Engineering:Atlas V

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Short description: Expendable launch system
Atlas V
Atlas V(401) launches with LRO and LCROSS cropped.jpg
Launch of an Atlas V 401 carrying the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter and LCROSS space probes on 18 June 2009.
Function
ManufacturerUnited Launch Alliance
Country of originUnited States
Cost per launchUS$110–153 million in 2016[1]
Size
Height58.3 m (191 ft) with payload fairing, 52.4 m (172 ft) with Starliner
Diameter3.81 m (12.5 ft)
Mass590,000 kg (1,300,000 lb)
Stages2
Capacity
Payload to low Earth orbit8,210–18,850 kg (18,100–41,560 lb)[2]
Payload to geostationary transfer orbit4,750–8,900 kg (10,470–19,620 lb)
Associated rockets
FamilyAtlas
Comparable
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sites
Total launches
Successes
Partial failures15 June 2007
First flight21 August 2002
Hot Bird 6
Last flight6 October 2023
Project Kuiper 2-satellite test
Notable payloads
Boosters – AJ-60A[6]
No. boosters0 to 5
Length17 m (56 ft)[6]
Diameter1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
Gross mass46,697 kg (102,949 lb)
Propellant mass42,630 kg (93,980 lb)[7]
Thrust1,688.4 kN (379,600 lbf)
Specific impulse279.3 s (2.739 km/s)
Burn time94 seconds
FuelHTPB
Boosters – GEM 63[8][9]
No. boosters0 to 5
Length20.1 m (66 ft)[8]
Diameter1.6 m (5 ft 3 in)
Gross mass49,300 kg (108,700 lb)
Propellant mass44,200 kg (97,400 lb)
Thrust1,663 kN (374,000 lbf)
Burn time94 seconds
FuelHTPB
First stage – Atlas CCB
Length32.46 m (106.5 ft)
Diameter3.81 m (12.5 ft)
Empty mass21,054 kg (46,416 lb)
Propellant mass284,089 kg (626,309 lb)
Engines1 RD-180
Thrust
  • 3,827 kN (860,000 lbf) (sea level)
  • 4,152 kN (933,000 lbf) (vacuum)
Specific impulse
  • 311.3 s (3.053 km/s) (sea level)
  • 337.8 s (3.313 km/s) (vacuum)
Burn time253 seconds
FuelRP-1 / LOX
Second stage – Centaur
Length12.68 m (41.6 ft)
Diameter3.05 m (10.0 ft)
Empty mass2,316 kg (5,106 lb)
Propellant mass20,830 kg (45,920 lb)
Engines1 RL10A or 1 RL10C (SEC), or 2 RL10A (DEC)
Thrust99.2 kN (22,300 lbf) (RL10A)
Specific impulse450.5 s (4.418 km/s) (RL10A-4-2)
Burn time842 seconds (RL10A-4-2)
FuelLH2 / LOX

Atlas V[lower-alpha 1] is an expendable launch system and the fifth major version in the Atlas launch vehicle family. It was originally designed by Lockheed Martin, now being operated by United Launch Alliance (ULA), a joint venture between Lockheed Martin and Boeing. It is used for DoD, NASA, and Commercial payloads. It is America's longest-serving active rocket. After 87 launches, in August 2021 ULA announced that Atlas V would be retired, and all 29 remaining launches had been sold. (As of January 2024), 17 launches remain. Other future ULA launches will use the new Vulcan Centaur rocket. [10]

Each Atlas V launch vehicle consists of two main stages. The first stage is powered by a Russian RD-180 engine manufactured by Energomash and burning kerosene and liquid oxygen. The Centaur upper stage is powered by one or two American RL10 engine(s) manufactured by Aerojet Rocketdyne and burns liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. Strap-on solid rocket boosters (SRBs) are used in most configurations. AJ-60A SRBs were used originally, but they were replaced in November 2020 by Graphite-Epoxy Motor (GEM 63) SRBs. The standard payload fairings are 4.2 or 5.4 m (14 or 18 ft) in diameter with various lengths.[11]

Vehicle description

The Atlas V was developed by Lockheed Martin Commercial Launch Services (LMCLS) as part of the United States Air Force Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program and made its inaugural flight on 21 August 2002. The vehicle operates from SLC-41 at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS) and SLC-3E at Vandenberg Space Force Base. LMCLS continued to market the Atlas V to commercial customers worldwide until January 2018, when United Launch Alliance (ULA) assumed control of commercial marketing and sales.[12][13]

Atlas V first stage

Main page: Engineering:Common Core Booster

The Atlas V first stage, the Common Core Booster (not to be confused with the Delta IV's Common Booster Core), is 3.8 m (12 ft) in diameter and 32.5 m (107 ft) in length. It is powered by one NPO Energomash RD-180 main engine burning 284,450 kg (627,100 lb) of liquid oxygen and RP-1. The booster operates for about four minutes, providing about 4 MN (900,000 lbf) of thrust.[14] Thrust can be augmented with up to five Aerojet AJ-60A or Northrop Grumman GEM 63 strap-on solid rocket boosters, each providing an additional 1.27 MN (290,000 lbf) of thrust for 94 seconds.

The main differences between the Atlas V and earlier Atlas I and II family launch vehicles are:

  • The first stage tanks no longer use stainless steel monocoque pressure stabilized "balloon" construction. The tanks are isogrid aluminum and are structurally stable when unpressurized.[14]
  • Accommodation points for parallel stages, both smaller solids and identical liquids, are built into first-stage structures.[14]
  • The "1.5 staging" technique is no longer used, having been discontinued on the Atlas III with the introduction of the Russian RD-180 engine.[14]
  • The main-stage diameter increased from 3.0 to 3.7 m (9.8 to 12.1 ft).[15]

Centaur upper stage

Main page: Engineering:Centaur (rocket stage)

The Centaur upper stage uses a pressure-stabilized propellant-tank design and cryogenic propellants. The Centaur stage for Atlas V is stretched 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) relative to the Atlas IIAS Centaur and is powered by either one or two Aerojet Rocketdyne RL10A-4-2 engines, each engine developing a thrust of 99.2 kN (22,300 lbf). The inertial navigation unit (INU) located on the Centaur provides guidance and navigation for both the Atlas and Centaur and controls both Atlas and Centaur tank pressures and propellant use. The Centaur engines are capable of multiple in-space starts, making possible insertion into low Earth parking orbit, followed by a coast period and then insertion into GTO.[16] A subsequent third burn following a multi-hour coast can permit direct injection of payloads into geostationary orbit.[citation needed]

(As of 2006), the Centaur vehicle had the highest proportion of burnable propellant relative to total mass of any modern hydrogen upper stage and hence can deliver substantial payloads to a high-energy state.[17]

Payload fairing

Atlas V payload fairings are available in two diameters, depending on satellite requirements. The 4.2 m (14 ft) diameter fairing,[18] originally designed for the Atlas II booster, comes in three different lengths: the original 9 m (30 ft) version and extended 10 and 11 m (33 and 36 ft) versions, first flown respectively on the AV-008/Astra 1KR and AV-004/Inmarsat-4 F1 missions. Fairings of up to 7.2 m (24 ft) diameter and 32.3 m (106 ft) length have been considered but were never implemented.[11]

