Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Europe

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Short description: Overview of plug-in electric vehicles in Europe
Evolution of annual registrations of plug-in electric passenger cars in Europe between 2011 and 2021
Market share of new plug-in electric passenger cars in China, Europe and the United States between 2015 and 2021

The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in Europe is actively supported by the European Union and several national, provincial, and local governments in Europe. A variety of policies have been established to provide direct financial support to consumers and manufacturers; non-monetary incentives; subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; and long term regulations with specific targets.[1][2] In particular, the EU regulation that set the mandatory targets for average fleet CO
2 emissions for new cars has been effective in contributing to the successful uptake of plug-in cars in recent years[1]

Europe had about 5.6 million  plug-in electric passenger cars and light commercial vehicles on the road at the end of 2021.[3][4][5][6] The European stock of plug-in cars is the world's second largest after China, accounting for about 32% of the global stock in 2021.[1][7]

Europe also has the world's second largest light commercial electric vehicle stock, 33% of the global fleet in 2020,[8] (As of December 2020), France listed as the European country with the largest stock of light-duty all-electric utility vans, with about 62,000 units, followed by Germany (29,500), and the UK (almost 15,000).[4]

The plug-in passenger car segment had a market share of 1.3% of new car registrations in 2016, rose to 3.6% in 2019, and achieved 11.4% in 2020.[9][10][11] Despite the segment's rapid growth, (As of December 2020), only 1% of all passenger cars on European roads were plug-in electric.[12]

(As of December 2021), Germany led cumulative sales in Europe with 1.38 million plug-in cars registered since 2010,[13][14] followed by France (786,274),[15] the UK (~745,000),[16] Norway (647,000),[17] and the Netherlands (390,454).[18] Norway has the highest market penetration per capita in the world,[19] also has achieved the world's largest plug-in segment market share of new car sales, 86.2% in 2020,[20] and 22% of all passenger cars on Norwegian roads were plug-ins by the end of 2021.[21] Germany has been the top selling European country market in terms of annual volume since 2019.[1][22]

In 2020, and despite the strong decline in global car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, annual sales of plug-in passenger cars in Europe surpassed the 1 million mark for the first time.[23][22] Also, Europe outsold China in 2020 as the world's largest plug-in passenger car market for the first time since 2015.[24][25]

Government incentives and policies

The European Union and several national, provincial, and local governments around Europe have introduced policies to support the mass market adoption of plug-in electric vehicles. A variety of policies have been established to provide direct financial support to consumers and manufacturers; non-monetary incentives; subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; procurement of electric vehicle for government fleets; and long term regulations with specific targets.[1][2]

Financial incentives

Financial incentives for consumers aim to make plug-in electric car purchase price competitive with conventional cars due to the still higher up front cost of electric vehicles. Among the financial incentives there are one-time purchase incentives such as tax credits, purchase grants, exemptions from import duties, and other fiscal incentives; exemptions from road, bridge and tunnel tolls, and from congestion pricing fees; and exemption of registration and annual use vehicle fees.[1][2] There are also several non-monetary incentives such as allowing plug-in vehicles access to bus lanes, free parking and free charging.[2]

(As of May 2019), tax benefits and incentives for electrically chargeable passenger cars were available in 24 out of the then 28 European Union member states. Nevertheless, only 12 member states offered bonus or grant payments as purchase incentives, and most countries only grant tax reductions or exemptions for all-electric cars.[26] Croatia, Estonia, Lithuania, and Poland offered no incentives.[27]

French bonus–malus

France introduced in 2008 a bonus–malus CO
2 based tax system that penalize fossil-fuel vehicle sales. This a revenue-neutral policy mechanism allows to balance government support with direct revenues from the taxes collected from sale of particularly polluting and/or greenhouse gas emitting cars.[1] The bonus applies to private and company vehicles purchased on or after 5 December 2007, and is deducted from the purchase price of the vehicle. The malus penalty applies to all vehicles registered after 1 January 2008, and is added at the time of registration.[28]

EU average fleet CO
2 emissions

European Union Directive No 443/2009 set a mandatory average fleet CO
2 emissions target for new cars, after a voluntary commitment made in 1998 by the auto industry had failed to reduce emissions by 2007. The regulation applies to new passenger cars registered in the European Union and EEA member states for the first time. A carmaker who fails to comply has to pay an "excess emissions premium" for each vehicle registered according with the amount of g/km of exceeded.[29]

The 2009 regulation set a 2015 target of 130 g/km for the fleet average for new passenger cars. A similar set of regulations for light commercial vehicles was set in 2011, with an emissions target of 175 g/km for 2017. Both targets were met several years in advance. A second set of regulations, passed in 2014, established a new target of average CO
2 emissions of new cars to fall to 95 g/km, scheduled to be phased-in in 2020 (95%), and fully apply from 2021 onward. The target for light-commercial vehicles was set to 147 g/km by 2020.[30][31]

In April 2019, Regulation (EU) 2019/631 was adopted, which introduced CO
2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and new light commercial vehicles for 2025 and 2030. The new Regulation went into force on 1 January 2020, and has replaced and repealed Regulation (EC) 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011.[30][32] The 2019 Regulation set new emission targets relative to a 2021 baseline, with a reduction of the average CO
2 emissions from new cars by 15% in 2025 (81 g/km), and by 37.5% in 2030 (59 g/km). For light-commercial vehicles the new targets are a 15% reduction for 2025 and a 31% reduction for 2030.[31][33]

The 2019 Regulation also introduced an incentive mechanism or credit system from 2025 onwards for zero- and low-emission vehicles (ZLEVs). A ZLEV is defined as a passenger car or a commercial van with CO
2 emissions between 0 and 50 g/km. The regulation set ZLEV sales targets of 15% for 2025 and 35% for 2030, and manufacturers have some flexibility in how they achieve those targets. Carmakers that outperform the ZLEV sales targets will be rewarded with higher CO
2 emission targets, but the target relaxation is capped at a maximum 5% to safeguard the integrity of the regulation.[31][33]

