Engineering:Pirated movie release types

Short description: Formats of illegally-distributed movies

Pirated movie release types are the different types of pirated movies and television series that are shared on the Internet. The quality and popularity of pirated movie release types vary widely, due to the different sources and methods used for acquiring the video content, the development and adoption of encoding formats, and differing preferences on the part of suppliers and end users as to quality and size-efficiency.

Pirated movie releases may be derived from cams, which have distinctly low quality; screener and workprint discs or digital distribution copies (DDC), telecine copies from analog reels, video on demand (VOD) or TV recordings, and DVD and Blu-ray rips. They are seen in Peer-to-peer file sharing networks, pirated websites and rarely on video sharing websites such as YouTube and Dailymotion due to their strict copyright rules.

History

Pirated movies are usually released in many formats and different versions as better sources become available. The versions are usually encoded in the popular formats at the time of encoding. The sources for pirated copies have often changed with time in response to technology or anti-piracy measures.

Cams

Cam releases are a form of movie piracy which involve recording the on-screen projection of a movie in a cinema. This enables groups to pirate movies which are in their theatrical period (not released for personal entertainment). This method often results in distinctly low quality and requires undetected videotaping in movie theaters.

Pre-release

Beginning in 1998, feature films began to be released on the internet by warez groups prior to their theatrical release. These pirated versions usually came in the form of VCD or SVCD. A prime example was the release of American Pie. This is notable for three reasons:

1. It was released in an uncensored workprint format. The later theatrical release was cut down by several minutes and had scenes reworked to avoid nudity to pass MPAA guidelines.
2. It was released nearly two months prior to its release in theaters (CNN Headline News reported on its early release).
3. It was listed by the movie company as one of the reasons it released an unrated DVD edition.

DVD and VOD ripping

DivX

In October 1999, DeCSS was released. This program allowed anyone to remove the CSS encryption on a DVD. Although its authors only intended the software to be used for playback purposes, it also meant that one could decode the content perfectly for ripping; combined with the DivX 3.11 Alpha codec released shortly after, the new codec increased video quality from near VHS to almost DVD quality when encoding from a DVD source.

Xvid

The early DivX releases were mostly internal for group use, but once the codec spread, it became accepted as a standard and quickly became the most widely used format for the scene. With help from associates who either worked for a movie theater, movie production company, or video rental company, groups were supplied with massive amounts of material, and new releases began appearing at a very fast pace. When version 4.0 of DivX was released, the codec went commercial and the need for a free codec, Xvid (then called "XviD", "DivX" backwards), was created. Later, Xvid replaced DivX entirely. Although the DivX codec has evolved from version 4 to 10.6 during this time, it is banned in the warez scene due to its commercial nature.

x264

In February 2012, a consortium of popular piracy groups officially announced x264, the free H.264 codec, as the new standard for releases, replacing the previous format, which was Xvid wrapped in an AVI container. The move to H.264 also obsoletes AVI in favor of MP4 and Matroska that most commonly uses the .mkv file name extension.

x265 (HEVC)

With the increasing popularity of online movie-streaming sites like Netflix, some movies are being ripped from such websites now and are being encoded in HEVC wrapped in Matroska containers. This codec allows a high-quality movie to be stored in a relatively smaller file size.

AV1

AV1 is a free modern video format developed by the Alliance for Open Media (AOM). It delivers high quality video at lower bitrates than H.264 or even H.265/HEVC. Unlike HEVC, it can be streamed in common web browsers. It is being adopted by YouTube and Netflix, amongst others. As of 2023, a few encoders use AV1.

Release formats

Below is a table of pirated movie release types along with respective sources, ranging from the lowest quality to the highest. Scene rules define in which format and way each release type is to be packaged and distributed.

