Engineering:Flexible-fuel vehicles in Brazil

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Short description: Overview of the role of flexible-fuel vehicles in Brazil
Four typical flex-fuel models from several Brazilian carmakers, popularly known as "flex" cars, that run on any blend of hydrous ethanol (E100) and E20-E25 gasoline.

The fleet of flexible-fuel vehicles in Brazil is the largest in the world. Since their inception in 2003, a total of 30.5 million flex fuel cars and light-duty trucks were registered in the country, and over 6 million flexible-fuel motorcycles, both by March 2018.[1] The market share of flex-fuel autos and light commercial trucks represented 88.6% of all light-duty registrations in 2017.[1] There were over 80 flex car and light truck models available in the market manufactured by 14 major carmakers,[2] and five flex-fuel motorcycles models available (As of December 2012).[3]

Brazilian flexible-fuel vehicles are optimized to run on any mix of E20-E25 gasoline and up to 100% hydrous ethanol fuel (E100). Flex vehicles in Brazil are built-in with a small gasoline reservoir for cold starting the engine when temperatures drop below 15 °C (59 °F).[4] An improved flex motor generation was launched in 2009 which eliminated the need for the secondary gas tank.[5][6]

According to two separate research studies conducted in 2009, 65% of the flex-fuel registered vehicles regularly use ethanol fuel, and use climbs to 93% of flex car owners in São Paulo, the main ethanol producer state where local taxes are lower, and prices are more competitive than gasoline.[7] However, as a result of higher ethanol prices caused by the Brazilian ethanol industry crisis that began in 2009, by November 2013 only 23% flex-fuel car owners were using ethanol regularly, down from 66% in 2009.[8]

History

The 2003 Brazilian VW Gol 1.6 Total Flex was the first flexible-fuel car capable of running on any blend of gasoline and ethanol.

After the 1973 oil crisis, the Brazilian government made mandatory the use of ethanol blends with gasoline,[9] and neat ethanol-powered cars (E100 only) were launched to the market in 1979, after testing with several prototypes developed by four carmakers.[10] Brazilian carmakers modified gasoline engines to support ethanol characteristics and changes included compression ratio, amount of fuel injected, replacement of materials that would get corroded by the contact with ethanol, use of colder spark plugs suitable for dissipating heat due to higher flame temperatures, and an auxiliary cold-start system that injects gasoline from a small tank in the engine compartment to help starting when cold.

Flexible-fuel technology started being developed only by the end of the 1990s by Brazilian engineers and in March 2003 Volkswagen do Brasil launched in the market the Gol 1.6 Total Flex, the first commercial flexible fuel vehicle capable of running on any blend of gasoline and ethanol.[11]

Technology

Typical Brazilian flexible-fuel engine with secondary gasoline reservoir for cold starting the engine at temperatures below 15 °C.

The Brazilian flexible fuel car is built with an ethanol-ready engine and one fuel tank for both fuels. The small gasoline reservoir for starting the engine with pure gasoline in cold weather, used in earlier ethanol-only vehicles, was kept in the first generation of Brazilian flexible-fuel cars, mainly for users of the central and southern regions, where winter temperatures normally drop below15 °C (59 °F).[4] An improved flex motor generation was launched in 2009 that allowed for the elimination of this secondary gas reservoir tank.[5][6]

A key innovation in the Brazilian flex technology was avoiding the need for an additional dedicated sensor to monitor the ethanol-gasoline mix, which made the first American M85 flex fuel vehicles too expensive.[12] This was accomplished through the lambda probe, used to measure the quality of combustion in conventional engines, is also required to tell the engine control unit (ECU) which blend of gasoline and alcohol is being burned. This task is accomplished automatically through software developed by Brazilian engineers, called "Software Fuel Sensor" (SFS), fed with data from the standard sensors already built-in the vehicle. The technology was developed by the Brazilian subsidiary of Boschin 1994, but was further improved and commercially implemented in 2003 by the Italian subsidiary of Magneti Marelli, located in Hortolândia, São Paulo. A similar fuel injection technology was developed by the Brazilian subsidiary of Delphi Automotive Systems, and it is called "Multifuel", based on research conducted at its facility in Piracicaba, São Paulo.[12] This technology allows the controller to regulate the amount of fuel injected and spark time, as fuel flow needs to be decreased and also self-combustion needs to be avoided when gasoline is used because ethanol engines have compression ratio around 12:1, too high for gasoline.