A 5.4 m (18 ft) diameter fairing, with an internally usable diameter of 4.57 m (15.0 ft), was developed and built by RUAG Space[19] in Switzerland . The RUAG fairing uses carbon fiber composite construction and is based on a similar flight-proven fairing for the Ariane 5. Three configurations are manufactured to support the Atlas V: 20.7 m (68 ft), 23.4 m (77 ft), and 26.5 m (87 ft) long.[19] While the classic 4.2 m (14 ft) fairing covers only the payload, the RUAG fairing is much longer and fully encloses both the Centaur upper stage and the payload.[20]

Upgrades

Many systems on the Atlas V have been the subject of upgrade and enhancement both prior to the first Atlas V flight and since that time. Work on a new Fault Tolerant Inertial Navigation Unit (FTINU) started in 2001 to enhance mission reliability for Atlas vehicles by replacing the existing non-redundant navigation and computing equipment with a fault-tolerant unit.[21] The upgraded FTINU first flew in 2006,[22] and in 2010 a follow-on order for more FTINU units was awarded.[23]

In 2015, ULA announced that the Aerojet Rocketdyne-produced AJ-60A solid rocket boosters (SRBs) then in use on Atlas V would be superseded by new GEM 63 boosters produced by Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems. The extended GEM 63XL boosters will also be used on the Vulcan Centaur launch vehicle that will replace the Atlas V.[24] The first Atlas V launch with GEM 63 boosters happened on 13 November 2020.[25]

Human-rating certification

Proposals and design work to human-rate the Atlas V began as early as 2006, with ULA's parent company Lockheed Martin reporting an agreement with Bigelow Aerospace that was intended to lead to commercial private trips to low Earth orbit (LEO).[26]

Human-rating design and simulation work began in earnest in 2010, with the award of US$6.7 million in the first phase of the NASA Commercial Crew Program (CCP) to develop an Emergency Detection System (EDS).[27]

As of February 2011, ULA had received an extension to April 2011 from NASA and was finishing up work on the EDS.[28]

NASA solicited proposals for CCP phase 2 in October 2010, and ULA proposed to complete design work on the EDS. At the time, NASA's goal was to get astronauts to orbit by 2015. Then-ULA President and CEO Michael Gass stated that a schedule acceleration to 2014 was possible if funded.[29] Other than the addition of the Emergency Detection System, no major changes were expected to the Atlas V rocket, but ground infrastructure modifications were planned. The most likely candidate for the human-rating was the N02 configuration, with no fairing, no solid rocket boosters, and dual RL10 engines on the Centaur upper stage.[29]

On 18 July 2011, NASA and ULA announced an agreement on the possibility of certifying the Atlas V to NASA's standards for human spaceflight.[30] ULA agreed to provide NASA with data on the Atlas V, while NASA would provide ULA with draft human certification requirements.[30] In 2011, the human-rated Atlas V was also still under consideration to carry spaceflight participants to the proposed Bigelow Commercial Space Station.[31]

In 2011, Sierra Nevada Corporation (SNC) picked the Atlas V to be the booster for its still-under-development Dream Chaser crewed spaceplane.[32] The Dream Chaser was intended to launch on an Atlas V, fly a crew to the ISS, and landing horizontally following a lifting-body reentry.[32] However, in late 2014 NASA did not select the Dream Chaser to be one of the two vehicles selected under the Commercial Crew competition.

On 4 August 2011, Boeing announced that it would use the Atlas V as the initial launch vehicle for its CST-100 crew capsule. CST-100 will take NASA astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) and was also intended to service the proposed Bigelow Commercial Space Station.[33][34] A three-flight test program was projected to be completed by 2015, certifying the Atlas V/CST-100 combination for human spaceflight operations.[34] The first flight was expected to include an Atlas V rocket integrated with an uncrewed CST-100 capsule,[33] the second flight an in-flight launch abort system demonstration in the middle of that year,[34] and the third flight a crewed mission carrying two Boeing test-pilot astronauts into LEO and returning them safely at the end of 2015.[34] These plans did not materialize.

In 2014, NASA selected the Boeing Boeing Starliner CST-100 spacecraft as part of the Commercial Crew Program. Atlas V is the launch vehicle for Starliner. The first launch of an uncrewed Starliner, Boeing OFT, occurred atop a human-rated Atlas V on the morning of 20 December 2019; the mission failed to meet goals due to a spacecraft failure, though the Atlas V launcher performed well.[35][36] In 2022, an Atlas V launched a Starliner capsule for the second time, ending with mission success.[37][38]

Project Kuiper

Amazon has selected the Atlas V to launch satellites for Project Kuiper. Project Kuiper will offer a high-speed satellite internet constellation service. The contract signed with Amazon is for nine launches. Project Kuiper aims to put thousands of satellites into orbit. ULA is Amazon's first launch provider.[39]

Versions

Atlas V family with asymmetric SRBs. The HLV was not developed.
Atlas V 401

Each Atlas V booster configuration has a three-digit designation. The first digit shows the diameter (in meters) of the payload fairing and has a value of "4" or "5" for fairing launches and "N" for crew capsule launches (as no payload fairing is used when a crew capsule is launched). The second digit indicates the number of solid rocket boosters (SRBs) attached to the base of the launch vehicle and can range from "0" through "3" with the 4 m (13 ft) fairing, and "0" through "5" with the 5 m (16 ft) fairing. As seen in the first image, all SRB layouts are asymmetrical. The third digit represents the number of engines on the Centaur stage, either "1" or "2".

For example, an Atlas V 551 has a 5-meter fairing, 5 SRBs, and 1 Centaur engine, whereas an Atlas V 431 has a 4-meter fairing, 3 SRBs, and 1 Centaur engine.[40] The Atlas V N22 with no fairing, two SRBs, and 2 Centaur engines was first launched in 2019. The flight carried the Starliner vehicle for its first orbital test flight. In practice, none of the other dual-engine versions were ever planned or flown.

(As of June 2015), all versions of the Atlas V, its design and production rights, and intellectual property rights are owned by ULA and Lockheed Martin.[41]

Capabilities

Atlas V has flown in eleven configurations. While the design allows for other configurations, they have never been used and are not planned to be used. [42] Mass to LEO numbers are at an inclination of 28.5°.