Type	Label	Popularity
Cam	CAM-Rip CAM HDCAM	Common; low video and sound quality
Telesync	TS HDTS TELESYNC PDVD PreDVDRip	Uncommon
Workprint	WP WORKPRINT	Extremely rare
Telecine	TC HDTC TELECINE	Very rare
Pay-Per-View Rip	PPV PPVRip	Very rare, WEB-DL is preferred
Screener	SCR SCREENER DVDSCR DVDSCREENER BDSCR WEBSCREENER	Uncommon
Digital Distribution Copy or Downloadable/Direct Digital Content	DDC	Rare
R5	R5 R5.LINE R5.AC3.5.1.HQ	Rare
DVD-Rip	DVDRip DVDMux	Currently sort of rare as a few films are now released on Blu-Ray discs, which have better quality.
DVD-R	DVDR DVD-Full Full-Rip ISO rip lossless rip untouched rip DVD-5 DVD-9	Common
HDTV, PDTV or DSRip	DSR DSRip SATRip DTHRip DVBRip HDTV PDTV DTVRip TVRip HDTVRip	Common. often used for TV programs
VODRip	VODRip VODR	Very rare, WEB-DL is preferred
HC HD-Rip	HC HD-Rip	Common, WEB-DL is some times preferred
WEBCap	WEB-Cap WEBCAP WEB Cap	Rare, WEBRip is preferred
HDRip	HDRip WEB-DLRip	Common, WEBRip is preferred
WEBRip	WEBRip (P2P) WEB Rip (P2P) WEB-Rip (P2P)	Common, WEB-DL is preferred but not available as much as WEBRip is
WEB-DL (P2P)	WEBDL WEB DL WEB-DL WEB (Scene) WEBRip (extremely common)
Blu-ray/BD/BRRip	Blu-Ray BluRay BLURAY BDRip BRip BRRip BDR BD25 BD50 BD66 BD100 BD5 BD9 BDMV BDISO COMPLETE.BLURAY	Extremely common. Blu-ray and 4K Blu-ray make up a large share of the market, despite each segment making up a smaller market share than DVD by itself.

Cam/CamRip

A Cam is a copy made in a cinema using a camcorder or mobile phone. The sound source is the camera microphone. Cam rips can quickly appear online after the first preview or premiere of the film. The quality ranges from subpar to adequate, depending on the group of persons performing the recording and the resolution of the camera used. The main disadvantage of this is the sound quality. The microphone does not only record the sound from the movie, but also the background sound in the cinema. The camera can also record movements and audio of the audience in the theater, for instance, when someone stands up in front of the screen, or when the audience laughs at a funny moment in the film.

Telesync

A telesync (TS) is a bootleg recording of a film recorded in a movie theater, sometimes filmed using a professional camera on a tripod in the projection booth. The main difference between a CAM and TS copy is that the audio of a TS is captured with a direct connection to the sound source (often an FM microbroadcast provided for the hearing-impaired, or from a drive-in theater). Often, a cam is mislabeled as a telesync. HDTS is used to label a High-definition video recording.

Workprint

A Workprint is a copy made from an unfinished version of a film produced by the studio. Typically a workprint has missing effects and overlays, and differs from its theatrical release. Some workprints have a time index marker running in a corner or on the top edge; some may also include a watermark. A workprint might be an uncut version, and missing some material that would appear in the final movie (or including scenes later cut).

Telecine

A Telecine is a copy captured from a film print using a machine that transfers the movie from its analog reel to digital format. These were rare because telecine machines for making these prints were very costly and very large. However, they have recently become much more common. Telecine has basically the same quality as DVD, since the technique is the same as digitizing the actual film to DVD. However, the result is inferior since the source material is usually a lower quality copy reel. Telecine machines usually cause a slight left-right jitter in the picture and have inferior color levels compared to DVD. HDTC is used to label a High-definition video recording.

PPV Rip

PPVRips come from Pay-Per-View sources. All the PPVRip releases are brand new movies which have not yet been released to Screener or DVD, but are available for viewing by customers with high-end TV package deals.

Screener

Screeners are early DVD or BD releases of the theatrical version of a film, typically sent to movie reviewers, Academy members, and executives for review purposes. A screener normally has a message overlaid on its picture, with wording similar to: "The film you are watching is a promotional copy. If you purchased this film at a retail store, please contact 1-800-NO-COPYS to report it." or more commonly if released for awards consideration simply, "FOR YOUR CONSIDERATION." Apart from this, some movie studios release their screeners with a number of scenes of varying duration shown in black-and-white. Aside from this message, and the occasional B&W scenes, screeners are normally of only slightly lower quality than a retail DVD-Rip, due to the smaller investment in DVD mastering for the limited run. Some screener rips with the overlay message get cropped to remove the message and get released mislabeled as DVD-Rips.

Note: Screeners make a small exception here—since the content may differ from a retail version, it can be considered as lower quality than a DVD-Rip (even if the screener in question was sourced from a DVD).