Brazilian flex engines are being designed with higher compression ratios, taking advantage of the higher ethanol blends and maximizing the benefits of the higher oxygen content of ethanol, resulting in lower emissions and improving fuel efficiency.[13] The following table shows the evolution and improvement of the different generations of flex engines developed in Brazil.

Comparison of performance of several generations of Brazilian flex-fuel engines
(Percentages show change in performance as compared with using gasoline)
Year Engine
compression ratio		 Engine
power		 Engine
torque		 Fuel efficiency
improvement		 Gasoline injection
cold start system
2003 9.0:1 to 10.5:1 +3% +2% -25 to -35% Yes
2006 11.0:1 to 12.5:1 +7% +5% -25 to -30% Yes
2008 12.0:1 to 13.5:1 +9% +7% -20 to -25% No
Source: Joseph (2007) in The Royal Society (2008), "Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges".[13]
The Brazilian 2008 Honda Civic Flex has outside access to the secondary gasoline reservoir tank from the outside, shown by the arrow in the front right side.[14]

Brazilian flex cars are capable of running on just hydrated ethanol (E100), or just on a blend of gasoline with 20 to 25%anhydrous ethanol, or on any arbitrary combination of both fuels.[15] Pure gasoline is no longer sold in the country because these high ethanol blends are mandatory since 1993.[16][17] Therefore, all Brazilian automakers have optimized flex vehicles to run with gasoline blends from E20 to E25, so these FFVs are unable to run smoothly with pure gasoline with the exception of two models are specifically built with a flex-fuel engine optimized to operate also with pure gasoline (E0), the Renault Clio Hi-Flex[18] and the Fiat Siena Tetrafuel.[19][20]

The flexibility of Brazilian FFVs empowers the consumers to choose the fuel depending on current market prices. As ethanol fuel economy is lower than gasoline because of ethanol's energy content is close to 34% less per unit volume than gasoline,[21][22] flex cars running on ethanol get a lower mileage than when running on pure gasoline. However, this effect is partially offset by the usually lower price per liter of ethanol fuel. As a rule of thumb, Brazilian consumers are frequently advised by the media to use more alcohol than gasoline in their mix only when ethanol prices are 30% lower or more than gasoline, as ethanol price fluctuates heavily depending on the result of seasonal sugar cane harvests.[23][24]

Production and market share

Historical trend of Brazilian production of light vehicles by type of fuel, neat ethanol, flex fuel, and gasoline powered-vehicles from 1979 to 2017.[25]

After the market launch of the Gol 1.6 Total Flex, the first commercial flexible fuel vehicle capable of running on any blend of gasoline and ethanol,[11] GM do Brasil followed three months later with the Chevrolet Corsa 1.8 Flexpower, using an engine developed by a joint-venture with Fiat called PowerTrain.[26] (As of July 2013), the following 14 carmakers build and sell flexible fuel vehicles in Brazil: Citroën, Chery, Fiat, Ford, GM do Brasil (Chevrolet), Honda, Hyundai, Kia Motors, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Peugeot, Renault, Toyota and Volkswagen.[2][27][28]

Flexible fuel vehicles were 22% of the new car sales in 2004, 73% in 2005,[29] 87.6% in July 2008,[30] and reached a record 94% in August 2009.[31] The production of flex-fuel cars and light commercial vehicles since 2003 reached 10 million vehicles in March 2010,[32][33] and 15 million in January 2012.[34] Registrations of flex-fuel cars and light trucks represented 87.0% of all passenger and light duty vehicles sold in the country in 2012.[35] Production passed the 20 million-unit mark in June 2013.[36]

By the end of 2014, flex-fuel cars represented 54% of the Brazilian registered stock of light-duty vehicles, while gasoline only vehicles represented 34.3%.[37] (As of June 2015), flex-fuel light-duty vehicle sales totaled 25.5 million units.[38] The market share of flex vehicles reached 88.6% of all light-duty registrations in 2017. (As of March 2018), fifteen years after the launch of the first flex fuel car, there were 30.5 million flex cars and light trucks registered in the country, and 6 million flex motorcycles.[1]

The rapid success of flex vehicles was made possible by the existence of 33,000 filling stations with at least one ethanol pump available by 2006, a heritage of the early Pró-Álcool ethanol program.[39][40] These facts, together with the mandatory use of E25 blend of gasoline throughout the country,[16] allowed Brazil in 2008 to achieve more than 50% of fuel consumption in the gasoline market from sugar cane-based ethanol.[41][42]

