Engineering:Renault Kwid

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Short description: Crossover city car
Renault Kwid (BW)
2023 Renault Kwid Iconic (Colombia) front view 01.png
2023 Renault Kwid (facelift)
Overview
ManufacturerRenault
Also calledIKCO K112 (Iran, code name)[1]
Renault Climber (Brunei)[2]
Dacia Spring
Renault City
Production2015–present
Assembly
  • India: Chennai (Renault Nissan India)
  • Brazil: São José dos Pinhais (Renault Brazil)
DesignerSerge Cosenza
Body and chassis
ClassCrossover city car (A)
Body style5-door hatchback
LayoutFront-engine, front-wheel-drive
PlatformRenault–Nissan CMF-A platform
Related
Powertrain
Engine
  • Petrol:
  • 799 cc BR08DE I3
  • 999 cc BR10DE I3
Power output
  • 40 kW (54 hp) (0.8)
  • 50 kW (67 hp) (1.0)
Transmission
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,422 mm (95.4 in)
Length3,679–3,740 mm (144.8–147.2 in)
Width1,579 mm (62.2 in)
Height1,478 mm (58.2 in)
|uk|Kerb|Curb}} weight775 kg (1,709 lb)

The Renault Kwid is a crossover city car[3] produced by the French car manufacturer Renault, initially intended for the Indian market and launched in 2015.[4][5][6] In 2017, an improved Brazilian version was introduced for Latin American markets. Its battery electric version, named Renault City K-ZE, was launched in 2019, being manufactured in China and exported to Europe since 2021 as Dacia Spring Electric and to Latin America since 2022 as Renault Kwid E-Tech.

History

The Kwid was developed under the project code BBA. It is the first car to be based on the new CMF-A platform jointly developed by Renault and Nissan.[4] It is slightly longer but narrower than Renault's smallest conventional vehicle, the Twingo[5] with a high sitting position and a 180 mm (7.1 in) ride height.

The car was designed by an engineers' team settled in India led by Gérard Detourbet, a senior engineer, former mathematician described as "an innovation a minute" who led the development team for the first-generation Dacia Logan.[7]

The Kwid was unveiled at Chennai on 20 May 2015 by Renault's CEO Carlos Ghosn.[5] Ghosn said the car would be "a game changer for Renault in India." The car has 98 per cent of parts localisation and extensive engineering by local Renault's personnel.[8][9] The Kwid is aimed at competing with other small cars within the Indian market, as the Suzuki Alto,[4] and incorporates uncommon equipment for its segment such as a digital instrument cluster and a multimedia touchscreen.

In September 2015, the Kwid was launched in India at a starting price of 257,000 rupees,[10] equal to $3,884. Sales started in September and had a "flying start" of 25,000 bookings in 2 weeks and 50,000 in 5 weeks,[11][12] then 70,000 in 2 months, getting 10% of effective market shares in its segment.[13][14] The Indian version is exported to various overseas markets such as Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Tunisia and Sub-Saharan Africa.

  • Front view (pre-facelift)

  • Rear view (pre-facelift)

Specifications

At launch, the only engine available was a three-cylinder, 799 cc unit with a 40 kW (54 hp) power output and 72 N⋅m (53 lb⋅ft) torque, coupled to a 5-speed manual transmission. According to the Indian newspaper The Financial Express, Kwid's 300-litre boot space is "the most voluminous in its class" and its fuel efficiency is "class-leading", at 59.2 mpg‑US; 3.973 l/100 km (25.17 km/L).[15] In August 2016, the Kwid received a more powerful 1.0-liter engine.[16] The Kwid 1.0 is powered by a 999 cc engine which churns out 50 kW (67 hp) of power and 91 N⋅m (67 lb⋅ft) of peak torque.[17]

The Renault Kwid received a minor update in July 2018. It gets new features such as pretensioner front seat-belts, two additional USB sockets, a rear armrest, a new grille and two new colour schemes. The Dacia Easy-R 5-speed automated manual transmission became available on Indian market Kwid models.[18]

Latin American version

In 2017, a heavily revised version of the Kwid started production at the Renault' plant in Brazil. To comply with stricter Brazilian regulations, the localised version has various structural reinforcements and four airbags as standard which made its weight go up 88 kg compared to the Indian version. This version only offers a 1.0-litre inline-three petrol engine.[19]