All of the configurations use the Single Engine Centaur, except for the "N22". "N22" is used only on for Starliner missions, and uses Dual Engine Centaur

Launch system status
  Active
  Retired
Version Fairing SRBs Payload, kg[43] Launches
to date 		Base
price [1]
to LEO to GTO
401 4 m – 9,797 4,750 41 US$109 million
411 4 m 1 12,150 5,950 6 US$115 million
421 4 m 2 14,067 6,890 9 US$123 million
431 4 m 3 15,718 7,700 3 US$130 million
501 5.4 m – 8,123 3,775 8 US$120 million
511 5.4 m 1 10,986 5,250 1 US$130 million
521 5.4 m 2 13,490 6,475 2 US$135 million
531 5.4 m 3 15,575 7,475 5 US$140 million
541 5.4 m 4 17,443 8,290 9 US$145 million
551 5.4 m 5 18,814 8,900 13 US$153 million
N22 [lower-roman 1] None 2 ~13,000 (to ISS)[45] 2 –
  1. ↑ for CST-100 Starliner[44]

Launch cost

Before 2016, pricing information for Atlas V launches was limited. In 2010, NASA contracted with ULA to launch the MAVEN mission on an Atlas V 401 for approximately US$187 million.[46] The 2013 cost of this configuration for the U.S. Air Force under their block buy of 36 launch vehicles was US$164 million.[47] In 2015, the TDRS-M launch on an Atlas 401 cost NASA US$132.4 million.[48]

Starting in 2016, ULA provided pricing for the Atlas V through its RocketBuilder website, advertising a base price for each launch vehicle configuration, which ranges from US$109 million for the 401 up to US$153 million for the 551.[1] Each additional SRB adds an average of US$6.8 million to the cost of the launch vehicle. Customers can also choose to purchase larger payload fairings or additional launch service options. NASA and Air Force launch costs are often higher than equivalent commercial missions due to additional government accounting, analysis, processing, and mission assurance requirements, which can add US$30–80 million to the cost of a launch.[49]

In 2013, launch costs for commercial satellites to GTO averaged about US$100 million, significantly lower than historic Atlas V pricing.[50] However, in recent years[clarification needed] the price of an Atlas V [401] has dropped from approximately US$180 million to US$109 million,[citation needed] in large part due to competitive pressure that emerged in the launch services marketplace during the early 2010s. ULA CEO Tory Bruno stated in 2016 that ULA needs at least two commercial missions each year in order to stay profitable going forward.[51] ULA is not attempting to win these missions on purely lowest purchase price, stating that it "would rather be the best value provider".[52] In 2016, ULA suggested that customers would have much lower insurance and delay costs because of the high Atlas V reliability and schedule certainty, making overall customer costs close to that of using competitors like the SpaceX Falcon 9.[53]

Historically proposed versions

In 2006, ULA offered an Atlas V Heavy option that would use three Common Core Booster (CCB) stages strapped together to lift a 29,400 kg (64,800 lb) payload to low Earth orbit.[54] ULA stated at the time that 95% of the hardware required for the Atlas V Heavy has already been flown on the Atlas V single-core vehicles.[11] The lifting capability of the proposed launch vehicle was to be roughly equivalent to the Delta IV Heavy,[11] which uses RS-68 engines developed and produced domestically by Aerojet Rocketdyne.

A 2006 report, prepared by the RAND Corporation for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, stated that Lockheed Martin had decided not to develop an Atlas V heavy-lift vehicle (HLV).[55] The report recommended for the U.S. Air Force and the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) to "determine the necessity of an EELV heavy-lift variant, including development of an Atlas V Heavy", and to "resolve the RD-180 issue, including coproduction, stockpile, or United States development of an RD-180 replacement".[56]

In 2010, ULA stated that the Atlas V Heavy variant could be available to customers 30 months from the date of order.[11]

Atlas V PH2

In late 2006, the Atlas V program gained access to the tooling and processes for 5-meter-diameter stages used on Delta IV when Boeing and Lockheed Martin space operations were merged into the United Launch Alliance. This led to a proposal to combine the 5-meter-diameter Delta IV tankage production processes with dual RD-180 engines, resulting in the Atlas Phase 2.

An Atlas V PH2-Heavy consisting of three 5-meter stages in parallel with six RD-180s was considered in the Augustine Report as a possible heavy lifter for use in future space missions, as well as the Shuttle-derived Ares V and Ares V Lite.[57] If built, the Atlas PH2-Heavy was projected to be able to launch a payload mass of approximately 70 t (69 long tons; 77 short tons) into an orbit of 28.5° inclination.[57]

Booster for GX rocket

The Atlas V Common Core Booster was to have been used as the first stage of the joint US-Japanese GX rocket, which was scheduled to make its first flight in 2012.[58] GX launches would have been from the Atlas V launch complex at Vandenberg Air Force Base, SLC-3E. However, the Japanese government decided to cancel the GX project in December 2009.[59]

Out-licensing rejected by ULA

In May 2015, a consortium of companies, including Aerojet and Dynetics, sought to license the production or manufacturing rights to the Atlas V using the AR1 engine in place of the RD-180. The proposal was rejected by ULA.[60]