DDC

A digital distribution copy (DDC) is basically the same as a Screener, but sent digitally (FTP, HTTP, etc.) to companies instead of via the postal system. This makes distribution cheaper. Its quality is lower than one of a R5, but higher than a Cam or Telesync.

In the warez scene DDC refers to Downloadable/Direct Digital Content which is not freely available.

R5

What is known as an R5 is a studio produced unmastered telecine put out quickly and cheaply to compete against telecine piracy in Russia. The R5 tag refers to the DVD region 5 which consists of Russia , the Indian subcontinent, most of Africa, North Korea, and Mongolia. R5 releases differ from normal releases in that they are a direct Telecine transfer of the film without any of the image processing. If the DVD does not contain an English-language audio track, the R5 video is synced to a previously released English audio track. Then a LiNE tag is added. This means that the sound often is not as good as DVD-Rips. To account for the lesser audio quality typically present in R5 releases, some release groups take the high quality Russian or Ukrainian 5.1 channel audio track included with the R5 DVD and modify it with audio editing software. They remove the non-English spoken portion of the audio and sync the remaining portion, which contains high quality sound effects and music with a previously recorded source of English vocals usually taken from a LiNE tagged release. The result of this process is an almost retail DVD quality surround sound audio track which is included in the movie release. Releases of this type are normally tagged AC3.5.1.HQ and details about what was done to the audio track as well as the video are present in the release notes accompanying the pirated movie.

DVD Rip

A DVD-Rip is a final retail version of a film, typically released before it is available outside its originating region. Often after one group of pirates releases a high-quality DVD-Rip, the "race" to release that film will stop. The release is an AVI file and uses the XviD codec (some in DivX) for video, and commonly mp3 or AC3 for audio. Because of their high quality, DVD-Rips generally replace any earlier copies that may already have been circulating. Widescreen DVDs used to be indicated as WS.DVDRip. DVDMux differs from DVDRips as they tend to use the x264 codec for video, AAC or AC3 codec for audio and multiplex it on a .mp4/.mkv file.

DVD-R

DVD-R refers to a final retail version of a film in DVD format, generally a complete copy from the original DVD. If the original DVD is released in the DVD-9 format, however, extras might be removed and/or the video reencoded to make the image fit the less expensive for burning and quicker to download DVD-5 format. DVD-R releases often accompany DVD-Rips. DVD-R rips are larger in size, generally filling up the 4.37 or 7.95 GiB provided by DVD-5 and DVD-9 respectively. Untouched or lossless rips in the strictest sense are 1:1 rips of the source, with nothing removed or changed, though often the definition is lightened to include DVDs which have not been transcoded, and no features were removed from the user's perspective, removing only restrictions and possible nuisances such as copyright warnings and movie previews.

TV Rip

TVRip is a capture source from an analog capture card (coaxial/composite/s-video connection). Digital satellite rip (DSR, also called SATRip or DTH) is a rip that is captured from a non-standard definition digital source like satellite. HDTV stands for captured source from HD television, while PDTV (Pure Digital TV) stands for any SDTV rip captured using solely digital methods from the original transport stream, not from HDMI or other outputs from a decoder, it can also refer to any standard definition content broadcast on a HD channel. DVB rips often come from free-the-air transmissions (such as digital terrestrial television). With an HDTV source, the quality can sometimes even surpass DVD. Movies in this format are starting to grow in popularity. Network logos can be seen, and some advertisement and commercial banner can be observed on some releases during playback.

Analog, DSR, and PDTV sources used to be often reencoded to 512×384 if fullscreen, currently to 640x480 if fullscreen and 720x404 if widescreen. HDTV sources are reencoded to multiple resolutions such as 720x404 (360p), 960×540 (540p), 1280×720 (720p), and 1920x1080 (1080p) at various file sizes for pirated releases. They can be progressive scan captured or not (480i digital transmission or 1080i broadcast for HD caps).

VOD Rip

VODRip stands for Video-On-Demand Rip. This can be done by recording or capturing a video/movie from an On-Demand service such as through a cable or satellite TV service. Most services will state that ripping or capturing films is a breach of their use policy, but it is becoming more and more popular as it requires little technology or setup. There are many online On-Demand services that would not require one to connect their TV and computer. It can be done by using software to identify the video source address and downloading it as a video file which is often the method that bears the best quality end result. However, some people have used screen cams which effectively record, like a video camera, what is on a certain part of the computer screen, but does so internally, making the quality not of HD quality, but nevertheless significantly better than a Cam or Telesync version filmed from a cinema, TV or computer screen.