It was also introduced to the Mexican market in May 2019, in the Intens, Iconic and Outsider trim levels. A Bitono trim level was added later on 10 November 2020, with the main difference having a black roof and can be ordered in the Marfil (Ivory), Rojo Fuego (Fire Red), and Naranja Ocre (Ocher Orange) colours. It is identical to the Outsider trim level and is positioned above said trim.[20]

  • Renault Kwid Outsider (pre-facelift)

  • Renault Kwid Outsider (pre-facelift)

Facelift (2019)

The Kwid in its facelift form debuted in India in October 2019, with a front fascia inspired by their electric version Renault City K-ZE, unveiled earlier in 2018, with the featured split headlamps consisting of LED daytime running lights, turning lights and positioning lights in the top portion and the main beam in the bottom portion. The Kwid facelift also featured a larger 8.0 inch infotainment system equipped with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto and an optional passenger side front airbag.[21]

This facelift was launched for the Brazilian and Latin American markets in early 2022.

The Kwid in facelift model was went on sale in Brunei in late July 2022, marking the return of the Renault brand in the Brunei market after 9 years. It is offered in RXT and Climber variants.[22]

  • Renault Kwid (facelift)

  • Rear view

Safety

The Kwid is equipped with rear drum brakes.[23][24]

At tests conducted in 2016, the Indian version of the Kwid with no ABS scored a 0-star rating for adult occupants and 2 stars for infants from Global NCAP, a rating also achieved by many entry-level competitors in the Indian market, including localised versions of the Suzuki Alto, the Hyundai Eon, the Tata Nano, the Suzuki Celerio and the Ford Figo.[25] The Kwid was also criticised for being one of the Indian models not having airbags as standard. Renault and other car manufacturers made objections to Global NCAP for its methodology and for ignoring India's own safety criteria,[26] complaints also made in other regions as the NCAPs try to raise the safety level beyond that prescribed by the local regulators, which corresponds to 0-stars. One version with driver airbag obtained 1 star for adult occupants but also 1 star for infants the same year.[27] A two-airbag version for Africa was tested in 2020 and obtained 2 stars for both (similar to Latin NCAP 2013).[28]

The Brazilian-built Kwid in its most basic Latin American market configuration with 4 airbags and no ESC got a 3-star rating from Latin NCAP in 2017,[29] which corresponds to a now obsolete but already one level more strict protocol than the one used by Global NCAP before H2 2022.

Engines

Motor Type Displacement Power Torque Top speed Transmission 0–100 km/h Fuel consumption
Petrol
0.8 SCe I3 799 cm³ 40 kW (54 hp) 72 N⋅m at 4400 rpm 143 km/h 5-speed manual 16,4 s 4,1 L
1.0 SCe[30] 999 cm³ 50 kW (67 hp) 91 N⋅m at 4250 rpm 157 km/h 13,9 s 4,7 L

Sales

Year India[31] South Africa Brazil Argentina Colombia Mexico Global
2015 17,933[32]
2016 105,745[33] 111,688[34]
2017 92,440[35] 8,027[36] 22,576[37] 430[38] 124,807[34]
2018 66,815[39] 9,695[40] 67,320[41] 22,578[38] 171,088[42]
2019 53,438[39] 11,848[43] 85,117[44] 12,058[45] 7,196[46] 183,989[42]
2020 37,927[47] 6,017[48] 49,476[49] 7,657[50] 9,709[51] 117,898[52]
2021 31,656[53] 7,919[54] 52,922[55] 3,168[56] 11,368[57] 120,056[58]
2022 23,127 9,770[59] 57,019[60] 57[61] 8,345[62] 13,809[63] 123,364[64]
2023 6,222[65] 63,321[66] 4,805[67] 19,906[68]

Renault City K-ZE

Renault City K-ZE
Renault City K-ZE IMG001.jpg
Overview
ManufacturerRenault
Also called
  • Renault Kwid E-Tech Electric (Brazil)[69]
  • Dacia Spring Electric (Europe)[70]
  • Venucia e30
  • Dongfeng Aeolus EX1
  • Dongfeng Fengxing T1
  • Dongfeng Fengguang E1
  • Dongfeng Nano Box[71]
Production2019–present
AssemblyChina: Shiyan, Hubei (eGT New Energy Automotive)
Body and chassis
ClassCrossover city car (A)
Body style5-door hatchback
LayoutFront motor, front-wheel drive
PlatformRenault CMFA-EV platform
Powertrain
Electric motorPermanent magnet synchronous
Power output33 kW (44 hp)
Battery
Dimensions
Wheelbase2,423 mm (95.4 in)
Length3,740 mm (147.2 in)
Width1,580 mm (62.2 in)
Height1,480 mm (58.3 in)