According to two separate research studies conducted in 2009, at the national level 65% of the flex-fuel registered vehicles regularly used ethanol fuel, and use climbed to 93% in São Paulo, the main ethanol producer state where local taxes are lower, and E100 prices at the pump are usually more competitive than gasoline.[7] However, as a result of higher ethanol prices caused by the Brazilian ethanol industry crisis that began in 2009, combined with government subsidies set to keep gasoline price lower than the international market value, by November 2013 only 23% flex-fuel car owners were using ethanol regularly, down from 66% in 2009.[8]

Ethanol flex-fuel motor vehicle production in Brazil
2003-2017(1)(2)
Year Flex
autos
produced		 Flex
light
trucks
produced		 Total
flex-fuel
light-duty
vehicles
produced		 Flex
vehicles
as %
total light
vehicles(1)(2)		 Flex
motor-
cycles
produced(3)		 Flex
motor-
cycles
as %
total
2003 39,853 9,411 49,264 2.9
2004 282,710 49,797 332,507 15.2
2005 820,791 60,150 880,941 37.1
2006 1,291,913 100,142 1,392,055 56.3
2007 1,764,494 172,437 1,936,931 69.1
2008 2,026,768 216,800 2,243,648 74.7
2009 2,298,942 242,211 2,541,153 84.0 188,494 12.2
2010 2,311,721 315,380 2,627,111 77.1 332,351 18.2
2011 2,215,548 335,234 2,550,782 80.7 956,117 44.7
2012 2,418,397 313,663 2,732,060 83.9 814,110 48.2
2013 2,616,845 333,766 2,950,611 84.2 NA
2014 2,291,115 346,607 2,637,722 88.2 NA
2015 1,785,284 212,473 1,997,757 85.4 NA
2016 1,605,855 164,813 1,770,668 84.0 NA
2017 1,923,143 207,035 2,130,178 81.9 NA
Total 2003-17 25,693,379 3,080,009 28,773,388 70.3 2,291,072 31.8
Sources: Cars and light trucks: ANFAVEA (2003-2017).[43]
Motorcycles: ABRACICLO 2009,[44] 2010,[45] 2011,[46] and 2012.[3]
Notes: (1) Includes exports and excludes flex imports from the other Mercosur countries.
(2) Total includes gasoline, neat ethanol, flex, and diesel-powered vehicles.
(3) Total between 2009 and 2012 only

Latest developments

Flex-fuel motorcycles

The Honda CG 150 Titan Mix was the first flex-fuel motorcycle sold in the world. The fuel gauge has a warning mix light indicating the minimum gasoline blend required to avoid cold start problems.
The Honda Biz 125 flex is one of the five flex-fuel motorcycles available in Brazil
The Brazilian Volkswagen Polo E-Flex 2009 was the first flex fuel model without an auxiliary tank for cold start.

The latest innovation within the Brazilian flexible-fuel technology, is the development of flex-fuel motorcycles. In 2007 Magneti Marelli presented the first motorcycle with flex technology, adapted on a Kasinski Seta 125, and based on the Software Fuel Sensor (SFS) the firm developed for flex-fuel cars in Brazil. Delphi Automotive Systems also presented in 2007 its Multifuel injection technology for motorcycles.[47] Besides the flexibility in the choice of fuels, a main objective of the fuel-flex motorcycles is to reduce CO2 emissions by 20 percent, and savings in fuel consumption in the order of 5% to 10% are expected.[47] AME Amazonas Motocicletas announced that sales of its motorcycle AME GA (G stands for gasoline and A for alcohol) were scheduled for 2009,[48][49] but the first flex-fuel motorcycle was actually launched by Honda in March 2009. Produced by its Brazilian subsidiary Moto Honda da Amazônia, the CG 150 Titan Mix is sold for around US$2,700.[50][51][52][53]

Because the CG 150 Titan Mix does not have a secondary gas tank for a cold start like the Brazilian flex cars do, the tank must have at least 20% of gasoline to avoid start up problems at temperatures below 15 °C (59 °F). The motorcycle's panel includes a gauge to warn the driver about the actual ethanol-gasoline mix in the storage tank.[50][54] In September 2009, Honda launched a second flexible-fuel motorcycle, the on-off-road NXR 150 Bros Mix.[55] During the first eight months after its market launch the CG 150 Titan Mix sold 139,059 motorcycles, capturing a 10.6% market share, and ranking second in sales of new motorcycles in the Brazilian market by October 2009,[56] and by year's end, both Honda flexible-fuel motorcycles sold a total of 183,375 units, representing an 11.4% market share of the Brazilian new motorcycle sales in that year.[44] Cumulative sales of both flex fuel motorcycles reached 515,726 units in 2010, and sales in that year represented 18.15% of all motorcycle produced.[44][45]