Since 2018, European carmakers have been fully embracing electrification of their car models to further reduce CO
2 emissions, and comply with the targets established by the EU.[34] The EU regulations have resulted in a significant growth of sales of plug-in electric cars since 2019.[1]

In 2020, despite of a strong decline of overall car sales in all countries as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the plug-in car segment has increased significantly its market share.[35] According to the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA), during the first quarter of 2020, and due to the COVID‐19 outbreak, the market share of new passenger plug-in electric cars in the 27 EU countries was 6.8%, up from 2.5% in the same period in 2018.[36] In April 2020 the European plug-in market share rose to 11%.[37]

Norwegian case
Historical trend of annual average new fleet CO
2 emissions in Norway (2011-2019).
Source: Norwegian Road Federation (OFV)

In order to reduce Norway's greenhouse gas emissions, its government pledged in 2012, among other measures, a target for the average fleet CO
2 emission rate of new passenger cars of 85 g/km by 2020, 10 g/km lower than the European Commission's targets for 2021.[38][39]

As a result of its fast growing EV market penetration, average fleet CO
2 emissions have been falling in Norway every year. Norway achieved in 2016 the European target set for 2021, with average CO
2 emissions for all new passenger cars registered in 2016 of 93 g/km, down 7 g/km from 2015.[40] Average CO
2 emissions for all new passenger cars registered in 2017 was 82 g/km, down from 93 g/km in 2016, and below the government's target of 85 grams set for 2020. Norway achieved its transportation emissions target three years before the pledged deadline.[39][41][42]

Annual average new passenger car fleet CO
2 emissions reached an all-time low in 2019 with 60 g/km, 11 g/km lower than in 2018. Nevertheless, the average for gasoline-powered cars declined only 1 g/km from 2018 to 93 g/km, while diesel-powered cars increase their average CO
2 emissions from 131 g/km in 2018 to 134 g/km in 2019. The net gain in the overall reduction of average fleet CO
2 emissions is the result of the large market share of 42.4% achieved by the all-electric segment in 2019.[43]

Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles

Main page: Engineering:Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
Timeline of national targets
for full ICE phase out or
100% ZEV car sales[1][44]
Selected countries Year
Norway (100% ZEV sales) 2025
Denmark 2030
Iceland
Ireland
Netherlands (100% ZEV sales)
Sweden
United Kingdom
France 2040
Germany (100% ZEV sales) 2050

Several European governments have made long term pledges with compliance targets within a specific timeframe such as ZEV mandates and the phase out of internal combustion engine vehicle sales.[1][2] For example, Norway set a national goal that all new car sales by 2025 should be zero emission vehicles (electric or hydrogen).[45][46]

Some cities are planning to establish a partial or total ban on internal combustion engine vehicles or to implement zero-emission zones (ZEZ) restricting traffic access into an urban cordon area or city center where only zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs) are allowed access. In such areas, all internal combustion engine vehicles are banned.[47][48]

(As of May 2020), cities planning to gradually introduce ZEZ, or a partial or total ban fossil fuel powered vehicles include, among others, Amsterdam (2030),[49] Athens (2025),[50] Barcelona (2030),[50] Brussels (2030/2035),[47] Copenhagen (2030),[50] London (2020/2025),[47] Madrid (2025),[51] Milan (2030),[50] Oslo (2024/2030),[47] Oxford (2021-2035),[52] Paris (2024/2030),[47] and Rome (2024/2030).[47][53]

Other policies

There are also measures to promote efficient vehicles in the Directive 2009/33/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles, and in the Directive 2006/32/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on energy end-use efficiency and energy services.[54]

The 2009 Directive applies to contracting entities under the obligation to apply the procurement procedures set out in Directives 2004/17/EC and 2004/18/EC, as well as operators of public passenger transport services by rail and by road under a public service contract within the meaning of Regulation (EC) No 1370/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2007. These entities and operators should take into account lifetime energy and environmental impacts, including energy consumption and emissions of CO
2, and of certain pollutants, when purchasing road transport vehicles with the objectives of promoting and stimulating the market for clean and energy efficient vehicles.[54]

Markets and sales

Annual sales of plug-in passenger cars in Europe compared to the world's top country markets between 2011 and 2022[55][56][57][58][59][60][61]

Europe had about 5.6 million plug-in electric passenger cars and light commercial vehicles in circulation at the end of 2021, consisting of 2.9 million fully electric passenger cars, 2.5 million plug-in hybrid cars, and about 220,000 light commercial all-electric vehicles.[3][4][5][6] (As of December 2020), the European stock of plug-in passenger is the world's second largest market after China, accounting for 32% of the global car stock in 2020[8] Europe outsold China in 2020 as the world's largest plug-in passenger car market for the first time since 2015.[24][25]

Europe also has the second largest electric light commercial vehicle stock, 33% of the global stock in 2020.[8] (As of December 2020), France listed as the European country with the largest stock of light-duty electric commercial vehicles, with about 62,000 utility vans in use, and also ranks as the world's second after China.[4]

Since 2016 the plug-in passenger car segment has experienced rapid growth, with annual registrations increasing 33% in 2018, 45% in 2019, and 137% in 2020.[55][61][62] The plug-in segment had a market share of 1.3% of new car registrations in 2016, rose to 3.6% in 2019, and achieved 11.4% in 2020.[9][10][11] Despite the segment's rapid growth, (As of December 2020), only 1.0% of passenger cars on European roads were plug-in electric vehicles,[12] and just 0.3% of light commercial vehicles on the EU roads were fully electric in 2019.[63]

Cumulative light-duty plug-in electric vehicle sales in Europe compared to the world's top-selling countries and regional markets (As of December 2021). Europe is the world's second largest plug-in market after China.