The Renault City K-ZE is a battery electric version of Renault Kwid, manufactured since 2019 in a facility in Shiyan, Hubei owned by eGT New Energy Automotive, a joint venture between Dongfeng, Renault and Nissan.[72][73] A concept car was shown initially at the 2018 Paris Motor Show, and the final production model debuted in April 2019 at Shanghai Motor Show, going on sale later in September.[74] Using a dedicated variant of the CMF-A platform, named CMFA-EV, the K-ZE is Renault's smallest electric vehicle, sitting beneath the Renault Zoe.[75] It is notable for its low price, starting at less than $8,700 after incentives.[76]

The model also introduced first hand the facelift for the ICE-powered Renault Kwid, launched in India in October 2019. In the front, the City K-ZE featured split headlamps consisting of LED daytime running lights, turning lights and positioning lights in the top portion and the main beam in the bottom portion. It also received tail lights with C-shaped LED light guides.[77] Each wheel is fixed by 4 nuts instead of 3 like on the ICE versions. Currently, the electric models are not produced in a right-hand drive configuration.[78]

  • Front view

  • Rear view

Specifications

The vehicle uses a 26.8 kWh lithium ion battery and is powered by a 33 kW (44 hp), 125 N⋅m (92 lb⋅ft) front-mounted electric motor driving the front wheels.

DC fast charging from 0% to 80% takes 50 minutes.[76]

The EPA range is not given and can be estimated at 100 miles (160 km); this is based on the car's NEDC range and the ratio of the EPA range to the NEDC range available for another BEV city car, the Smart EQ Fortwo.[79][80] While the car is rated at 271 kilometres (168 mi) in China,[76] this is based on the NEDC cycle, no longer in use in Europe as it gives wildly inaccurate results, especially for EVs.

Optional equipment includes an infotainment system with a 200 millimetres (8 in) touchscreen, a backup camera and manual air conditioning.[76] A smartphone app allows remote monitoring of the vehicle's status.[81]

Pricing and reception

...this entry-level electric vehicle (EV) looks set to become the real “Tesla Killer” simply because it's the cheapest EV anywhere. The cheapest version of this Renault baby retails for a mere $8,700, or four times cheaper than the cheapest Tesla. Contrast that with the cheapest Tesla Model 3 with its $38,990 price tag and the $29,990 price for the Nissan Leaf...

the International Business Times[81]

With the price starting at RMB FXConvert/Wordify error: cannot parse value "Template:FXConvert/Scale" (US$FXConvert/Wordify error: cannot parse value "Undefined year """) after incentives,[76] which puts it at RMB FXConvert/Wordify error: cannot parse value "Template:FXConvert/Scale" (US$FXConvert/Wordify error: cannot parse value "Undefined year """) without them,[82] this electric car is very affordable by Western standards.

The car represents a category of budget electric city cars popular in China, but practically nonexistent in the West; among these, it is probably the first one carrying a badge of a Western marque. Prices of electric vehicles in general are much lower in China than in the US or Europe, and they exhibit a downward trend while in the West they show an upward trend: a report by JATO Dynamics shows that an all-electric car priced at $1 in 2011 would, as of 2019, cost $0.52 in China, but $1.42 in Europe and $1.55 in the US.[83]

The car was launched in China on 10 September 2019.[81]

The International Business Times wrote that it looks set to become the real "Tesla Killer" simply because of its low price,[81] while erroneously stating it's the cheapest EV in the world (there are even cheaper EVs in China).

Dongfeng brands-badged models

Alongside the production version of the City K-ZE, Dongfeng Nissan showed off their version of an electric Kwid under the Venucia brand in the form of the Venucia e30.[84] The e30 is essentially a badge engineered City K-ZE, sharing the same basic powertrain and design. The e30 name was previously used on another badged engineered EV based on the first generation Nissan Leaf.