HC HD Rip

In a HC HDRip, HC stands for hard-coded subtitles. This format is released shortly after the movie leaves theaters. It is usually sourced from Korean VOD services like Naver.

The quality of this release is lower than a WEB as it is screen recorded, and it is a less preferred option due to the subtitles being baked into the video and cannot be removed, hence the HC tag. P2P groups have released blurred copies, which have the subtitles blurred or blocked.

Web Capture

A WEBCap is a rip created by capturing video from a DRM-enabled streaming service, such as Amazon Prime Video or Netflix. Quality can range from mediocre (comparable with low quality XVID encodes) to excellent (comparable with high quality BR encodes). Essentially, the quality of the image obtained depends on internet connection speed and the specifications of the recording machine. WEBCaps nowadays are labeled as WEBRips, thus making this tag rare.

HDRip

HDRips are typically transcoded versions of HDTV or WEB-DL source files, but may be any type of HD transcode.

Web Rip

In a WEBRip (P2P), the file is often extracted using the HLS or RTMP/E protocols and remuxed from a TS, MP4 or FLV container to MKV.

This tag was used to indicate releases from streaming services with weak or no DRM in order to differentiate from iTunes's WEB-DL; however, it is generally used to tag the captured (and re-encoded) releases, much like WEBCap.

Web Download

WEB-DL (P2P) refers to a file losslessly ripped from a streaming service, such as Netflix, Amazon Video, Hulu, Crunchyroll, Discovery GO, BBC iPlayer, etc., or downloaded via an online distribution website such as iTunes. The quality is relatively good since they are not re-encoded ("untouched" releases). The video (H.264 or H.265) and audio (AC3/AAC) streams are usually extracted from iTunes or Amazon Video and remuxed into a MKV container without sacrificing quality. An advantage with these releases is that, like BD/DVDRips, they usually have no onscreen network logos unlike TV rips. A disadvantage is that if there are normally subtitles for scenes in other languages, they often aren't found in these releases. Some releases are still mislabeled as WEBRip.

BDRip / Blu-ray

Blu-ray or Bluray rips (once known as BDRip) are encoded directly from a Blu-ray disc source to a 2160p, 1080p or 720p (depending on the source), and use the x264 or x265 codec. They can be ripped from BD25, BD50 disc (or UHD Blu-ray at higher resolutions or bitrates), and even Remuxes. BDRip now refers to a Blu-ray source that has been encoded to a lower resolution (i.e. 1080p down to 720p/576p/480p). BDRips can go from 2160p to 1080p, etc as long as they go downward in resolution of the source disc. BRRips, which are often mistaken for BDRips, are an already encoded video at HD resolution that is then transcoded to another resolution (usually SD). BDRips are not a transcode, but BRRips are, which change their quality. BD/BRRips in DVDRip resolutions can vary between XviD/x264/x265 codecs (commonly 700 MB and 1.5 GB in size as well as larger DVD5 or DVD9: 4.5 GB or 8.4GB). Size fluctuates depending on the length and quality of releases, but the higher the size the more likely they use the x264/x265 codecs. A BD/BRRip to a lower resolution looks better, regardless, because the encode is from a higher quality source. BDRips have followed the above guideline after Blu-ray replaced the BDRip title structure in scene releases.

Full BD25/BD50 data rips also exist, and are similar to their counterpart DVD5/DVD9 full data releases. They are AVCHD compatible using the BD folder structure (sometimes called Bluray RAW/m2ts/iso), and are usually intended to be burnt back to disk for play in AVCHD-compatible Blu-ray players. BD25/BD50 data rips may or may not be remuxed and are never transcoded. UHD data rips also exist. In scene releases, full copy of the Blu-ray Disc is called "COMPLETE.BLURAY" or "BDISO" when in a .iso file format, meanwhile full copy of Ultra HD Blu-Ray discs is called "COMPLETE.UHD.BLURAY".