Atlas V launches

Further information: Engineering:List of Atlas launches
Flight No. Date and time (UTC) Type Serial no. Launch site Payload Type of payload Orbit Outcome Remarks
1 21 August 2002
22:05 		401 AV-001 CCAFS, SLC-41 Hot Bird 6 Commercial communications satellite (comsat) GTO Success [61] First Atlas V launch
2 13 May 2003
22:10 		401 AV-002 CCAFS, SLC-41 Hellas Sat 2 Commercial comsat GTO Success [62] First satellite for Greece and Cyprus
3 17 July 2003
23:45 		521 AV-003 CCAFS, SLC-41 Rainbow-1 Commercial comsat GTO Success [63] First Atlas V 500 launch
First Atlas V launch with SRBs
4 17 December 2004
12:07 		521 AV-005 CCAFS, SLC-41 AMC-16 Commercial comsat GTO Success [64] Last flight of the 521 configuration
5 11 March 2005
21:42 		431 AV-004 CCAFS, SLC-41 Inmarsat-4 F1 Commercial comsat GTO Success [65] First Atlas V 400 launch with SRBs
6 12 August 2005
11:43 		401 AV-007 CCAFS, SLC-41 Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Mars orbiter Heliocentric to
Areocentric 		Success [66] First Atlas V launch for NASA
7 19 January 2006
19:00 		551 AV-010 CCAFS, SLC-41 New Horizons Pluto and Kuiper Belt probe Hyperbolic Success [67] Star 48B third stage used, only Atlas V launch with a third stage.
8 20 April 2006
20:27 		411 AV-008 CCAFS, SLC-41 Astra 1KR Commercial comsat GTO Success [68]
9 9 March 2007
03:10 		401 AV-013 CCAFS, SLC-41 Space Test Program-1 6 military research satellites LEO Success [69]
  • First ULA Atlas launch
  • First Atlas V night launch
  • First three-burn Atlas V mission
  • Orbital Express
  • FalconSAT-3
10 15 June 2007
15:12 		401 AV-009 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-194 (NROL-30/NOSS-4-3A and -4-3B) Two NRO Reconnaissance satellites LEO Success [70] First Atlas V flight for the National Reconnaissance Office [71] Atlas did not achieve the intended orbit, but payload compensated for shortfall. NRO declared the mission a success.[70][72][73]
11 11 October 2007
00:22 		421 AV-011 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-195 (WGS-1) Military comsat GTO Success [74] Valve replacement delayed launch.[75]
12 10 December 2007
22:05 		401 AV-015 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-198 (NROL-24) NRO reconnaissance satellite Molniya Success [76]
13 13 March 2008
10:02 		411 AV-006 Vandenberg Air Force Base ,
SLC-3E 		USA-200 (NROL-28) NRO reconnaissance satellite Molniya Success [77] First Atlas V launch from Vandenberg.[77]
14 14 April 2008
20:12 		421 AV-014 CCAFS, SLC-41 ICO G1 Commercial comsat GTO Success [78]
  • Lockheed Martin Commercial Launch Services launch
  • Heaviest payload launched by an Atlas until the launch of MUOS-1 in 2012.
  • Largest comsat in the world at time of launch until the launch of TerreStar-1 in 2009 by Ariane 5 and then Telstar 19V on 21 July 2018 by Falcon 9.
15 4 April 2009
00:31 		421 AV-016 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-204 (WGS-2) Military comsat GTO Success [79]
16 18 June 2009
21:32 		401 AV-020 CCAFS, SLC-41 LRO/LCROSS Lunar exploration HEO to Lunar Success [80] First Centaur stage to impact on the Moon.
17 8 September 2009
21:35 		401 AV-018 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-207 (Palladium At Night - PAN) Military comsat [81] GTO[81] Success [82] The Centaur upper stage fragmented in orbit about 24 March 2019.[83]
18 18 October 2009
16:12 		401 AV-017 Vandenberg Air Force Base ,
SLC-3E 		USA-210 (DMSP 5D3-F18) Military weather satellite LEO Success [84]
19 23 November 2009
06:55 		431 AV-024 CCAFS, SLC-41 Intelsat 14 Commercial comsat GTO Success [85] LMCLS launch
20 11 February 2010
15:23 		401 AV-021 CCAFS, SLC-41 SDO Solar telescope GTO Success [86]
21 22 April 2010
23:52 		501 AV-012 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-212 (X-37B OTV-1) Military orbital test vehicle LEO Success [87] A piece of the external fairing did not break up on impact, but washed up on Hilton Head Island.[88]
22 14 August 2010
11:07 		531 AV-019 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-214 (AEHF-1) Military comsat GTO Success [89]
23 21 September 2010
04:03 		501 AV-025 Vandenberg Air Force Base , SLC-3E USA-215 (NROL-41) NRO reconnaissance satellite LEO Success [90]
24 5 March 2011
22:46 		501 AV-026 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-226 (X-37B OTV-2) Military orbital test vehicle LEO Success [91]
25 15 April 2011
04:24 		411 AV-027 Vandenberg Air Force Base , SLC-3E USA-229 (NROL-34) NRO reconnaissance satellite LEO Success [92]
26 7 May 2011
18:10 		401 AV-022 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-230 (SBIRS GEO-1) Missile Warning satellite GTO Success [93]
27 5 August 2011
16:25 		551 AV-029 CCAFS, SLC-41 Juno Jupiter orbiter Hyperbolic to
Jovicentric 		Success [94]
28 26 November 2011
15:02 		541 AV-028 CCAFS, SLC-41 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mars rover Hyperbolic
(Mars landing) 		Success [95] First launch of the 541 configuation [96]
Centaur entered orbit around the Sun.[97]
29 24 February 2012
22:15 		551 AV-030 CCAFS, SLC-41 MUOS-1 Military comsat GTO Success [98]
  • 200th Centaur launch [99]
  • Heaviest payload launched by an Atlas until launch of MUOS-2
30 4 May 2012
18:42 		531 AV-031 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-235 (AEHF-2) Military comsat GTO Success[100]
31 20 June 2012
12:28 		401 AV-023 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-236 (NROL-38) NRO reconnaissance satellite GTO Success [101] 50th EELV launch
32 30 August 2012
08:05 		401 AV-032 CCAFS, SLC-41 Van Allen Probes (RBSP) Van Allen Belts exploration HEO Success [102]
33 13 September 2012
21:39 		401 AV-033 Vandenberg Air Force Base , SLC-3E USA-238 (NROL-36) NRO reconnaissance satellites LEO Success [103]
34 11 December 2012
18:03 		501 AV-034 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-240 (X-37B OTV-3) Military orbital test vehicle LEO Success [104]
35 31 January 2013
01:48 		401 AV-036 CCAFS, SLC-41 TDRS-K (TDRS-11) Data relay satellite GTO Success [105]
36 11 February 2013
18:02 		401 AV-035 VAFB, SLC-3E Landsat 8 Earth Observation satellite LEO Success[106] First West Coast Atlas V Launch for NASA
37 19 March 2013
21:21 		401 AV-037 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-241 (SBIRS GEO 2) Missile Warning satellite GTO Success [107]
38 15 May 2013
21:38 		401 AV-039 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-242 (GPS IIF-4) Navigation satellite MEO Success [108] First GPS satellite launched by an Atlas V
39 19 July 2013
13:00 		551 AV-040 CCAFS, SLC-41 MUOS-2 Military comsat GTO Success [109]
40 18 September 2013
08:10 		531 AV-041 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-246 (AEHF-3) Military comsat GTO Success [110]
41 18 November 2013
18:28 		401 AV-038 CCAFS, SLC-41 MAVEN Mars orbiter Hyperbolic to
Areocentric 		Success [111]
42 6 December 2013
07:14:30 		501 AV-042 VAFB, SLC-3E USA-247 (NROL-39) NRO reconnaissance satellite Low Earth orbit Success [112]
43 24 January 2014
02:33 		401 AV-043 CCAFS, SLC-41 TDRS-L (TDRS-12) Data relay satellite GTO Success[113]
44 3 April 2014
14:46 		401 AV-044 VAFB, SLC-3E USA-249 (DMSP-5D3 F19) Military weather satellite Low Earth orbit Success [114] 50th RD-180 launch
45 10 April 2014
17:45 		541 AV-045 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-250 (NROL-67) NRO reconnaissance satellite GTO Success[115]
46 22 May 2014
13:09 		401 AV-046 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-252 (NROL-33) NRO reconnaissance satellite GTO Success[116]
47 2 August 2014
03:23 		401 AV-048 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-256 (GPS IIF-7) Navigation satellite MEO Success[117]
48 13 August 2014
18:30 		401 AV-047 VAFB, SLC-3E WorldView-3 Earth imaging satellite Low Earth orbit Success [118]
49 17 September 2014
00:10 		401 AV-049 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-257 (CLIO) Military comsat[119] GTO[119] Success[120] The Centaur upper stage fragmented on 31 August 2018[121]
50 29 October 2014
17:21 		401 AV-050 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-258 (GPS IIF-8) Navigation satellite MEO Success[122] 50th Atlas V launch
51 13 December 2014
03:19 		541 AV-051 VAFB, SLC-3E USA-259 (NROL-35) NRO reconnaissance satellite Molniya Success [123] First use of the RL-10C engine on the Centaur stage
52 21 January 2015
01:04 		551 AV-052 CCAFS, SLC-41 MUOS-3 Military comsat GTO Success[124]
53 13 March 2015
02:44 		421 AV-053 CCAFS, SLC-41 MMS Magnetosphere research satellites HEO Success[125]
54 20 May 2015
15:05 		501 AV-054 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-261 (X-37B OTV-4/AFSPC-5) Military orbital test vehicle LEO Success[126]
55 15 July 2015
15:36 		401 AV-055 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA-262 (GPS IIF-10) Navigation satellite MEO Success[127]
56 2 September 2015
10:18 		551 AV-056 CCAFS, SLC-41 MUOS-4 Military comsat GTO Success[128]
57 2 October 2015
10:28 		421 AV-059 CCAFS, SLC-41 Morelos-3 Comsat GTO Success[129]
58 8 October 2015
12:49 		401 AV-058 Vandenberg Air Force Base  SLC-3E USA-264 (NROL-55) NRO reconnaissance satellites LEO Success[130]
59 31 October 2015
16:13 		401 AV-060 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station  SLC-41 USA-265 (GPS IIF-11) Navigation satellite MEO Success[131]
60 6 December 2015
21:44 		401 AV-061 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station  SLC-41 Cygnus CRS OA-4 ISS logistics spacecraft LEO Success[132] First Atlas rocket used to directly support the ISS program
61 5 February 2016
13:38 		401 AV-057 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station  SLC-41 USA-266 (GPS IIF-12) Navigation satellite MEO Success[133]
62 23 March 2016
03:05 		401 AV-064 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station  SLC-41 Cygnus CRS OA-6 ISS logistics spacecraft LEO Success[134] First stage shut down early but did not affect mission outcome
63 24 June 2016
14:30 		551 AV-063 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station  SLC-41 MUOS-5 Military comsat GTO Success[135]
64 28 July 2016
12:37 		421 AV-065 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station  SLC-41 USA-267 (NROL-61) NRO reconnaissance satellite GTO Success[136]
65 8 September 2016
23:05 		411 AV-067 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station  SLC-41 OSIRIS-REx Asteroid sample return Heliocentric Success[137]
66 11 November 2016
18:30 		401 AV-062 Vandenberg Air Force Base SLC-3E WorldView-4 (GeoEye-2) + 7 NRO cubesats Earth Imaging, cubesats SSO Success[138] LMCLS launch
67 19 November 2016
23:42 		541 AV-069 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station SLC-41 GOES-R (GOES-16) Meteorology GTO Success[139] 100th EELV launch
68 18 December 2016
19:13 		431 AV-071 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station SLC-41 EchoStar 19 (Jupiter 2) Commercial comsat GTO Success[140] LMCLS launch