Dongfeng-Fengshen also unveiled the Aeolus EX1 during the 2019 Chengdu Auto Show. The pre-sale price range of the EX1 after subsidies is 70,000 to 80,000 yuan (~US$9813 to US$11,215). The EX1 is powered by an electric motor with a maximum power output of 33 kW (44 hp).[85] As of December 2020, the Aeolus EX1 was relaunched as the Dongfeng EV EX1 sold under the Dongfeng EV brand.

In July 2022, a restyled version was introduced as the Dongfeng Nano Box sold under the Dongfeng EV brand and positioned above the Dongfeng EV EX1. In opposite of Venucia and Aeolus models—both of them with their front end inspired on the first ICE-powered Renault Kwid design—this one is more based on the City K-ZE fascia itself, but with more original design tweaks, thanks to plastic-molded components, much cheaper to modify than steel parts. Despite running the same engine as the other models, Dongfeng promises the Nano Box can run 331 km (206 mi) in the Chinese test cycle.[86]

  • Venucia e30

  • Aeolus EX1 (Fengshen EX1)

  • Dongfeng EV EX1 Pro

  • Dongfeng EX1 Nano Box

Dacia Spring Electric

In October 2019, Gilles Normand, head of the EV department in Renault, indicated that a version of City K-ZE to be exported to the European market was in the works,[87][88] under the internal code BBG.[89] On 3 March 2020, the Romanian car manufacturer Dacia—Renault's budget-car subsidiary in Europe—unveiled a concept car of K-ZE for that market, under the name of Dacia Spring Electric.[90][91][92][93] It was intended to be presented at the 2020 Geneva Motor Show. However, once the entire show was cancelled due to COVID-19 pandemic,[94] it was presented via web live stream. The concept had a grey body colour enhanced with neon orange accents on the rims, the door handles, the mirrors and the grille.[95][96]

The production model of Spring Electric was presented at Renault EWAYS conference on 15 October 2020.[97][89][98] To meet European safety standards, Spring Electric has been reengineered, featuring a reinforced chassis, six airbags and other assistance systems.[99][100] There were also changes in powertrain, with the single electric motor now being powered by a 27.4 kWh lithium-ion battery, instead of the 26.8 kWh in the Chinese model; permitting a claimed range of 230 km (140 mi) on the combined WLTP cycle.[101]

Their sales began in March 2021.[102] At its introduction, it was the cheapest electric car in Europe. The Spring Electric was also the second most popular model of electric car exported from China in the first eight months of 2021—only behind Tesla Model 3—with a total of 17,398 units sold in that period.[103] Car-sharing services and cargo utility versions were also launched later in 2021.[98] The deliveries for companies started in early 2021, while for private customers in autumn of 2021.[97]

  • Front view

  • Rear view

  • Charging port

  • European market Dacia Spring Electric being transported to the docks in Shanghai, China.

2022 refresh

2023 Spring Essential
Spring Extreme

The 2023 Spring Electric, launched in June 2022 alongside all the other Dacia models, had a slight facelift on the front grille and a new badge on the rear, featuring the new Dacia logo and branding. The least expensive version for consumers now starts at €FXConvert/Wordify error: cannot parse value "Template:FXConvert/Scale" (US$FXConvert/Wordify error: cannot parse value "Undefined year """) in France, € FXConvert/Wordify error: cannot parse value "Template:FXConvert/Scale" (US$FXConvert/Wordify error: cannot parse value "Undefined year """) after subsidies.[104]

It has a 33 kW (44 hp) motor and weighs 970 kg, allowing it to carry four people.[105]

In January 2023, Dacia launched the Spring Extreme version which is equipped with a 65 hp (48 kW) motor and has a range of 220 km (140 mi).[106][107]

In March 2023, Dacia updated the Cargo variant with the new logo, which is only available in certain European countries,[108] such as Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia.[109][110][111]

Dacia will release a right-hand drive version of the Spring in 2024 for the UK.[112] Its introduction will coincide with a new facelift for the affordable EV, which the carmaker states will offer both design and equipment changes.