Cumulative sales of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Europe passed the 500,000 unit mark in May 2016,[64] the one million milestone in June 2018,[65] and the two million mark in April 2020.[66] Norway passed the 100,000th registered plug-in unit milestone in April 2016,[67] France passed the same milestone in September 2016,[68] and the Netherlands in November 2016.[69] The UK achieved the 100,000 unit mark in March 2017.[19][70]

Norway was the top selling plug-in country market in terms of annual sales from 2016 to 2018.[19][71] In 2019, Germany surpassed Norway as the best selling plug-in market, leading both sales of the all-electric and the plug-in hybrid segments,[10][72] and again in 2020, Germany listed as the top selling European country market, with a record of over 394,000 units sold.[22][73] The only country that outsold Germany in 2020 was China, and France and the UK ranked among the top five best selling countries.[24]

(As of December 2021), Germany is the European country with the largest stock of plug-ins in the continent, with 1.38 million plug-in passenger cars registered since 2010.[13][14] Ranking next is France with 786,274 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles,[15] followed by the UK with about 745,000 plug-in cars,[16] and Norway with 647,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles.[17] Norway continues to have the highest market penetration per capita in Europe and the world,[19] and in 2021 achieved the world's largest annual plug-in segment market share of new car sales ever, 86.2%.[20] Also, Norway has the highest share of plug-in cars in use in the world, with 22.1% of all passenger cars on the road by the end 2021.[21]

The following table summarizes annual registrations of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in the region, including the European Union, the UK, and three EFTA countries, from 2010 to 2021:

Annual registrations of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Europe (EU + EFTA + UK)
by type of powertrain (2010 – 2021)
Year Total BEV
(M1 + N1)(1) 		Growth
(BEVs) 		Total
PHEV (M1)(2) 		Growth
(PHEVs) 		Total
PEV(3) 		Growth
(PEVs) 		PEV
market
share(4)
2010 2,919[74] – 0 - 2,919 - 0.01%[75]
2011 13,779[74] 372.0% 304[76] – 14,083 382.5% 0.08%[77]
2012 24,713[78] 79.4% 9,620[76][79] 3,064% 34,333 143.8% 0.23%[80]
2013 40,496[78] 63.9% 31,447[81] 226.9% 71,943 109.5% 0.53%[82]
2014 65,199[83] 61.0% 39,547[81] 25,8% 104,746 45.6% 0.75%[84]
2015 97,687[85] 49.6% 96,436[58] 143.9% 194,120 85.3% 1.41%[86]
2016 102,625[87] 5.1% 112,999[58] 17.2% 215,624 11.1% 1.35%(5)
2017 149,086[88] 45.3% 153,297[89] 35.7% 302,383 40.2% 1.74%(5)[90]
2018 222,999[61][91] 49.6% 185,631[89] 21.1% 408,630 35.1% 2.5%[62]
2019 388,868[92][91] 74.4% 199,707[92] 7.1% 588,575 44.0% 3.6%[10]
2020 784,683[92][6] 101.8% 619,129[92] 210.0% 1,403,812 138.5% 11.4%[11]
2021 1,287,776[5][6] 64.1% 1,045,022[5] 68.8% 2,332,798 66.2% 19.2%[93]
Cumulative
sales		 3,180,807 – 2,488,134 – 5,668,939 – –
Fleet in use
2020(6)[3][94]		 1,868,614 – 1,394,915 – 3,263,529 – –
Notes: (1) Battery electric vehicles (BEV) includes all-electric passenger cars and utility vans.
(2) ACEA figures only include plug-in passenger cars registered in the European Union, the UK, and EFTA countries.
(3) Includes all-electric passenger cars, all-electric utility vans, and plug-in hybrid passenger cars.
(4) Market share of the plug-in passenger segment of total new car sales (utility vans not included).
(5) New passenger vehicle registrations in the EU and EFTA totaled 15,131,719 units in 2016 and 15,631,687 in 2017.[95]
(6) Light-duty plug-in electric fleet in circulation at the end of 2020.

2010–2015

A total of 1,614 all-electric cars and 1,305 light-utility vehicles were sold in 2010. Sales jumped from 2,919 units in 2010 to 13,779 in 2011, consisting of 11,271 pure electric cars and 2,508 commercial vans.[74] In addition, over 300 plug-in hybrids were sold in 2011, mainly Opel Amperas.[76] Light-duty plug-in vehicle sales totaled 34,333 units in 2012, consisting of 24,713 all-electric cars and vans, and 9,620 plug-in hybrids.[76][78][79] The Opel/Vauxhall Ampera plug-in hybrid was Europe's top selling plug-in electric car in 2012 with 5,268 units, closely followed by the all-electric Nissan Leaf with 5,210 units.[76][96]

The Opel Ampera plug-in hybrid was the top selling plug-in electric car in Europe in 2012 with 5,268 units.[76]

The plug-in segment sales more than double to 71,943 units in 2013. Pure electric passenger and light commercial vehicles sales increased by 63.9% to 40,496 units.[78] In addition, a total of 31,477 extended-range cars and plug-in hybrids were sold in 2013.[81] Registrations reached 104,746 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in 2014, up 45.6% from 2013. A total of 65,199 pure electric cars and light-utility vehicles were registered in Europe in 2014, up 60.9% from 2013. All-electric passenger cars represented 87% of the European all-electric segment registrations.[83] Extended-range cars and plug-in hybrid registrations totaled 39,547 units in 2014, up 25.8% from 2013.[81]

During 2013 took place a surge in sales of plug-in hybrids in the European market, particularly in the Netherlands, with 20,164 PHEVs registered during the year.[97][98] Out of the 71,943 highway-capable plug-in electric passenger cars and utility vans sold in the region during 2013, plug-in hybrids totaled 31,447 units, representing 44% of the plug-in electric vehicle segment sales that year.[78][81] This trend continued in 2014. Plug-in hybrids represented almost 30% of the plug-in electric drive sales during the first six months of 2014, and with the exception of the Nissan Leaf, sales of the previous European best selling models fell significantly, while recently introduced models captured a significant share of the segment sales, with the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, Tesla Model S, BMW i3, Renault Zoe, Volkswagen e-Up!, and the Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid (available as a diesel–electric hybrid) ranking among the top ten best selling models.[99]