Last flight of the 431 configuration

69 21 January 2017
00:42 		401 AV-066 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station  SLC-41 USA-273 (SBIRS GEO-3) Missile Warning satellite GTO Success[141]
70 1 March 2017
17:49 		401 AV-068 Vandenberg Air Force Base SLC-3E USA-274 (NROL-79) NRO Reconnaissance Satellite LEO Success[142]
71 18 April 2017
15:11 		401 AV-070 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station  SLC-41 Cygnus CRS OA-7 ISS logistics spacecraft LEO Success[143]
72 18 August 2017
12:29 		401 AV-074 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station  SLC-41 TDRS-M (TDRS-13) Data relay satellite GTO Success[144]
73 24 September 2017
05:49 		541 AV-072 Vandenberg Air Force Base SLC-3E USA-278 (NROL-42) NRO Reconnaissance Satellite Molniya Success[145]
74 15 October 2017
07:28 		421 AV-075 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station  SLC-41 USA-279 (NROL-52) NRO Reconnaissance satellite GTO Success[146]
75 20 January 2018
00:48 		411 AV-076 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station  SLC-41 USA-282 (SBIRS GEO-4) Missile Warning satellite GTO Success[147]
76 1 March 2018
22:02 		541 AV-077 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station SLC-41 GOES-S (GOES-17) Meteorology GTO Success[148] Expended the 100th AJ-60 SRB
77 14 April 2018
23:13 		551 AV-079 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station SLC-41 AFSPC-11 Military comsat GEO Success[149]
78 5 May 2018
11:05 		401 AV-078 Vandenberg Air Force Base SLC-3E InSight MarCO Mars lander; 2 CubeSats Hyperbolic
(Mars landing) 		Success[150] First interplanetary mission from Vandenberg Air Force Base ; first interplanetary CubeSats.
79 17 October 2018,
04:15 		551 AV-073 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station SLC-41 USA-288 (AEHF-4) Military comsat GTO Success[151][152] 250th Centaur. The Centaur upper stage fragmented in orbit on 6 Apr 2019.[153][154]
80 8 August 2019,
10:13 		551 AV-083 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station SLC-41 USA-292 (AEHF-5) Military comsat GTO Success[155]
81 20 December 2019,
11:36 		N22 AV-080 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station SLC-41 Starliner Boeing OFT Uncrewed orbital test flight LEO (ISS) Success First flight of a Dual-Engine Centaur on Atlas V. First orbital test flight of Starliner. Planned to visit ISS, but an anomaly with the Starliner vehicle left the spacecraft in too low an orbit to do so. The Atlas V rocket performed as expected and thus the mission is listed as successful here.[156]
82 10 February 2020,
04:03 		411 AV-087 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station SLC-41 Solar Orbiter Solar heliophysics orbiter Heliocentric Success[157] Last Flight of the 411 configuration
83 26 March 2020,
20:18 		551 AV-086 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station SLC-41 USA-298 (AEHF-6) Military comsat GTO Success[158] First ever flight for the U.S. Space Force. 500th flight of the RL10 engine
84 17 May 2020,
13:14 		501 AV-081 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station SLC-41 USA-299 (USSF-7 (X-37B OTV-6, Falcon-Sat-8)) X-37 military spaceplane; USAFA sat. LEO Success[159] Sixth flight of X-37B; FalconSat-8
85 30 July 2020,
11:50 		541 AV-088 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station SLC-41 Mars 2020 Mars rover Heliocentric Success[160] Launch of the Perseverance rover
86 13 November 2020,
22:32 		531 AV-090 Cape Canaveral Air Force Station SLC-41 USA 310
(NROL-101) 		NRO Reconnaissance Satellite LEO Success[161] First usage of new GEM 63 solid rocket boosters.
87 18 May 2021,
17:37 		421 AV-091 CCAFS, SLC-41 USA 315
(SBIRS-GEO 5) 		Missile warning satellite GTO Success [162] First usage of RL-10C-1-1 upper stage engine. Mission was successful, but unexpected vibration was observed in the new engine. Further use of this engine variant is on hold pending better understanding.[163]
88 27 September 2021
18:12 		401 AV-092 VSFB, SLC-3E Landsat 9 Earth Observation satellite LEO Success [164]
89 16 October 2021
09:34 		401 AV-096 CCAFS, SLC-41 Lucy Space probe Heliocentric Success [165]
90 7 December 2021
10:19 		551 AV-093 CCAFS, SLC-41 STP-3 Technology demonstration GEO Success [166] Longest flight ever by an Atlas V Rocket
91 21 January 2022
19:00 		511 AV-084 CCSFS, SLC-41 USSF-8
(GSSAP 5 & 6) 		Space Surveillance GEO Success[167] First and only planned flight of the 511 configuration
92 1 March 2022
21:38 		541 AV-095 CCSFS, SLC-41 GOES-T Meteorology GEO Success[168]
93 19 May 2022
22:54 		N22 AV-082 CCSFS, SLC-41 Boe OFT-2 Uncrewed orbital test flight LEO (ISS) Success[169]
94 1 July 2022
23:15 		541 AV-094 CCSFS, SLC-41 USSF-12 (WFOV) Early warning GEO Success[170] Last flight of the 541 configuration