Two other flex-fuel motorcycles manufactured by Honda were launched in October 2010 and January 2011, the GC 150 FAN and the Honda BIZ 125 Flex.[57] During 2011 a total of 956,117 flex-fuel motorcycles were produced, raising its market share to 56.7%.[46] Cumulative production of the four available flex fuel models since 2009 reached 1.48 million units in December 2011.[44][45][46] The 2 million mark was reached in August 2012.[58] Flexible-fuel motorcycle production passed the 3 million-unit milestone in October 2013,[59] and the 4 million mark in March 2015.[60]

Next generation of flex engines

The Brazilian subsidiaries of Magneti Marelli, Delphi and Bosch have developed and announced the introduction in 2009 of a new flex engine generation that eliminates the need for the secondary gasoline tank by warming the ethanol fuel during starting,[5] and allowing flex vehicles to do a normal cold start at temperatures as low as−5 °C (23 °F),[61] the lowest temperature expected anywhere in the Brazilian territory.[62] Another improvement is the reduction of fuel consumption and tailpipe emissions, between 10% and 15% as compared to flex motors sold in 2008.[6] In March 2009 Volkswagen do Brasil launched the Polo E-Flex, the first flex fuel model without an auxiliary tank for cold start. The Flex Start system used by the Polo was developed by Bosch.[63][64]

Direct injection

In 2013, Ford launched the first flex fuel car with direct injection: the Focus 2.0 Duratec Direct Flex.[65]

Hybrid flex

First commercial flex-fuel hybrid electric car tested with a Toyota Prius as development mule.

In December 2018, Toyota do Brasil announced the development of the world's first commercial hybrid electric car with flex-fuel engine capable of running with electricity and ethanol fuel or gasoline. The flexible fuel hybrid technology was developed in partnership with several Brazilian federal universities, and a prototype was tested for six months using a Toyota Prius as development mule.[66] Toyota plans to invest about US$300 million in one of its existing Brazilian plants to start production of a flex hybrid electric car for the Brazilian market in the second half of 2019.[66][67]

Toyota explained that the development of the commercial flex hybrid was possible thanks to the "Rota 2030" (English: Road Map 2030) Federal Program which, beginning in 2019, reduces purchase taxes for customers, and provides tax credits over the next five years for those carmakers investing in new technologies to manufacture in the country more efficient and less polluting vehicles.[67]

The Twelfth generation Toyota Corolla will be available with a flexible hybrid version available from October 2019, making it the first flexible-fuel car in Brazil, and in the world.

Flex fuel conversion kit

Flex fuel conversion kits are categorised as aftermarket AFV (Alternative Fuel Vehicle) conversions since they enable regular equipment built vehicles to be modified to run on propane, natural gas, methane gas, ethanol, or electricity. Except for those that are finished to enable a vehicle to run on electricity, all vehicle adaptations must adhere to current relevant, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards.[68]

List of currently produced flexible-fuel vehicles

BMW 320i ActiveFlex
Chevrolet Montana EconoFlex(Brazilian version).
VW Type 2 TotalFlex(Brazilian version, known as "Kombi").
Hyundai HB20

The following is a list of flex-fuel automobiles and light-duty vehicles available in Brazil as of February 2019.[69]

BMW X1, BMW X2
  • Chevrolet
Cruze, Montana, Prisma, S10, Onix, Cobalt, Spin, Tracker
C3, C4 Lounge, C4 Cactus, Aircross, Berlingo
  • Fiat
Doblò, Palio Weekend, Argo, Cronos, Grand Siena, Strada, Uno, Toro, Fiorino, Mobi, Uno
EcoSport, Fiesta, Focus, Fusion, Ka, Ford Ranger CD
City, Civic, Fit, CR-V, HR-V, WR-V and four motorcycles CG Titan Mix, NXR 150 Bros Mix, GC 150 Fan Flex and the BIZ 125 Flex
Hyundai HB20, Hyundai Creta, Hyundai ix35
Picanto, Soul, Sportage, Cerato
ASX
Sentra, Tiida, March, Kicks
208, 308, 408, 2008
Duster, Logan, Sandero, Kwid, Captur
Toyota Corolla, Etios, Yaris, Hilux, SW4
CrossFox, Fox, Gol, Golf, Polo, Saveiro, SpaceFox, Up, Voyage, T-Cross, Tiguan, Virtus, Jetta
Two motorcycles Fazer 250 Blueflex and Ténéré 250 Blueflex.