The Nissan Leaf was the top selling plug-in car in Europe in 2013 with 11,120 units sold.[100]

In 2014 Norway was the top selling country in the light-duty all-electric market segment, with 18,649 passenger cars and utility vans registered, more than doubling its 2013 sales. France ranked second with 15,046 units registered, followed by Germany with 8,804 units, the UK with 7,730 units, and the Netherlands with 3,585 car and vans registrations.[101] In the plug-in hybrid segment, the Netherlands was the top selling country in 2014 with 12,425 passenger cars registered,[102] followed by the UK with 7,821,[103] Germany with 4,527,[104] and Sweden 3,432 units.[105] Five European countries achieved plug-in electric car sales with a market share higher than 1% of new car sales in 2014, Norway (13.84%), the Netherlands (3.87%), Iceland (2.71%), Estonia (1.57%), and Sweden (1.53%).[106][105][107]

In 2013 the top selling plug-in was the Leaf with 11,120 units sold,[100] followed by the Outlander P-HEV with 8,197 units.[108] The Mitsubishi Outlander plug-in hybrid was the top selling plug-in electric vehicle in Europe in 2014 with 19,853 units sold,[109] surpassing of the Nissan Leaf (14,658), which fell to second place.[110] Ranking third was the Renault Zoe with 11,231 units.[111]

For a second year running, the Mitsubishi's Outlander P-HEV was the top selling plug-in electric car in Europe with 31,214 units sold in 2015, up 57% from 2014.[109] The Renault Zoe ranked second among plug-in electric cars, with 18,727 registrations, and surpassed the Nissan Leaf to become best selling pure electric car in Europe in 2015.[85] Ranking next were the Volkswagen Golf GTE plug-in hybrid (17,300), followed by the all-electric Tesla Model S (15,515) and the Nissan Leaf (15,455), the BMW i3, including its REx variant, (12,047), and the Audi A3 e-tron plug-in hybrid (11,791).[85][109]

The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV was Europe's top selling plug-in car in 2014 and 2015, and until 2017, it was the region's all-time best-selling plug-in electric car with 100,097 units.[112][113]

The Netherlands was the top selling country in the European light-duty plug-in electric market segment, with 43,971 passenger cars and utility vans registered in 2015. Norway ranked second with 34,455 units registered, followed by the UK with 28,188 units, France with 27,701 car and vans registrations, and Germany with 23,464 plug-in cars.[114] Eight European countries achieved plug-in electric car sales with a market share higher than 1% of new car sales in 2015, Norway (22.4%), the Netherlands (9.7%), Iceland (2.9%), Sweden (2.6%), Denmark (2.3%), Switzerland (2.0%), France (1.2%) and the UK (1.1%).[114][115] (As of December 2015), almost 25% of the European plug-in stock was registered in the Nordic countries, with over 100,000 units registered. In 2015, combined registrations in the four countries were up 91% from 2014.[116][117]

For the first time in the region, in 2015 plug-in hybrids (95,140) outsold all-electric cars (89,640) in the passenger car segment,[86] however, when light-duty plug-in utility vehicles are accounted for, the all-electric segment totaled 97,687 registrations in 2015, up 65,199 in 2014, and ahead of the plug-in hybrid segment.[85] Also in 2015, the European market share of plug-in electric cars passed the 1% mark for the first time, with a 1.41% share of new car sales that year.[86] This trend continue during 2016. Since April 2016 plug-in hybrids have outsold all-electric cars, and the gap has continued to widen. Accounting for passenger plug-in car sales in Western Europe between January and July 2016, plug-in hybrids captured almost 54% of the region's plug-in market sales.[118] During 2016 the all-electric car segment ended with a market share of 0.57% of new car sales, while plug-in hybrids reached a market share of 0.73%.[119]

2016–2017

European sales of plug-in electric cars passed 200,000 units for the first time in 2016. The plug-in segment achieved a market share of 1.3% of total new car sales in 2016.[9] Norway was the top selling plug-in car country in Europe in 2016 with 45,492 plug-in cars and vans registered, followed by the UK with about 36,907 units, France with 33,774, Germany with 25,154, the Netherlands with 24,645, and Sweden with 13,454.[19] France was the top selling market in the light-duty all-electric segment with 27,307 units registered, up 23% from 2015.[87] The plug-in car segment of ten European countries achieved a market share of new car sales above 1%,[120] led by Norway with 29.1%,[19] followed by the Netherlands with 6.4%,[19] Sweden with 3.5%,[19] and Switzerland with 1.8%.[120]

The Renault Zoe has been the top selling plug-in electric car in Europe for two years in a row, 2016 and 2017.[88][87][121]

The Renault Zoe was the best-selling all-electric car in Europe in 2016 with 21,735 units delivered,[87][121] and also topped European sales in the broader plug-in electric car segment, ahead of the Outlander P-HEV, the top selling plug-in in the previous two years.[121] The Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with 21,446 units sold was the second best-selling plug-in car,[121][122] followed by the Nissan Leaf with 18,718.[123] The Outlander PHEV has been Europe's best-selling plug-in hybrid vehicle for four years in a row, from 2013 to 2016.[112] The top selling all-electric commercial van was the Nissan e-NV200 with 4,319 units registered.[124]