100th flight of an RD-180 engine

95 4 August 2022
10:29 		421 AV-097 CCSFS, SLC-41 USA-336 (SBIRS GEO-6) Missile warning satellite GEO Success[171] Last flight of the 421 configuration
96 4 October 2022 21:36 531 AV-099 CCSFS, SLC-41 SES-20 & SES-21 Communication Satellites GEO Success[172] Last flight of the 531 configuration
97 10 November 2022 09:49 401 AV-098 VSFB, SLC-3E JPSS-2 / LOFTID Environmental Satellites SSO Success[173] Last flight of the 401 configuration and last Atlas V launch from VSFB. Final flight of an Atlas V with a 4-meter fairing. 100th use of Single Engine Centaur.
98 10 September 2023 12:47 551 AV-102 CCSFS, SLC-41 USA-246
USA-247
USA-248
(NROL-107) 		NRO domain awareness satellites GEO Success[174] Final NRO launch on an Atlas V.
99 6 October 2023 18:06 501 AV-104 CCSFS, SLC-41 KuiperSat-1 & KuiperSat-2 Experimental Internet Satellites LEO Success[175] Project Kuiper Protoflight mission carrying two demonstrator satellites. Last flight of the 501 configuration.

ULA has stopped selling the Atlas V. It will fly 17 more launches.[176]

For planned launches, see List of Atlas launches (2020–2029).

Notable missions

The first payload, the Hot Bird 6 communications satellite, was launched to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) on 21 August 2002 by an Atlas V 401.[177]

On 12 August 2005, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter was launched aboard an Atlas V 401 launch vehicle from Space Launch Complex 41 at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS). The Centaur upper stage of the launch vehicle completed its burns over a 56-minute period and placed MRO into an interplanetary transfer orbit towards Mars.[66]

On 19 January 2006, New Horizons was launched by a Lockheed Martin Atlas V 551 rocket. A third stage was added to increase the heliocentric (escape) speed. This was the first launch of the Atlas V 551 configuration with five solid rocket boosters, and the first Atlas V with a third stage.[178]

On 6 December 2015, Atlas V lifted its heaviest payload to date into orbit – a 16,517 lb (7,492 kg) Cygnus resupply craft.[179]

On 8 September 2016, the OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Sample Return Mission was launched on an Atlas V 411 launch vehicle. It arrived at the asteroid Bennu in December 2018 and departed back to Earth in May 2021 to arrive September 2022 at with a sample ranging from 60 grams to 2 kilograms in 2023.[180]

The first four Boeing X-37B spaceplane missions were successfully launched with the Atlas V. The X-37B, also known as the Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV), is a reusable robotic spacecraft operated by United States Air Force that can autonomously conduct landings from orbit to a runway.[181] X-37B flights are launched on Atlas V's from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. The first Vandenberg Air Force Base landing at the Space Shuttle 15,000 ft (4,600 m) runway occurred in December 2010.[182] Landings occur at both Vandenberg and Cape Canaveral depending on mission requirements.[181]

On 20 December 2019, the first Starliner crew capsule was launched in Boe-OFT un-crewed test flight. The Atlas V launch vehicle performed flawlessly but an anomaly with the spacecraft left it in a wrong orbit. The orbit was too low to reach the flight's destination of ISS, and the mission was subsequently cut short.

Mission success record

In its 94 launches (as of July 2022), starting with its first launch in August 2002, Atlas V has achieved a 100% mission success rate and a 98.93% vehicle success rate.[183] This is in contrast to the industry success rate of 90%–95%.[184]

The first anomalous event in the use of the Atlas V launch system occurred on 15 June 2007, when the engine in the Centaur upper stage of an Atlas V shut down early, leaving its payload – a pair of NROL-30 ocean surveillance satellites – in a lower than intended orbit. The cause of the anomaly was traced to a leaky valve, which allowed fuel to leak during the coast between the first and second burns. The resulting lack of fuel caused the second burn to terminate 4 seconds early.[185] Replacing the valve led to a delay in the next Atlas V launch.[75] However, the customer (the National Reconnaissance Office) categorized the mission as a success.[186][187]

A flight on 23 March 2016, suffered an underperformance anomaly on the first-stage burn and shut down 5 seconds early. The Centaur proceeded to boost the Orbital Cygnus payload, the heaviest on an Atlas to date, into the intended orbit by using its fuel reserves to make up for the shortfall from the first stage. This longer burn cut short a later Centaur disposal burn.[188] An investigation of the incident revealed that this anomaly was due to a fault in the main engine mixture-ratio supply valve, which restricted the flow of fuel to the engine. The investigation and subsequent examination of the valves on upcoming missions led to a delay of the next several launches.[189]

Notable payloads


Replacement with Vulcan

In 2014, geopolitical and U.S. political considerations because of the Russian war with Crimea led to an effort to replace the Russian-supplied RD-180 engine used on the first-stage booster of the Atlas V. Formal study contracts were issued in June 2014 to a number of U.S. rocket-engine suppliers.[190] The results of those studies led to a decision by ULA to develop the new Vulcan Centaur launch vehicle to replace the existing Atlas V and Delta IV.[191]

In September 2014, ULA announced a partnership with Blue Origin to develop the BE-4 LOX/methane engine to replace the RD-180 on a new first-stage booster. As the Atlas V core is designed around RP-1 fuel and cannot be retrofitted to use a methane-fueled engine, a new first stage is being developed. This booster will have the same first-stage tankage diameter as the Delta IV and will be powered by two 2,400 kN (540,000 lbf) thrust BE-4 engines.[190][192][193] The engine was already in its third year of development by Blue Origin, and ULA expected the new stage and engine to start flying no earlier than 2019.

Vulcan was initially planned to use the same Centaur upper stage as on Atlas V, and later to upgrade to ACES, however ACES is no longer being pursued, and Centaur V will be used instead.[194] It will also use a variable number of optional solid rocket boosters, called the GEM 63XL, derived from the new solid boosters planned for Atlas V.[24]

As of 2017, the Aerojet AR1 rocket engine was under development as a backup plan for Vulcan.[195]

The first Vulcan successfully launched on 8 January 2024.[196][197]

Retirement

In August 2021, ULA announced that they are no longer selling launches on the Atlas V and they would fulfill their 29 existing launch contracts.[10] They made a final purchase of the RD-180 motors they needed and the last of those motors were delivered in April 2021. The last launch will occur "some time in the mid-2020s".[10] (As of January 2024), twelve missions have flown since the announcement,[lower-alpha 2] and 17 launches remain.

Photo gallery

  • Core stage of an Atlas V being raised to a vertical position.

  • X-37B OTV-1 (Orbital Test Vehicle) being encased in its payload fairing for its 22 April 2010, launch.

  • An Atlas V 541 is moved to the launch pad.

  • Atlas V 401 on launch pad

  • Atlas V ignition

  • An Atlas V 551 with the New Horizons probe launches from Launch Pad 41 in Cape Canaveral.