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Curcio, Mário (2018-03-23). "Carro flex chega aos 15 anos com 30,5 milhões de unidades" (in pt). Automotive Business. http://www.automotivebusiness.com.br/inovacao/56/carro-flex-chega-aos-15-anos-com-305-milhoes-de-unidades. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Cresce presença de carros flex importados no mercado brasileiro" (in pt). Direto da Usina. 2011-09-15. http://www.diretodausina.com.br/conteudo/cresce-presenca-de-carros-flex-importados-no-mercado-brasileiro. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Associação Brasileira dos Fabricantes de Motocicletas, Ciclomotores, Motonetas, Bicicletas e Similares (ABRACICLO). "Anúario da Indústria Brasileira de Duas Rodas 2013" (in pt). ABRACICLO. http://www.virapagina.com.br/abraciclo2013/files/duasrodas_2013.pdf. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ron Kotrba (March 2008). "Cold Start 101". Ethanol Producer Magazine. http://www.ethanolproducer.com/article.jsp?article_id=3717. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Here comes the 'Flex' vehicles third generation" (in pt). Revista Brasileira de BioEnergia (Centro Nacional de Referência em Biomassa (Cenbio)) Ano 2 (3): 31–34. August 2008. http://cenbio.iee.usp.br/download/revista/RBB3.pdf. Retrieved 2008-09-23.  (every article is presented in both English and Portuguese)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Agência Estado (2008-06-10). "Bosch investe na segunda geração do motor flex" (in pt). Gazeta do Povo. http://portal.rpc.com.br/gazetadopovo/economia/conteudo.phtml?tl=1&id=774927&tit=. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Wagner Oliveira (2009-09-30). "Etanol é usado em 65% da frota flexível" (in pt). Diario do Grande ABC. http://automoveis.dgabc.com.br/default.asp?pt=secao&pg=detalhe&c=11&id=5769540&titulo=Etanol+e+usado+em+65%+da+frota+flexivel. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 O. Estado de S. Paulo (2013-11-14). "Etanol é usado hoje em apenas 23% dos carros" (in pt). Revista Veja. http://info.abril.com.br/noticias/tecnologias-verdes/2013/11/etanol-e-usado-hoje-em-apenas-23-dos-carros.shtml. 
  9. ↑ Julieta Andrea Puerto Rico (2008-05-08). Programa de Biocombustíveis no Brasil e na Colômbia: uma análise da implantação, resultados e perspectivas (Thesis) (in português). Universidade de São Paulo. doi:10.11606/D.86.2007.tde-07052008-115336. Retrieved 2008-10-05. Ph.D. Dissertation Thesis, pp. 81-82
  10. ↑ Revista Veja (1979-06-13). "O petróleo da cana" (in pt). Editora Abril. http://veja.abril.com.br/idade/exclusivo/petroleo/130679.html. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "Volkswagen lança Golf Total Flex 1.6" (in pt). ParanaOnline. 2006-03-30. http://www.parana-online.com.br/canal/automoveis/news/170341/. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 João Gabriel de Lima (2006-02-01). "A riqueza é o saber" (in pt). Revista Veja. http://veja.abril.com.br/010206/p_096.html.  Print edition No. 1941
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Sustainable biofuels: prospects and challenges". The Royal Society. January 2008. http://royalsociety.org/Sustainable-biofuels-prospects-and-challenges/.  Policy Document 01/08, pp. 35-36 - Click on the right upper box to download the report in PDF format.
  14. ↑ Gustavo Henrique Ruffo (2006-10-18). "Honda apresenta Fit e Civic Flex" (in pt). WebMotors. http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Segredos_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=36913. 
  15. ↑ Goettemoeller, Jeffrey; Adrian Goettemoeller (2007). Sustainable Ethanol: Biofuels, Biorefineries, Cellulosic Biomass, Flex-Fuel Vehicles, and Sustainable Farming for Energy Independence. Prairie Oak Publishing, Maryville, Missouri. pp. 56–61. ISBN 978-0-9786293-0-4. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Portaria Nº 143, de 27 de Junho de 2007" (in pt). Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. http://extranet.agricultura.gov.br/sislegis-consulta/consultarLegislacao.do?operacao=visualizar&id=17886.  This decree fixed the mandatory blend at 25% starting July 1st, 2007