Registrations totaled 302,383 units in 2017, of which, 149,086 (49.3%) were all-electric cars and vans, and 153,297 (50.7%) were plug-in hybrid cars.[88][89] The segment market share achieved a record 1.74% in 2017.[90] Accounting for new registrations of plug-in passenger cars, Norway was Europe's top selling country in 2017 with 62,313 units, followed by Germany with 54,617, which more than doubled in 2017 and moved ahead of French and the British markets for the first time ever.[95] Ranking next were the UK with 47,298, France with 36,835, and Sweden with 19,678 units.[59] Norway also led the all-electric car segment with 33,025 new units registered, up 36.3% from 2016, and the UK led the plug-in hybrid car segment with 31,154 registrations, up 25.1% from 2016.[95]

In 2017, sales in the Netherlands fell by 51.7% from 2016 due to changes in tax rules, and as a result, it was overtaken by both Sweden (+48.4%) and Belgium (+59.2%). Denmark was the only other significant plug-in car market with weaker sales in 2017, down 30.1% from 2017 with the fall also due to a change in taxes. In addition to Germany, plug-in car sales also doubled in Spain (+104.6%) and Portugal (+121.2%), and sales also increased sales significantly in Italy (+71.2%).[59][95]

Among all-electric cars, the top selling model was the Renault Zoe with 31,302 units, followed by the Nissan Leaf with 17,293.[88] Combined sales of BMW i3 pure electric and REx models totaled 20,855 units, making the i3 Europe's second best selling plug-in car in 2017 after the Zoe.[125] The best selling plug-in hybrids were the Outlander P-HEV with 19,189 units, the VW Passat GTE with 13,599 and the Mercedes Benz GLC 350e with 11,249.[125]

(As of December 2017), the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV continues to rank as the all-time top selling plug-in electric car in the region with 100,097 units delivered since its launch in 2013,[113] followed by the Renault Zoe with 91,927 units,[88][87][126][127] the Nissan Leaf with 84,947 units,[88][85][123][128] The Renault Kangoo Z.E. is the all-time top selling all-electric utility van with 29,150 units sold through December 2017.[87][126][127]

2018–2019

The Tesla Model 3 was the best selling plug-in car in Europe in 2019, with over 95,000 units delivered in its first year in the market.[129]

Plug-in passenger car registrations totaled 558,649 units in 2019, up from 385,293 in 2018.[61] The plug-in segment market share rose form 2.5% in 2018 to 3.7% in 2019.[10][62] Registrations in 2019 consisted of 359,796 all-electric cars (64.4%) and 198,853 plug-in hybrid cars (35.6%).[61] Registrations of all-electric light-duty commercial vehicles totaled 28,704 in 2019, representing a market share of 1.2% of the segment new registrations, and was led by France with more than 8,000 units.[91]

The new long-range Nissan Leaf was the top selling plug-in car in Europe in 2018 with over 40,000 units registered,[130] and for the sixth consecutive year (2013-2018), the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV was best selling plug-in hybrid in Europe.[112][131] Sales in 2018 were led by Norway with 72,689 new passenger car registrations, followed by Germany with 67,658 units.[62] During 2019 Germany, with 108,839 units registered, surpassed Norway (79,640) for the first time as the best selling country market in the European region.[61][10]

The Tesla Model 3, launched in the European market in February 2019, ranked as the best selling plug-in car in Europe in 2019, with over 95,000 units delivered in its first year in that market, and outselling other key premium models.[129] The Model 3 also set records in Norway and the Netherlands, listing in both countries not only as the top selling plug-in car but also as the best selling passenger car model in the overall market.[43][132]

The sales volume achieved by the Model 3 in 2019 (15,683) is the third largest in Norwegian history, exceeded only by the Volkswagen Bobla (Beetle) in 1969 (16,706), and Volkswagen Golf in 2015 (16,388).[133] The Model 3 set a new record in the Netherlands for the highest registrations in one month (22,137) for any single plug-in vehicle in Europe.[134]

2020

Comparison of annual plug-in electric passenger car sales between China, Europe, and the United States (2014 to 2021)

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, diesel and gasoline car sales in the European Union fell over 32% during the first quarter of 2020. Despite the overall decline caused by the outbreak, registrations of plug-in electric cars totaled 167,132 units across the EU, more than doubled (up 100.7%) compared to the same period in 2019.[36][135] When plug-in car sales are accounted for combined registrations in the EU, EFTA countries and the UK, registrations were up 81.7% from the first quarter of 2019, consisting of 130,297 all-electric cars (up 58.2%) and 97,913 plug-in hybrids (up 126.5%).[36]

Plug-in electric car sales in Europe skipped the overall car market decline for a variety of reasons. The impacts of the electric car incentives introduced in Italy in 2019 began to take effect in the market; Germany increased electric car purchase subsidies in February; and 2020 is the target year of the European Union's emissions standards, which limit average CO
2 emissions per km driven of new car sales. As a result, in the first four months of 2020 plug-in car sales in the largest European car markets combined, France, Germany, Italy and the United Kingdom, were about 90% higher than in the same period the previous year.[135]

As a result of the stimulus packages introduced by several government due to global economic recession caused by COVID-19, combined with the phase in of the EU CO
2 regulations, plug-in car sales surged during the fourth quarter of 2020, with battery electric cars growing 207.4% compared with the same quarter of 2019, and plug-in hybrids up 262.3%.[92]

The Renault Zoe listed in 2020 as the top selling plug-in car in Europe, and it is the region's all-time best selling plug-in car, with over 284,000 units registered since 2012.[136][137]

In 2020,total plug-in car registrations in the European Union, three EFTA countries and the UK passed the one million mark for the first time ever, totaling 1,364,813 units, up 143.8% from 2019. Registrations of fully electric cars totaled 745,684 units, up 107.0% from 2019, and plug-in hybrid cars a total of 619,129, up 210.0% from 2019.[92] The region's plug-in market share achieved a record 11.4% in 2020.[11] The surge in plug-in car sales allowed Europe to outsell China in 2020 as the world's largest plug-in passenger car market for the first time since 2015.[24][25]