See also


Comparable rockets:


Notes

  1. ↑ Pronounced "Atlas five". "V" is the roman numeral 5.
  2. ↑ the first mission after the announcement was mission 88. See table for the twelve later launches.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "RocketBuilder". United Launch Alliance. 2017-03-10. https://www.rocketbuilder.com. 
  2. ↑ "Atlas V". United Launch Alliance. https://www.ulalaunch.com/rockets/atlas-v. 
  3. ↑ Frankle, Jared (28 July 2019). "ULA delays focused on protecting its 100 percent mission success rate". NASASpaceflight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/07/ula-delays-protecting-100-percent-success/. 
  4. ↑ "NRO satellite successfully launched aboard Atlas V". National Reconnaissance Office. 15 June 2007. https://www.nro.gov/Portals/65/documents/news/press/2007/2007-01.pdf. 
  5. ↑ "ULA Readies Atlas V for Launch of NROL-79 Reconnaissance Satellite". 27 February 2017. https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/ula/ula-readies-atlas-v-for-launch-of-nrol-79-reconnaissance-satellite/. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Atlas V Solid Rocket Motor". Aerojet Rocketdyne. http://www.rocket.com/atlas-v-solid-rocket-motor. 
  7. ↑ "Space Launch Report: Atlas 5 Data Sheet". Space Launch Report. 15 October 2017. http://spacelaunchreport.com/atlas5.html. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "GEM 63/GEM 63XL Fact Sheet". 5 April 2016. http://www.northropgrumman.com/Capabilities/GEM/Documents/GEM_63_GEM_63XL.pdf. 
  9. ↑ "Developing Vulcan Centaur". 8 April 2019. https://www.ulalaunch.com/docs/default-source/evolution/190408_ulapanel_all_compressed.pdf. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Roulette, Joey (26 August 2021). "ULA stops selling its centerpiece Atlas V, setting path for the rocket's retirement". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/26/22641048/ula-boeing-lockheed-end-sales-atlas-v-rocket-russia-rd180. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 "Atlas V Launch Services User's Guide". Centennial, Colorado: United Launch Alliance. March 2010. http://www.unitedlaunchalliance.com/site/docs/product_cards/guides/AtlasVUsersGuide2010.pdf. 
  12. ↑ "Lockheed Martin Ready For Launch Of Intelsat 14 Spacecraft". Lockheed Martin. 11 November 2009. http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2009/1111_ss_cls.html. 
  13. ↑ "United Launch Alliance Assumes Marketing and Sales for Atlas V from Lockheed Martin". Parabolic Arc. 22 January 2018. http://www.parabolicarc.com/2018/01/22/united-launch-alliance-assumes-marketing-sales-atlas-lockheed-martin/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 "Atlas V Launch Services User's Guide". United Launch Alliance. March 2010. pp. 1-5 to 1-7. http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/docs/product_cards/guides/AtlasVUsersGuide2010.pdf. 
  15. ↑ "Atlas V Starliner OFT: By the Numbers". https://www.ulalaunch.com/explore/blog/blog/2019/12/13/atlas-v-starliner-oft-by-the-numbers. 
  16. ↑ "Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle". March 2009. http://www.afspc.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=3643.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  17. ↑ "Centaur Application to Robotic and Crewed Lunar Lander Evolution". American Institute of Physics. 2006. p. 2. http://unitedlaunchalliance.com/site/docs/publications/CentaurApplicationtoRoboticandCrewedLunarLanderEvolution.pdf. 
  18. ↑ "Atlas V 401 – Rockets". http://spaceflight101.com/spacerockets/atlas-v-401/. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Launcher Fairings and Structures". RUAG Space. https://www.ruag.com/en/products-services/space/launcher-structures-separation-systems/launcher-fairings-structures. 
  20. ↑ "Atlas-5 (Atlas-V)". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/atlas-5.htm. 
  21. ↑ "Honeywell awarded US$52 million Atlas V contract". Military & Aerospace Electronics. 30 April 2001. https://www.militaryaerospace.com/computers/article/16710727/honeywell-awarded-52-million-atlas-v-contract. 
  22. ↑ "Atlas V Launch Services User's Guide". United Launch Alliance. 2012-03-06. http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/docs/product_cards/guides/AtlasVUsersGuide2010.pdf. 
  23. ↑ "Honeywell Provides Guidance System For Atlas V Rocket". Space-Travel.com. 2 August 2010. https://www.space-travel.com/reports/Honeywell_Provides_Guidance_System_For_Atlas_V_Rocket_999.html. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Jason Rhian (23 September 2015). "ULA selects Orbital ATK's GEM 63/63 XL SRBs for Atlas V and Vulcan boosters". Spaceflight Insider. http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/ula/ula-selects-orbital-atks-gem-6363-xl-srbs-for-atlas-v-and-vulcan-boosters/. 
  25. ↑ "Northrop Grumman Rocket Boosters Help Successfully Launch United Launch Alliance's Atlas V". Northrop Grumman Newsroom. 13 November 2020. https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/northrop-grumman-rocket-boosters-help-successfully-launch-united-launch-alliances-atlas-v. 
  26. ↑ Gaskill, Braddock (2007-01-31). "Human Rated Atlas V for Bigelow Space Station details emerge". NASASpaceFlight.com. http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/content/?cid=5008. 
  27. ↑ "NASA Selects United Launch Alliance for Commercial Crew Development Program". 2010-02-02. http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/45. 
  28. ↑ "CCDev awardees one year later: where are they now?". NewSpace Journal. 2011-02-13. http://www.newspacejournal.com/2011/02/04/ccdev-awardees-one-year-later-where-are-they-now/. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Clark, Stephen (2011-02-13). "Safety system tested for Atlas and Delta rockets". Spaceflight Now. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1102/13ulaccdev/. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "NASA Begins Commercial Partnership With United Launch Alliance". NASA. 2011-07-18. http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2011/release-20110718.txt.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  31. ↑ Boyle, Alan (2011-07-18). "Rocket venture to work with NASA". MSNBC Cosmic Log. http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/07/18/7105625-rocket-venture-to-work-with-nasa. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Kelly, John (2011-08-06). "Atlas V rising to the occasion". Florida Today (Melbourne, Florida). http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20110807/COLUMNISTS0405/108070317/1007/spaceblog. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "Boeing selects Atlas V Rocket for Initial Commercial Crew Launches" (Press release). Houston: Boeing. 2011-08-04. Archived from the original on 2011-08-06. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 Malik, Tariq (2011-08-04). "Boeing Needs Space Pilots for Spaceship & Rocket Test Flights". SPACE.com. http://www.space.com/12544-boeing-space-test-pilot-rocket-launches-cst-100.html. 
  35. ↑ Pappalardo, Joe. "Boeing's Starliner Falls Short in Big Blow to NASA's Crewed Program". Popular Mechanics. https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/rockets/a30295321/starliner-test-failure/. 
  36. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (2019-12-20). "Boeing Starliner fails key NASA mission as autonomous flight system malfunctions" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/20/boeings-starliner-flies-into-wrong-orbit-jeopardizing-trip-to-the-international-space-station.html. 
