16th Commercial Resupply Mission". NASA. 4 August 2021. https://www.nasa.gov/content/overview-for-northrop-grummans-16th-commercial-resupply-mission.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  10. "Slingshot Deployment Process". 1 October 2020. https://seopsllc.com/slingshot/slingshot-deployment-process.html. 
  11. "Marshall Ships Next-Generation Air Filtration Hardware to Wallops for Flight to International Space Station". NASA. 10 June 2021. https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/releases/2021/marshall-ships-next-generation-air-filtration-hardware-for-flight-to-iss.html.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  12. "ISS Research Program". Glenn Research Center. NASA. 1 January 2020. https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/space/iss-research/.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. "Technology demonstration of the KRUPS capsule for heat-shield validation". University of Kentucky. NASA. August 2018. https://flightopportunities.nasa.gov/technologies/214/.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  14. Erwin, Sandra (9 August 2021). "DoD experiment flying to International Space Station to collect data for missile-tracking sensors". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/dod-experiment-flying-to-international-space-station-to-collect-data-for-missile-tracking-sensors/. 
  15. "Cygnus cargo freighter ends mission at International Space Station". Spaceflight Now. 20 November 2021. https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/11/20/cygnus-cargo-freighter-ends-mission-at-international-space-station/. 
  16. "STP-H6" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/stp-h6.htm. 
  17. "Cygnus Departs Station Ending Cargo Mission". NASA. 20 November 2021. https://blogs.nasa.gov/spacestation/2021/11/20/cygnus-departs-station-ending-cargo-mission/.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

External links