The top selling plug-in electric car in the region in 2020 was the Renault Zoe with 100,815 units registered.[137] The Tesla Model 3 (85,713) ranked next, followed by the new Volkswagen ID.3 (56,118), Hyundai Kona EV (47,796), and the VW e-Golf (33,650). The top selling plug-in hybrid was the Mercedes-Benz A250e, with 29,427 units, followed by the Mitsubishi Outlander (26,673), which led the PHEV segment in 2019.[138] (As of December 2020), the fully electric Renault Zoe ranks as the all-time best selling plug-in electric car in Europe, with more than 284,000 units registered since its inception in 2012.[136][137] (As of November 2020), the plug-in light commercial vehicle segment is led by the Renault Kangoo Z.E. with 57,595 all-electric vans sold in Europe since 2010.[136]

Top selling plug-in models

Top 20 selling light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Europe
(sales or registrations between 2010 and 2020)
All-time
Ranking		 Model Total sales/
registrations 		2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012(2) 2011 2010
69,136 100,815 47,139 39,469 31,302 21,735 18,728 11,231 8,863 68    
2 Tesla Model 3[129][138] 321,581 140,868 85,713 95,000                  
3 Nissan Leaf[138][88][76][85][100][123][128][139] 219,546 33,772 30,916 31,792 38,740 17,293 18,718 15,455 14,658 11,120 5,210 1,728 144
4 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV[138][108][109][112][113][122] 185,758 26,673 34,729 24,457 19,189 21,446 31,214 19,853 8,197      
5 BMW i3[138][125][109][139][140] 163,120 25,029 23,113 31,604 24,252 20,855 14,999 12,047 9,744 1,477      
6 Volkswagen ID.3[138] 128,841 72,723 56,118                    
7 Volkswagen e-Golf[138][141][142][88][85][87][139] 117,256 33,650 28,710 21,252 12,663 6,543 11,110 3,328        
8 Hyundai Kona EV[138][141][143] 116,946 42,920 47,796 22,667 3,563                
9 Kia eNiro[138][141] 105,948 64,790 31,019 10,139                  
10 Tesla Model S[85][87][139][144][145][146] 86,781 456 5,562 8,635 17,386 16,026 10,567 15,515 8,734 ~3,900      
11 Peugeot e208[138] 73,737 42,450 31,287                    
12 Audi e-tron[138][141] 65,562 20,632 26,454 18,483                  
13 BMW 330e iPerformance[147][141][125][148][143] 64,045 26,180 11,820 7,237 10,117 8,691            
14 Volkswagen Passat GTE[146][125][109][148][149] 63,374 26,421 5,321 0 13,599 13,110 4,922 1        
15 Renault Kangoo Z.E.[87][126][127][137][150] 57,598 9,923 10,111 8,414 4,233 3,901 4,238 4,197 5,850 5,260 991  
16 Tesla Model X[147][142][143][88][148] 41,380 496 6,253 7,861 12,694 10,396 3,680            
17 Jaguar I-Pace[147][141][142] 41,036 8,079 13,916 12,722 6,319                
Volkswagen Golf GTE                    
BMW 225xe Active Tourer[141][125][148] 29,858 13,138 10,805 5,915            
Mercedes-Benz A250e[138] 29,427 29,427                    
Audi A3 e-tron[125][109][148][149] 28,209 8,356 6,908 11,791 1,154        
Volvo V60 Plug-in Hybrid[125][109][148][149][151][152][153] 25,694 1,677(1) 4,119 6,349 5,441 8,066 42    
Mercedes-Benz C 350 e[125][109][148][149] 22,049 6,861 10,125 5,006 57        
Volvo XC90 T8[125][148][154] 19,969 7,847 9,469 2,653          
Notes:
(1) CYTD sales through July 2017 only.
(2) The Opel Ampera plug-in hybrid was the top selling plug-in car in 2012 with 5,268 units.[76] Sales ended in 2015.

(3) European sales 2021 Electric Vehicles - carsalesbase.com

By country

Austria

Belgium

Czech Republic

Denmark

Estonia

Finland

France

Annual registration of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in France by type of vehicle between 2010 and 2021.[15][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166]

(As of December 2021), a total of 786,274 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in France since 2010, consisting of 512,178 all-electric passenger cars and commercial vans, and 274,096 plug-in hybrids.[15] Of these, over 60,000 were fully electric light commercial vehicles.[1][155][167]

The market share of all-electric passenger cars increased from 0.30% of new car registered in 2012, to 0.59% in 2014.[168][157] After the introduction of the super-bonus for the scrappage of old diesel-power cars in 2015, sales of both pure electric cars and plug-in hybrids surged, rising the market share that year to 1.17%,[163][114] 1.40% in 2016,[157][165] 2.11% in 2018,[156] 11.2% in 2020, and achieved a record market share of 18.3% in 2021.[169]

(As of December 2019), France is the European country with the largest market for light-duty electric commercial vehicles or utility vans, with a stock of almost 50,000 units.[1] The large share of the light commercial market is the result of a national purchase incentive scheme, which French companies have embraced.[170] The market share of all-electric utility vans reached a market share of 1.22% of new vans registered in 2014, 1.30% in 2015, and 1.77% in 2018.[156][171]

Germany

Annual registration of plug-in electric cars in Germany by type of powertrain between 2010 and 2021.[172][173][72][174][104][175][176][177][178][179][14]

The stock of plug-in electric vehicles in Germany is the largest in Europe, there were 1,184,416 plug-in cars in circulation on January 1, 2022, representing 2.5% of all passenger cars on German roads, up from 1.2% the previous year.[180][181] (As of December 2021), cumulative sales totaled 1.38 million plug-in passenger cars since 2010.[14][13] Germany had a stock of 21,890 light-duty electric commercial vehicles in 2019, the second largest in Europe after France.[1]

The plug-in electric car segment market share was 1.58% in 2017,[172][173] and rose to 3.10% in 2019.[72] Despite the strong global decline in car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, the uptake rate achieved a record 13.6% in 2020.[174] In spite of the continued global decline in car sales due to the global chip shortage, a record 681,410 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2021, and the segment's market share to surge to 26.0%.[14]