BD and BRRips come in various (now possibly outdated) versions:

m-720p (or mini 720p)

a compressed version of a 720p and usually sized at around 2–3 GB. Currently uncommon. Movie piracy sites such as RARBG and YTS has its own compressed versions of the movies released on these sites, tagged as 1080p.

720p

usually around 4–7 GB and is the most downloaded form of BDRip.

m-1080p (or mini 1080p)

usually a little bit larger than 720p.

1080p

can be anywhere from 8 GB to as large as 40–60 GB.

mHD (or mini HD)

encoded in the same resolution but at a lower bitrate and are smaller in size.

µHD (or micro HD)

fine-tuned AVC+AC3 encoding in an MP4 container aimed at 1 to 3 GB per feature movie, keeping 1920 pixels of horizontal resolution with a 2 to 2.5 Mbit/s.

Common abbreviations in general

Notation	Network
ABC	American Broadcasting Company
AUBC	Australian Broadcasting Corporation
ATVP	Apple TV +
AMZN	Amazon Studios / Amazon Prime Video
BBC	British Broadcasting Corporation
BCORE	Sony Pictures Core (formerly Bravia Core)
BMS	BookMyShow
BOOM	Boomerang
CBC	Canadian Broadcasting Corporation / CBC Gem
CBS	CBS Corporation
CC	Comedy Central
CRAV	Crave
CRITERION	The Criterion Collection
CW	The CW
DCU	DC Universe
DS4K	4K Downscale in 1080p
DSCP	Discovery Plus
DSNP	Disney Plus
DSNY	Disney Networks (Disney Channel, Disney XD, Disney Junior)
FBWatch	Facebook Watch
FREE	Freeform
FOX	Fox Broadcasting Company
GPLAY	Google Play
HMAX	HBO Max
HULU	Hulu Networks
HTSR / HS	Hotstar
iP	BBC iPlayer
iT	iTunes
JC	JioCinema
LGP	Lionsgate Play
LIFE	Lifetime
MA	Movies Anywhere
MMAX	ManoramaMAX
MTV	MTV Networks
MUBI	Mubi
NBC	National Broadcasting Company
NF	Netflix
NICK	Nickelodeon
OAR	Original Aspect Ratio
PCOK	Peacock
PMTP	Paramount Plus
PF	Pureflix
RED	YouTube Premium (formerly YouTube Red)
RM4K	Remastered to 4K
ROKU	Roku
SAINA / SP	Saina Play
SHO	Showtime
SS	Simply South
STAN	Stan
STZ	STARZ
TBS	Turner Broadcasting System
TK	Tentkotta
TVNZ	TVNZ

Common abbreviations in Anime / Japanese Shows

Notation	Network
ABC	Asahi Hōsō TV / 朝日放送テレビ
ADN	Anime Digital Network (French)
ANIMAX	Animax
AO	Anime Onegai (Spanish)
AT-X	Anime Theatre X
Baha	Bahamut Animation Madness (Chinese)
B-Global / Bstation	Bilibili
BSP	NHK BS Premium
BS4	BS Nippon TV / BS Nitele
BS6	BS-TBS
BS7 / BSJ / BS-TX	BS TV TOKYO / BSテレ東 / BS Teleto
BS8 / BS-Fuji	BS Fuji
BS11	Nippon BS Broadcasting
BS12	BS12 トゥエルビ
CR	Crunchyroll
CS-Fuji ONE	Fuji TV One
CX	Fuji TV
EX	TV Asahi / テレビ朝日
EX-BS / BS-EX	BS TV Asahi
CS3 / EX-CS1 / CS-EX1 / CSA	TV Asahi Channel 1
FOD	Fuji TV On Demand
FUNi	Funimation
HIDIVE	HIDIVE
KBC	Kyushu Asahi Broadcasting
M-ON!	MUSIC ON! TV
MX	Tokyo MX
NHKG	NHK General TV
NHKE	NHK Education TV
NTV	Nippon TV
TBS	TBS Television
TSC	TV Setouchi / テレビせとうち
TVA	TV Aichi / テレビ愛知
TVh	TV Hokkaidō / テレビ北海道
TVK	TV Kanagawa
TVO	TV Osaka / テレビ大阪
TVQ	TVQ Kyushu Hoso / TVQ九州放送
TX	TV TOKYO / テレビ東京
U-NEXT	U-NEXT
WAKA	Wakanim
WOWOW	Wowow
YTV	Yomiuri TV / 読売テレビ