Safety

The Dacia Spring in its standard European market configuration was awarded a one star rating in the Euro NCAP crash test published in December 2021.[113] Euro NCAP said the testing highlighted "a high risk of life-threatening injuries for driver chest and rear passenger head in frontal crash tests and marginal chest protection in side impact."[114] The protocol still in use by Latin NCAP in 2022 (one level above that of 2017) is very similar to the 2014 Euro NCAP[115] (four levels below that of 2021).

Euro NCAP test results
Dacia Spring (2021)
Test Points %
Overall: 1 /5 stars
Adult occupant: 18.9 49%
Child occupant: 27.5 56%
Pedestrian: 21.3 39%
Safety assist: 5.2 32%

Renault Kwid E-Tech

The City K-ZE also began to be exported to Brazil in 2022 as a Renault Kwid top-range version, named the Renault Kwid E-Tech Electric,[116] matching the current Renault branding for electric vehicles.

The Brazilian version has a 48 kW (64 hp) motor instead of the 33 kW (44 hp) of the Chinese version, which is still less than the 53 kW (71 hp) of the 1.0-litre ICE version. It weighs 977 kg instead of the 818 kg of the standard Brazilian ICE version, so it can carry 4 people instead of 5 in the latter.[117][118]

In 2023, the Kwid E-Tech Electric starts to be exported to most Latin America countries.[119]

Kwid concept

The Renault Kwid Concept at the 2014 São Paulo International Motor Show

The Renault Kwid concept was unveiled at the 2014 Auto Expo in India. The SUV-like concept incorporates a roof-mounted, remote-controlled quadcopter (called the "Flyer Companion"), butterfly doors and has large R16 wheels. According to Renault, the interior was "inspired by a nest" and has a 3-seat front and 2-seat rear arrangement.[120]