  17. ↑ "Lei Nº 8.723, de 28 de Outubro de 1993. Dispõe sobre a redução de emissão de poluentes por veículos automotores e dá outras providências" (in pt). Casa Civil da Presidência da República. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil/leis/L8723.htm.  See article 9º and modifications approved by Law Nº 10.696, 2003-07-02 increasing the upper limit to 25%
  18. ↑ A.C. Bispo (2008-07-19). "Clio Hi-Flex impressiona pelo desempenho" (in pt). Parana Online. http://www.parana-online.com.br/canal/automoveis/news/104963/. 
  19. ↑ Christine Lepisto (2006-08-27). "Fiat Siena Tetra Power: Your Choice of Four Fuels". Treehugger. http://www.treehugger.com/files/2006/08/fiat_sienna_tetr.php. 
  20. ↑ "Nouvelle Fiat Siena 2008: sans complexe" (in fr). Caradisiac. 2007-11-01. http://news.caradisiac.com/Nouvelle-Fiat-Siena-2008-sans-complexe-359. 
  21. ↑ http://www.eia.doe.gov DOE FAQ
  22. ↑ http://www.eia.doe.gov Alternative Fuel Efficiencies in Miles per Gallon
  23. ↑ JB Online (2007-11-20). "Álcool ou Gasolina? Saiba qual escolher quando for abastecer" (in pt). Opinaoweb. http://opiniaoweb.com/portal/alcool-ou-gasolina-saiba-qual-escolher-quando-for-abastecer/. 
  24. ↑ InfoMoney (2007-05-30). "Saiba o que fazer para economizar gasolina" (in pt). IGF. http://www.igf.com.br/aprende/dicas/dicasResp.aspx?dica_Id=1435. 
  25. ↑ "Anuário da Indústria Automobilística Brasileira 2018, ANFAVEA". http://www.virapagina.com.br/anfavea2018/59/#zoom=z. 
  26. ↑ Staff (2003-06-28). "GM lança Corsa 1.8 com motor "Flexpower" 2004" (in pt). O Estado do Paraná. http://www.parana-online.com.br/canal/automoveis/news/51805/. 
  27. ↑ "Livina, primeiro carro flex da Nissan chega com preços entre R$ 46.690 e R$ 56.690" (in pt). Car Magazine Online. 2009-03-18. http://carmagazine.uol.com.br/materia/?id=0976085925.  [|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  28. ↑ "Kia introduces new Flex-Fuel Soul Flex at Brazilian Motor Show; boosts output and lowers fuel consumption". Green Car Congress. 2010-10-27. http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/10/flex-20101027.html#more. 
  29. ↑ Adam Lashinsky; Nelson D. Schwartz (2006-01-24). "How to Beat the High Cost of Gasoline. Forever!". Fortune. https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2006/02/06/8367959/index.htm. 
  30. ↑ Agencia Estado (2008-08-06). "Venda de carros flex cresceu 31% em julho, diz Anfavea" (in pt). Estadao.com.br. http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/economia,venda-de-carros-flex-cresceu-31-em-julho-diz-anfavea,218597,0.htm. 
  31. ↑ "Participação de carros flex nas vendas volta a bater 94%" (in pt). UNICA. 2009-09-08. http://www.unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=83CC5EC9-8E69-4C11-9F0E-CBDF9B849AE2. 
  32. ↑ Agência Estado (2010-03-04). "Brasil alcança marca de 10 milhões de carros flex" (in pt). Veja. http://www.abril.com.br/noticias/economia/brasil-alcanca-marca-10-milhoes-carros-flex-940397.shtml. 
  33. ↑ "Automakers in Brazil Hit 10M Flex-Fuel Vehicle Mark; Brazilian Sugarcane Association Urges Global Dissemination". Green Car Congress. 2010-03-06. http://www.greencarcongress.com/2010/03/anfavea-20100306.html#more=. 
  34. ↑ MDIC (2012). "Álcool combustível - Uso veicular do álcool combustível" (in pt). Ministério de Desenvolvimento, Indústria e Comércio Exterior (MDIC). http://www.mdic.gov.br/sitio/interna/interna.php?area=2&menu=999. 
  35. ↑ ANFAVEA. "Anúario da Industria Automobilistica Brasileira 2012: Tabela 2.3 Produção por combustível - 1957/2012" (in pt). ANFAVEA - Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil). http://www.virapagina.com.br/anfavea2013/.  See Table 2.3 and 2.4 pp. 60-63 and Table 2.5 and 2.6, 66.