  37. ↑ "Boeing Starliner capsule lifts off to space station on second orbital flight test". http://www.collectspace.com/news/news-051922a-boeing-starliner-oft2-launch.html. 
  38. ↑ "Starliner concludes OFT-2 test flight with landing in New Mexico" (in en-US). 2022-05-25. https://spacenews.com/starliner-concludes-oft-2-test-flight-with-landing-in-new-mexico/. 
  39. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (19 April 2021). "Amazon signs with ULA for rockets to launch Jeff Bezos' Kuiper internet satellites". CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/19/amazon-signs-ula-rockets-to-launch-bezos-kuiper-internet-satellites.html. 
  40. ↑ "Atlas V". ULA. 2010. pp. 1–4. http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/docs/product_cards/guides/AtlasVUsersGuide2010.pdf. 
  41. ↑ Mike Gruss (19 June 2015). "Air Force Confirms ULA Position on Atlas 5 Production Rights". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/air-force-confirms-ula-position-on-atlas-5-production-rights/. 
  42. ↑ "Jonathan's Space Report Launch Vehicle Database". Jonathan McDowell. 2010-10-28. http://www.planet4589.org/space/lvdb/launch/Atlas5. 
  43. ↑ Atlas V Mission Planner's Guide – March 2010 Retrieved on 2011-11-19
  44. ↑ Egan, Barbara [@barbegan13] (October 15, 2016). "We are calling the config N22. No payload fairing with the Starliner on board". https://twitter.com/barbegan13/status/787351995078152192. 
  45. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Starliner (CST-100)". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/cst-100.htm. 
  46. ↑ "NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Maven Mission". 21 October 2010. http://mars.nasa.gov/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1454.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  47. ↑ "ULA Frequently Asked Questions – Launch Costs". http://www.ulalaunch.com/faqs-launch-costs.aspx. 
  48. ↑ Northon, Karen (30 October 2015). "NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for TDRS Satellite". http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-awards-launch-services-contract-for-next-tracking-data-relay-satellite.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  49. ↑ Grush, Loren (2016-11-30). "United Launch Alliance unveils website that lets you price out a rocket "like building a car"". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2016/11/30/13792816/united-launch-alliance-website-rocket-builder-atlas-v. 
  50. ↑ Stephen Clark (24 November 2013). "Sizing up America's place in the global launch industry". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/falcon9/007/131124commercial/. 
  51. ↑ Thompson, Loren. "CEO Tory Bruno Explains How United Launch Alliance Will Stay Ahead Of Competitors". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/lorenthompson/2016/10/14/ceo-tory-bruno-explains-how-united-launch-alliance-will-stay-ahead-of-competitors/print/. 
  52. ↑ "The Great Rocket Race". Fortune. http://fortune.com/spacex-ula-lockheed-boeing-rocket-race/. 
  53. ↑ William Harwood (30 November 2016). "ULA unveils 'RocketBuilder' website". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/2016/11/30/ula-unveils-rocketbuilder-website/. 
  54. ↑ "Atlas V Product Card". United Launch Alliance. http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/Products_AtlasV.shtml. 
  55. ↑ National Security Space Launch Report. RAND Corporation. 2006. p. 29. https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG503.pdf. 
  56. ↑ National Security Space Launch Report. RAND Corporation. 2006. p. xxi. https://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2006/RAND_MG503.pdf. 
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 HSF Final Report: Seeking a Human Spaceflight Program Worthy of a Great Nation October 2009 Review of U.S. Human Spaceflight Plans Committee graphic on p. 64, retrieved 2011-02-07. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  58. ↑ "Development of the GX Launch Vehicle, New Medium Class Launch Vehicle of Japan". IHI Engineering Review. https://www.ihi.co.jp/var/ezwebin_site/storage/original/application/39643f92ec27734cc0aa746f166ddbc9.pdf. 
  59. ↑ "Japan scraps GX rocket development project". iStockAnalyst. 2009-12-16. http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3716870. 
  60. ↑ Mike Gruss (12 May 2015). "Aerojet on Team Seeking Atlas 5 Production Rights". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/aerojet-led-team-seeks-atlas-5-production-rights/. 
  61. ↑ "Inaugural Atlas V Scores Success for ILS, Lockheed Martin". International Launch Services. 21 August 2002. http://www.ilslaunch.com/newsroom/news-releases/inaugural-atlas-v-scores-success-ils-lockheed-martin. 
  62. ↑ "ILS Launches Hellas-Sat on Atlas V". International Launch Services. 13 May 2003. http://www.ilslaunch.com/newsroom/news-releases/ils-launches-hellas-sat-atlas-v. 
  63. ↑ "ILS Launches Rainbow 1 Satellite". International Launch Services. 17 July 2003. http://www.ilslaunch.com/newsroom/news-releases/ils-launches-rainbow-1-satellite. 
  64. ↑ "ILS Launches AMC-16; Wraps Up Year With 10 Mission Successes". International Launch Services. 17 December 2004. http://www.ilslaunch.com/news287. 
  65. ↑ "ILS Atlas V Vehicle Lifts Massive Satellite For Inmarsat". International Launch Services. 11 March 2005. http://www.ilslaunch.com/newsroom/news-releases/ils-atlas-v-vehicle-lifts-massive-satellite-inmarsat. 
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  189. ↑ Ray, Justin. "New lineup spelled out for upcoming Atlas 5 rocket launches from the Cape". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2016/05/03/new-lineup-plan-spelled-out-for-upcoming-atlas-5-rocket-launches/. 
  190. ↑ 190.0 190.1 Ferster, Warren (2014-09-17). "ULA To Invest in Blue Origin Engine as RD-180 Replacement". SpaceNews. http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/41901ula-to-invest-in-blue-origin-engine-as-rd-180-replacement. 
  191. ↑ Mike Gruss (13 April 2015). "ULA's Next Rocket To Be Named Vulcan". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/ulas-next-rocket-to-be-named-vulcan/. 
  192. ↑ Mike Gruss (13 April 2015). "ULA's Vulcan Rocket To be Rolled out in Stages". SpaceNews. http://spacenews.com/ulas-vulcan-rocket-to-be-rolled-out-in-stages/. 
  193. ↑ Butler, Amy (11 May 2015). "Industry Team Hopes To Resurrect Atlas V Post RD-180". Aviation Week & Space Technology. http://aviationweek.com/space/industry-team-hopes-resurrect-atlas-v-post-rd-180. 
  194. ↑ Foust, Jeff (11 September 2020). "ULA studying long-term upgrades to Vulcan". https://spacenews.com/ula-studying-long-term-upgrades-to-vulcan/. 
  195. ↑ Amy Butler (15 April 2015). "ULA CEO Calls 2018 Availability Date For AR1 Engine 'Ridiculous'". Aviation Week. http://aviationweek.com/defense/ula-ceo-calls-2018-availability-date-ar-1-engine-ridiculous. 
  196. ↑ Belam, Martin (2024-01-08). "Nasa Peregrine 1 launch: Vulcan Centaur rocket carrying Nasa moon lander lifts off in Florida – live updates" (in en-GB). the Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. https://www.theguardian.com/science/live/2024/jan/08/nasa-peregrine-1-launch-rocket-moon-latest-news-updates-live. 
  197. ↑ "Explosive test pushes 1st ULA Vulcan rocket launch to at least June, CEO says" (in en-US). https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/explosive-test-pushes-1st-ula-vulcan-rocket-launch-to-at-least-june-ceo-says/ar-AA1a9YhV. 

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