References

  1. ↑ "Iran Khodro offered two promising SUVs: Autoreview". world today news. 30 August 2022. https://motor.ru/news/irans-renault-kwid-copy-28-08-2022.htm. 
  2. ↑ "Overview | Renault CLIMBER". https://www.renault.com.bn/cars/Climber/overview.html. 
  3. ↑ "Renault Kwid, India, mini-crossover, prezzo, motore" (in it-IT). 16 October 2015. https://www.blitzquotidiano.it/foto-notizie/renault-kwid-mini-crossover-in-vendita-a-3500-euro-in-india-2299817/. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Renault bets on cheap car with high-end features in India". europe.autonews.com. Automotive News Europe. 20 May 2015. http://europe.autonews.com/article/20150520/ANE/150529998/renault-bets-on-cheap-car-with-high-end-features-in-india. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Renault Kwid compact hatchback unveiled; to take on Alto & Eon in Rs 3–4 lakh price range. It crossed a thumping 2.50 lakhs pre-launch bookings.". The Economic Times. 20 May 2015. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/passenger-vehicle/cars/renault-kwid-compact-hatchback-unveiled-to-take-on-alto-eon-in-rs-3-4-lakh-price-range/articleshow/47354211.cms. 
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  20. ↑ García, Gerardo (10 November 2020). "El Renault Kwid Bitono se estrena en México con más personalidad y equipamiento". https://www.motorpasion.com.mx/industria/renault-kwid-bitono-mexico-precio. 
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  28. ↑ Result sheet squarespace.com
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  48. ↑ "These were SA's top-selling vehicles in a turbulent 2020". https://www.timeslive.co.za/motoring/features/2021-01-21-these-were-sas-top-selling-vehicles-in-a-turbulent-2020/. 
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  50. ↑ "Así fueron las ventas totales en 2020" (in es-ar). https://ar.motor1.com/news/481410/asi-fueron-las-ventas-totales-en-2020/. 
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  52. ↑ "Facts & Figures March 2021 Edition". March 2021. https://www.renaultgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/facts-figures-2020.pdf. 
  53. ↑ M, Surendhar (2022-01-18). "Renault Model Wise 2021 Sales - Triber, Kwid, Kiger, Duster" (in en-US). https://gaadiwaadi.com/renault-model-wise-2021-sales-triber-kwid-kiger-duster/. 
  54. ↑ "These were SA's best-selling cars of 2021" (in en-ZA). https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/life/motoring/2022-01-20-these-were-sas-best-selling-cars-of-2021/. 
  55. ↑ "Carros mais vendidos do Brasil em 2021". 3 January 2021. https://www.autoo.com.br/emplacamentos/veiculos-mais-vendidos/2021/. 
  56. ↑ "Así fueron las ventas totales en 2021" (in es-ar). https://ar.motor1.com/news/557919/ventas-totales-argentina-2021/. 
  57. ↑ García, Gerardo (2022-01-08). "Los 379 autos más vendidos de México en 2021: la lista completa del ranking de ventas" (in es). https://www.motorpasion.com.mx/industria/autos-vendidos-mexico-2021. 
  58. ↑ "Document d'enregistrement universel 2021". March 2022. https://www.renaultgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/renault_deu_2021.pdf. 
  59. ↑ Droppa, Denis (2023-01-26). "These were South Africa's most popular cars of 2022" (in en-ZA). https://www.timeslive.co.za/motoring/news/2023-01-26-these-were-south-africas-most-popular-cars-of-2022/. 
  60. ↑ "Carros mais vendidos do Brasil em 2022". 2022-02-03. https://www.autoo.com.br/emplacamentos/veiculos-mais-vendidos/2022/. 
  61. ↑ "Así fueron las ventas en diciembre (y totales) 2022" (in es-ar). https://ar.motor1.com/news/628764/ventas-diciembre-2022/. 
  62. ↑ Mantilla, Óscar Julián Restrepo (2023-01-03). "Renault Duster fue el carro más vendido de Colombia en 2022: así quedó el Top 20" (in es-CO). https://www.elcarrocolombiano.com/industria/renault-duster-fue-el-carro-mas-vendido-de-colombia-en-2022-asi-quedo-el-top-20/. 
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  64. ↑ "Renault URD - bleu". March 2023. https://www.renaultgroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/renault_2022-urd_20230327_en.pdf. 
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  67. ↑ "Los 100 carros más vendidos de Colombia en 2023: Informe Especial" (in es). 2024-01-19. https://www.elcarrocolombiano.com/industria/100-carros-mas-vendidos-de-colombia-en-2023-informe-especial/. 