  36. ↑ Fernando Calmon (2013-06-28). "Brasil chega aos 20 milhões de motores flex, diz Anfavea" (in pt). UOL Carros. http://carros.uol.com.br/noticias/redacao/2013/06/28/brasil-chega-aos-20-milhoes-de-motores-flex-diz-anfavea.htm. 
  37. ↑ Staff (2015-05-04). "Com vendas em queda, idade média de veículos volta a subir no Brasil" (in pt). Revista Auto Esporte. http://g1.globo.com/carros/noticia/2015/05/com-vendas-em-queda-idade-media-de-veiculos-volta-subir-no-brasil.html. 
  38. ↑ Giovanna Riato (2015-07-07). "Motores flex precisam de mais eficiência" (in pt). Automotive Business. http://www.automotivebusiness.com.br/noticia/22288/motores-flex-precisam-de-mais-eficiencia. 
  39. ↑ Daniel Budny and Paulo Sotero, ed (April 2007). "Brazil Institute Special Report: The Global Dynamics of Biofuels". Brazil Institute of the Woodrow Wilson Center. http://www.wilsoncenter.org/topics/pubs/Brazil_SR_e3.pdf. 
  40. ↑ Inslee, Jay; Bracken Hendricks (2007). Apollo's Fire. Island Press, Washington, D.C.. pp. 153–155, 160–161. ISBN 978-1-59726-175-3. https://archive.org/details/apollosfireignit00insl. See Chapter 6. Homegrown Energy.
  41. ↑ Agência Brasil (2008-07-15). "ANP: consumo de álcool combustível é 50% maior em 2007" (in pt). Invertia. http://br.invertia.com/noticias/noticia.aspx?idNoticia=200807152306_ABR_77211977. 
  42. ↑ D. Sean Shurtleff (2008-05-07). "Brazil's energy plan examined". The Washington Times. http://www.washingtontimes.com/article/20080507/COMMENTARY/381443705/1012/commentary. 
  43. ↑ ANFAVEA. "Anúario da Industria Automobilistica Brasileira 2018: Tabela 2.3 Produção por combustível - 1957/2017" (in pt). ANFAVEA - Associação Nacional dos Fabricantes de Veículos Automotores (Brasil). http://www.virapagina.com.br/anfavea2018.  See Table 2.3 for production figures, and Tables 2.4 and 2.5 for actual registrations (includes flex imports from Argentina).
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 Abraciclo (2010-01-27). "Motos flex foram as mais vendidas em 2009 na categoria 150cc" (in pt). UNICA. http://unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=4771CECF-FDB8-43B5-9CF9-E342B99F5C23. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 "Produção Motocicletas 2010" (in pt). ABRACICLO. http://www.abraciclo.com.br/images/stories/dados_setor/motocicletas/producao/2010%20produo-dezcorreto.pdf. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 "Produção Motocicletas 2011" (in pt). ABRACICLO. http://www.abraciclo.com.br/images/stories/dados_setor/motocicletas/producao/2011%20produo-dezembro.pdf. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Aldo Tizzani (2007-11-07). "Magneti Marelli apresenta a moto flexível em combustível" (in pt). WebMotors. http://www.webmotors.com.br/wmpublicador/Motos_Conteudo.vxlpub?hnid=38490. 
  48. ↑ Aldo Tizzani (2008-04-23). "Moto flex 'imita' carros e deve chegar até dezembro" (in pt). UOL Carros. http://carros.uol.com.br/ultnot/2008/04/23/ult5498u65.jhtm. 
  49. ↑ Alessandro Temperini (2008). "Moto bicombustível Amazonas AME GA 300cc Flex" (in pt). Duas Rodas Blog. http://duasrodas.blog.br/2008/10/22/moto-bicombustivel-amazonas-ame-ga-300cc-flex/. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Reese Ewing; Lisa Shumaker (2009-04-29). "Motorcycle joins Brazil's biofueled fleet". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE53S4V420090429?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews. 
  51. ↑ Honda News Release (2003-03-11). "Honda Begins Sales of Flex Fuel Motorcycle CG150 TITAN MIX in Brazil". Honda. http://world.honda.com/news/2009/c090311CG150-TITAN-MIX-in-Brazil/. 
  52. ↑ Agencia EFE (2003-03-11). "Honda lançará moto flex ainda neste mês no Brasil" (in pt). Folha Online. http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/dinheiro/ult91u532675.shtml. 
  53. ↑ "Honda lança no Brasil primeira moto flex do mundo" (in pt). UNICA. 2003-03-11. http://www.unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=%7b5D355E7B-40B1-4CF7-9C75-EDD4F85FFD30%7d. 