Germany topped plug-in car sales in the European continent in 2019, overtaking Norway as the best selling plug-in market,[61][10] and with a record volume of 394,632 plug-in passenger cars registered in 2020, up 263% from 2019, Germany listed for a second year in-a-row as the best selling European country market.[174][155] The German market topped both the fully electric and plug-in hybrid segments.[155] The only country that outsold Germany in 2020 was China.[24]

The top selling electric models in 2020 were the Renault Zoe (30,376), VW e-Golf (17,438), and the Tesla Model 3 (15,202).[182] The top selling all-electric model in 2021 was the Tesla Model 3 (35,262), and the best selling plug-in hybrid was the Mercedes GLK, GLC (33,719).[183]

Greece

Hungary

Iceland

Ireland

Italy

Luxembourg

Malta

Netherlands

Stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles on the road in the Netherlands from 2011 to 2021.[102][184][185][186][187][188][189][190][18]

(As of December 2021), there were 390,454 highway-legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in use in the Netherlands, consisting of 137,663 fully electric cars, 243,664 plug-in hybrid cars, and 9,127 light duty plug-in commercial vehicles.[18] The fleet in circulation of plug-in electric passenger cars represented 4.3% of all passenger cars in Dutch roads at the end of 2021, up from 3.1% in 2020.[18] (As of December 2021), the Netherlands listed as the European country with the largest charging infraestructure per plug-in vehicle (EVSE/EV), with over 85,000 public charging points nationwide.[18]

A distinct feature of the Dutch plug-in market was the dominance of plug-in hybrids until 2016. PHEVs represented 67% of the country's stock of passenger plug-in electric cars and vans registered at the end of December 2018, down from 81% in 2017.[189] The shift to focus incentives on battery electric vehicles was due to a change in the tax rules in 2016 after it became apparent many users rarely charged their plug-in hybrids and only bought the cars for their tax advantage.[191] Afterwards, fully electric cars led plug-in sales from 2019 to 2021.[190][18]

The Netherlands listed as the world's third best-selling country market for light-duty plug-in vehicles in 2015,[114] however, plug-in sales fell sharply in 2016 due to changes in tax rules, and as a result, the Netherlands was surpassed by both Norway and France during 2016.[68][67] As a result of this change in the government incentives, the plug-in market share declined from 9.9% in 2015, to 6.7% in 2016, and fell to 2.6% in 2017.[189] The intake rate rose to 6.3% in 2018 due to another change in tax rules from January 2019.[189] The market share reached 14.9% in 2019, climbed to 24.8% in 2020 and achieved a record 29.8% in 2021.[18]

Norway

Registration of plug-in electric vehicles in Norway by year between 2004 and 2023. Includes plug-in hybrids, all-electric cars and vans, and used imports.[43][192][193][194][195][196][197][198][199][200]

Norway is the country with the largest electric vehicle ownership per capita in the world.[201][202][203] (As of December 2021), the stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in Norway totaled 647,000 units in use, consisting of 470,309 all-electric passenger cars and vans (including used imports), and 176,691 plug-in hybrids.[17] Until December 2019, Norway listed as the European country with the largest stock of plug-in cars and vans, and the third largest in the world.[1] Norway was the top selling plug-in country market in Europe for three consecutive years, from 2016 to 2018.[19][71]

Historical evolution of the Norwegian plug-in electric car segment market share of new car sales and monthly records between 2011 and 2023 (Source:OFV)

The Norwegian plug-in electric vehicle market share of new car sales has been the highest in the world for several years, achieving 29.1% in 2016,[204][205] 39.2% in 2017, 49.1% in 2018,[192][193] 55.9% in 2019 and 74.7% in 2020.[43][198] In September 2021, the combined market share of the plug-in car segment achieved a new record of 91.5% of new passenger car registrations, 77.5% for all-electric cars and 13.9% for plug-in hybrids, becoming the world's highest-ever monthly plug-in car market share attained by any country.[206][207] The segment market share in 2021 was 86.2%.[20]

The Norwegian fleet of plug-in electric cars is one of the cleanest in the world because 98% of the electricity generated in the country comes from hydropower.[208][209] In March 2014, Norway became the first country where one in every 100 registered passenger cars was a plug-in electric.[210] The plug-in car market penetration reached 5% at the end of 2016,[19] 10% in October 2018,[211] and by the end of 2021, plug-in electric cars were 22.1% of all passenger cars on Norwegian roads.[21]

The Nissan Leaf, with 12,303 units registered in 2018, listed as the Norway's best selling new passenger car model, marking the first time an electric car topped annual sales of the passenger car segment in any country.[212][213] The following year, the Tesla Model 3 also topped annual passenger car sales, with 15,683 units registered.[214] The sales volume achieved by the Model 3 in 2019 is the third largest in Norwegian history, exceeded only by the Volkswagen Bobla (Beetle) in 1969 (16,706), and Volkswagen Golf in 2015 (16,388).[133] (As of September 2021), the Leaf continues to be the all-time best selling plug-in electric car in Norway, with over 70,000 cumulative registrations since inception.[215]

Poland

Romania

Russia

Spain

Sweden

Main page: Engineering:Plug-in electric vehicles in Sweden
Plug-in electric vehicle annual registrations in Sweden between 2011 and 2021.[105][152][216][217][218][219][220][221][222][223][224]

(As of December 2021), a total of 355,737 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered since 2011, consisting of 226,731 plug-in hybrids, 120,343 all-electric cars and 8,663 all-electric utility vans.[105][152][216][217][220][221][222][223][224] Sweden has ranked among the world's top ten best-selling plug-in markets since 2015, listed through 2019 as the ninth largest country market.[1][19] (As of December 2019), the Swedish stock of plug-in passenger cars listed as the sixth largest in Europe.[1][19]