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  69. ↑ "Renault lança o Kwid E-Tech, carro elétrico mais barato do País; veja preço" (in pt-br). https://www.uol.com.br/carros/noticias/redacao/2022/04/14/renault-lanca-o-kwid-e-tech-carro-eletrico-mais-barato-do-pais-veja-preco.htm. 
  70. ↑ Everything We Know About The Dacia Spring Electric, Inside EVs.
  71. ↑ "Renault Kwid elétrico fica mais refinado e ganha 331 km de autonomia" (in pt-BR). 3 June 2022. https://www.automaistv.com.br/renault-kwid-eletrico-mais-refinado/. 
  72. ↑ magazine, Le Point (29 August 2017). "Renault-Nissan crée une nouvelle entreprise avec Dongfeng en Chine". https://www.lepoint.fr/automobile/renault-nissan-cree-une-nouvelle-entreprise-avec-dongfeng-en-chine-29-08-2017-2152892_646.php. 
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  74. ↑ "Renault Kwid EV (City K-ZE) Revealed At Shanghai Motor Show". https://www.zigwheels.com/news-features/news/renault-kwid-ev-city-kze-revealed-at-shanghai-motor-show/33576/. 
  75. ↑ "The Renault City K-ZE is here to take over China". 16 April 2019. https://www.topgear.com/car-news/electric/renault-city-k-ze-here-take-over-china. 
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 "Renault City K-ZE Available In China For Less Than $9,000". https://insideevs.com/news/373767/renault-city-k-ze-available-china/. 
  77. ↑ "The Renault City K-ZE is here to take over China". 16 April 2019. https://www.topgear.com/car-news/electric/renault-city-k-ze-here-take-over-china. 
  78. ↑ Mihalascu, Dan (16 October 2020). "Dacia Spring EV Not Coming To Britain As Renault Has No Plans For A RHD Variant". https://www.carscoops.com/2020/10/dacia-spring-ev-not-coming-to-britain-as-renault-has-no-plans-for-a-rhd-variant/. 
  79. ↑ "Smart EQ fortwo coupe". https://ev-database.org/car/1132/Smart-EQ-fortwo-coupe. 
  80. ↑ "2017 smart fortwo electric drive coupe". https://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/Find.do?action=sbs&id=39192. 
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  82. ↑ "Report: China Considers Extension Of EV Subsidies Beyond 2022". https://insideevs.com/news/586566/china-extension-ev-subsidies-beyond-2022/. 
  83. ↑ Ltd, Motionlab Marketing (12 December 2019). "EV prices have been growing during the last 8 years". https://www.jato.com/ev-prices-have-been-growing-during-the-last-8-years/. 
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  85. ↑ "Renault City K-ZE Has a Sibling: Rebarged Dongfeng Fengshen EX1 Debut on 2019 Chengdu Auto Show". 5 September 2019. https://www.chinapev.com/dongfeng/fengshenaeolus/renault-city-k-ze-has-a-sibling-rebarged-dongfeng-fengshen-ex1-debut-on-2019-chengdu-auto-show/. 
  86. ↑ "Dongfeng Nano Box is the Seventh Version of the Renault City K-ZE". 2 July 2022. https://www.autoevolution.com/news/dongfeng-nano-box-is-the-seventh-version-of-the-renault-city-k-ze-192636.html#. 
  87. ↑ "Renault K-ZE : l'électrique low-cost en route pour l'Europe". 28 October 2019. https://www.caradisiac.com/renault-k-ze-l-electrique-low-cost-en-route-pour-l-europe-179409.htm. 
  88. ↑ "La Renault K-ZE va arriver en France". 28 October 2019. https://www.auto-moto.com/nouveautes/renault-k-ze-va-arriver-france-223408.html. 
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Grégory Pelletier (3 March 2020). "Dacia Spring Electric. Le pari d'une citadine électrique à 10 000 €". https://www.largus.fr/actualite-automobile/dacia-spring-electric-le-pari-dune-citadine-electrique-a-10-000-e-10253390.html. 
  90. ↑ Lambert, Fred (3 March 2020). "Renault brings its ultra-cheap K-ZE electric crossover to Europe under Dacia brand". https://electrek.co/2020/03/03/renault-k-ze-cheap-electric-crossover-europe-dacia-spring/. 
  91. ↑ Julien Dupont-Calbo (3 March 2020). "Renault lance la voiture électrique low cost en Europe". https://www.lesechos.fr/industrie-services/automobile/renault-lance-la-voiture-electrique-low-cost-en-europe-1181368. 
  92. ↑ Jean-Francois Christiaens (3 March 2020). "Dacia Spring : Le SUV urbain électrique " abordable "". https://www.vroom.be/fr/actus/dacia-spring-le-suv-urbain-lectrique-abordable-22946. 
  93. ↑ Jean-Philippe Peden (3 March 2020). "Dacia Spring (2020) : le mini-SUV 100% électrique pas cher !". https://www.autoplus.fr/dacia/spring-electric/actualite/Dacia-Spring-Electric-Electrique-City-K-ZE-Salon-Geneve-2020-1546998.html. 
  94. ↑ Virginie Lenk (28 February 2020). "Le Salon de l'automobile de Genève est annulé". https://www.tdg.ch/suisse/conseil-federal-interdit-manifestations-mille-personnes/story/19591038. 