  54. ↑ "Honda lança primeira moto bicombustível do mundo" (in pt). G1 Portal de Notícias da Globo. 2008-03-11. http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Carros/0,,MRP1037219-9658,00.html. 
  55. ↑ "Nova Honda NXR 150 Bros Mix é a 1ª On-Off Road com tecnologia bicombustível do Brasil" (in pt). MotoDriver. 2009-09-17. http://www.motodriver.com.br/2009/09/nova-honda-nxr-150-bros-mix-e-a-1-on-off-road-com-tecnologia-bicombustivel-do-brasil/. 
  56. ↑ "Vendas 2009" (in pt). ABRACICLO. http://www.abraciclo.com.br/images/stories/dados_setor/motocicletas/vendas/vendas_2009.pdf. 
  57. ↑ "Com novo modelo flex, mais de metade da produção da Honda será bicombustível" (in pt). UNICA, Brazil. 2011-01-12. http://unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode={63B12AD6-2EFB-4670-87D3-ECE52A603131}. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  58. ↑ "Dois milhões de motos flex produzidas pela Honda comprovam boa aceitação da tecnologia no País" (in pt). UNICA, Brazil. 2012-09-06. http://www.unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=341B283C-0BE4-4F81-9027-603558AC3CAB. 
  59. ↑ Leonardo Andrade (2013-10-08). "Honda comemora 3 milhões de motos flex produzidas com edição especial FlexOne" (in pt). Notícias Automotivas. http://www.noticiasautomotivas.com.br/honda-comemora-3-milhoes-de-motos-flex-produzidas-com-edicao-especial-flexone/. 
  60. ↑ Staff (2015-03-09). "Honda chega a 4 milhões de Motos Flex Produzidas no Brasil" (in pt). Revista Auto Esporte. http://revistaautoesporte.globo.com/Noticias/noticia/2015/03/honda-chega-4-milhoes-de-motos-flex-produzidas-no-brasil.html. 
  61. ↑ Priscila Dal Poggetto (2008-03-13). "Nova tecnologia dispensa gasolina na partida de carros bicombustíveis" (in pt). Globo G1. http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Carros/0,,MUL349632-9658,00.html. 
  62. ↑ Marli Olmos (2007-11-26). "Partida a Frio Chega com a Linha 2009" (in pt). Automotive Business. http://www.automotivebusiness.com.br/noticiasnovembro07.html.  Originally published in Revista Valor Econômico.
  63. ↑ Quatro Rodas (March 2009). "Volkswagen Polo E-Flex" (in pt). Editora Abril. http://quatrorodas.abril.com.br/carros/lancamentos/volkswagen-polo-e-flex-425390.shtml. 
  64. ↑ "Volks lança sistema que elimina tanquinho de gasolina para partida a frio" (in pt). UNICA. 2009-03-12. http://www.unica.com.br/noticias/show.asp?nwsCode=0548296D-D8CE-4E25-9973-BF18D30BDFFD. 
  65. ↑ Ford põe no Focus o 1º motor flex com injeção direta; preço é segredo - UOL Carros, 28 August 2013
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Barbiéri, Luiz Felipe (2018-12-13). "Toyota lança em cerimônia com Temer tecnologia para produção de primeiro carro híbrido flex" (in pt). G1 (Grupo Globo). https://g1.globo.com/carros/noticia/2018/12/13/toyota-lanca-tecnologia-para-producao-de-primeiro-carro-hibrido-flex-do-mundo.ghtml. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Fagundes, Dyogo (2018-12-13). "Toyota confirma produção do primeiro híbrido flex no Brasil em 2019" (in pt). UOL Motor. https://motor1.uol.com.br/news/297507/toyota-primeiro-hibrido-flex-brasil/. 
  68. ↑ US EPA, OITA (2014-04-28). "U.S. EPA- Brazil Ministry of Environment: Memorandum of Understanding" (in en). https://www.epa.gov/international-cooperation/us-epa-brazil-ministry-environment-memorandum-understanding. 
  69. ↑ Instituto NAcional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia (INMETRO) (2013-12-23). "Tabelas de Consumo/Eficiência Energética Veículos Automotores Leves" (in pt). INMETRO. http://www.inmetro.gov.br/consumidor/pbe/veiculos_leves_2013.pdf.  This list includes all light vehicles sold in Brazil as of December 2013. Flexible-fuel vehicle models are tagged as "FLEX" or with the letter "F" under fuel.

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