  95. ↑ Florent Ferrière (3 March 2020). "Dacia Spring, la voiture électrique low-cost lancée en 2021". https://www.caradisiac.com/dacia-spring-la-voiture-electrique-low-cost-181712.htm. 
  96. ↑ "Dacia Spring Electric Showcar: The Electric Revolution by Dacia". https://en.media.groupe.renault.com/news/dacia-spring-electric-showcar-the-dacia-electric-revolution-8826-989c5.html. 
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 HotNews.ro (15 October 2020). "Dacia prezintă prima sa mașină electrică, Spring. Autonomia promisă este de 225 km. Mașina va ajunge la clienți în toamna lui 2021". https://economie.hotnews.ro/stiri-auto-24354967-dacia-spring-dacia-electrica-lansare-live-text-video.htm. 
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 "Dacia Spring Electric: Dacia's first all-electric car". 20 October 2020. https://group.renault.com/en/news-on-air/news/dacia-spring-electric-dacias-first-all-electric-car/. 
  99. ↑ "România, în cursa pentru Dacia electrică". 19 October 2020. https://www.zf.ro/auto/romania-cursa-dacia-electrica-produs-realizat-centrul-tehnologie-19677727. 
  100. ↑ "Dacia depășește Renault în materie de siguranță, cu noul Spring". 19 October 2020. https://www.profit.ro/povesti-cu-profit/auto-transporturi/dacia-depaseste-renault-in-materie-de-siguranta-cu-noul-spring-sasiu-intarit-si-sisteme-de-asistenta-pasiva-nu-intram-insa-in-cursa-pentru-4-5-stele-euroncap-estimarea-de-pret-19518018. 
  101. ↑ "2021 Dacia Spring EV: Europe's cheapest electric car" (in en). https://www.caradvice.com.au/933744/2021-dacia-spring-ev-europes-cheapest-electric-car/. 
  102. ↑ "All-New Dacia Spring: Prices (France) for the Most Affordable Electric Car on the Market" (in en). https://en.media.renaultgroup.com/news/all-new-dacia-spring-prices-france-for-the-most-affordable-electric-car-on-the-market-e905-989c5.html. 
  103. ↑ "China's new energy vehicles exports tripled in 2021, with half made by Tesla" (in en). 13 January 2022. https://kr-asia.com/chinas-new-energy-vehicles-exports-tripled-in-2021-with-half-made-by-tesla. 
  104. ↑ "Prix Dacia Spring : augmentation de 1 000 € à 1 300 €". 4 April 2022. https://www.auto-moto.com/marques-auto/dacia/actualites-dacia/prix-dacia-spring-augmentation-de-1-000-e-a-1-300-e-332253.html. 
  105. ↑ Spring brochure cdn.group.renault.com
  106. ↑ "OFICIAL: Dacia Spring Extreme debutează cu 65 CP și 220 km autonomie". January 13, 2023. https://www.automarket.ro/stiri/oficial-dacia-spring-extreme-debuteaza-cu-65-cp-si-220-km-autonomie-112041.html. 
  107. ↑ "Dacia Spring Extreme Unveiled With 20 HP Power Upgrade". January 16, 2023. https://www.carscoops.com/2023/01/dacia-spring-extreme-unveiled-with-20-hp-power-upgrade/. 
  108. ↑ "Noua Dacia Spring Cargo: Versiunea utilitară, disponibilă în mai multe piețe din Europa". https://www.automarket.ro/stiri/noua-dacia-spring-cargo-versiunea-utilitara-disponibila-in-mai-multe-113011.html. 
  109. ↑ "Spring Cargo – Dacia". https://www.dacia.pl/samochody/spring-cargo.html. 
  110. ↑ "Cargo". https://www.dacia.cz/vozy/cargo.html. 
  111. ↑ "Cargo". https://www.dacia.sk/vozidla/cargo.html. 
  112. ↑ "Dacia Spring electric car confirmed for 2024 UK launch" (in en). https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/car-news/first-official-pictures/dacia/spring/. 
  113. ↑ "Official Dacia Spring 2021 safety rating" (in en). https://www.euroncap.com/en/results/dacia/spring/44197. 
  114. ↑ "Kwid-based Dacia Spring EV gets 1-star Euro NCAP rating". https://www.autocarindia.com/car-news/kwid-based-dacia-spring-ev-gets-1-star-euro-ncap-rating-422884. 
  115. ↑ "LATIN NCAP". https://www.latinncap.com/en/faq. 
  116. ↑ "Renault traz o Kwid E-Tech da China, para rentabilizar a crescente demanda de veículos elétricos no Brasil". https://correiodoestado.com.br/veiculos/renault-traz-o-kwid-etech-da-china/399226. 
  117. ↑ Rinaldi, Anamaria (5 May 2022). "Avaliação: Kwid E-Tech é uma ótima surpresa no dia a dia". https://revistacarro.com.br/avaliacao-kwid-e-tech-e-uma-otima-surpresa-no-dia-a-dia/. 
  118. ↑ "Renault Kwid E-Tech elétrico esgota 1° lote e preço passa a R$ 146.990". https://insideevs.uol.com.br/news/592072/renault-kwid-eletrico-reservas-preco/. 
  119. ↑ (in fr) Renault accélère sa révolution électrique en Amérique du Sud. 7 September 2022. https://www.auto-infos.fr/article/renault-accelere-sa-revolution-electrique-en-amerique-du-sud.255642. 
  120. ↑ "2014 Renault Kwid Concept". Top Speed. 15 February 2014. http://www.topspeed.com/cars/renault/2014-renault-kwid-concept-ar162264.html. 

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