The Swedish plug-in electric market is dominated by plug-in hybrids, representing 75.1% of the Swedish light-duty plug-in electric vehicle registrations through 2018, but began to slightly decline afterwards, reaching 70.3% in 2020.[105][152][217][218][219][220][221][216][222][223]

The plug-in passenger car segment had a market share of 5.2% of new registrations in 2017,[221] rose to 11.3% in 2019,[216] and achieved a record take rate of 32.2% in 2020.[223]

In September 2011 the Swedish government approved a 200 million kr program, effective starting in January 2012, to provide a subsidy of 40,000 kr per car for the purchase of 5,000 electric cars and other "super green cars" with ultra-low carbon emissions, defined as those with emissions below 50 grams of carbon dioxide (CO
2) per km.[225] After renewing appropriations for the super green car rebate several times, from 2016, only zero emissions cars are entitled to receive the full premium, while other super green cars, plug-in hybrids, receive half premium.[226] Registrations of super clean cars increased five-fold in July 2014 driven by the end of the quota of 5,000 new cars eligible for the super clean car subsidy.[227][228][229]

United Kingdom

Registration of plug-in electric cars in the UK between 2011 and 2021.[103][230][231][232][233][234][235][236][237][238][239]

About 745,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles had been registered in the UK up until December 2021, consisting of 395,000 all-electric vehicles and 350,000 plug-in hybrids.[16] The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in the United Kingdom is actively supported by the British government through the plug-in car and van grants schemes and other incentives. Since the launch of the Plug-In Car Grant in January 2011, a total of 176,962 eligible cars have benefited with the government's subsidy through September 2018,[240] and, the number of claims made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme, (As of September 2018), totaled 5,218 units since the launch of the programme in 2012.[241]

A surge of plug-in car sales took place in Britain beginning in 2014. Total registrations went from 3,586 in 2013, to 37,092 in 2016, and rose to 59,911 in 2018.[233][235][236] Sales climbed to 72,834 plug-in cars in 2019, to 175,082 units in 2020,[238] The market share of the plug-in segment went from 0.16% in 2013 to 0.59% in 2014, and achieved 2.6% in 2018.[233][103][236] The segment market share was 3.1% in 2019, surged to 10.7% in 2020,[238] and achieved a record 18.6% in 2021, despite the global strong decline in car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic.[16]

(As of June 2020), the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the all-time top selling plug-in car in the UK over 46,400 units registered, followed by the Nissan Leaf more than 31,400 units.[242]

International trade

European Union trade

In 2019, the European Union, 27 members, exported 8.2 billion euros of electric cars and imported 7.1 billion euros.[243]

The 8.2 billion euros of electric cars were exported to United Kingdom (26%), Norway (22%), and the United States (19%).

The 7.1 billion euros of imported electric cars come from the United States (43% of imports in terms of value), South Korea (23%) and the United Kingdom (17%).[243]

See also


References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (June 2020). "Global EV Outlook 2020: Enterign the decade of electric drive?". IEA Publications. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2020. "Europe, with 1.7 million electric cars, accounted for 25% of the global stock in 2019"  See Statistical annex, pp. 247–252 (See Tables A.1 and A.12). The global stock of plug-in electric passenger vehicles totaled 7.2 million cars at the end of 2019, of which, 47% were on the road in China. The stock of plug-in cars consist of 4.8 million battery electric cars (66.6%) and 2.4 million plug-in hybrids (33.3%). In addition, the stock of light commercial plug-in electric vehicles in use totaled 378 thousand units in 2019, and about half a million electric buses were in circulation, most of which are in China.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Wappelhorst, Sandra; Hall, Dale; Nicholas, Mike; Lutsey, Nic (February 2020). "Analyzing Policies to Grow the Electric Vehicle Market in European Cities". International Council on Clean Transportation. https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/EV_city_policies_white_paper_fv_20200224.pdf. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 European Alternative Fuels Observatory (EAFO) (March 2021). "Vehicles and fleet: passenger cars (M1)". EAFO. https://www.eafo.eu/vehicles-and-fleet/m1.  Filters: Elecricity/EU + UK + EFTA + Turkey/2020 (YTD) - See grahp "AF Fleet M1 Electricity (2020) Total number AF passenger cars in the fleet": BEV=1,722,003 and 1,394,915 PHEVs (Total=3,116,918 plug-in passenger cars on the road)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 International Energy Agency (IEA) (2021-04-29). "IEA Global EV Data Explorer". International Energy Agency (IEA). https://www.iea.org/articles/global-ev-data-explorer.  Select Historical: "EV stock" or "EV sales" + Transport mode: "Vans" + Region: select the desire country.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2022-02-02). "ACEA Report: New Car Registrations by Fuel Type, European Union". ACEA. https://www.acea.auto/files/20220202_PRPC-fuel_Q4-2021_FINAL.pdf.  See tables in pp.3 and 4 - Figures include the European Union countries, + EFTA (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) and the UK.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2022-03-01). "ACEA Report: New Light Commercial Vehicle Registrations by Fuel Type, European Union". ACEA. https://www.acea.auto/files/ACEA_vans_by_fuel_type_full-year_2021.pdf.  See tables in pp.3 and 4 - Figures include the European Union countries, + EFTA (Iceland, Norway and Switzerland) and the UK. A total of 38,999 new plug-in electric vans were sold in 2020, and 69,416 in 2021.
  7. ↑ Shanahan, Jess (2021-01-21). "There are now more than 10 million electric vehicles on the road". Zap Map. https://www.zap-map.com/there-are-now-more-than-10-million-electric-vehicles-on-the-road/. "there are now more than 10 million of these vehicles on the road around the world. According to EV Volumes, the total is now 10.8 million worldwide" 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (2021-04-29). "Global EV Outlook 2021: Accelerating ambitions despite the pandemic". International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2021. "After a decade of rapid growth, in 2020 the global electric car stock hit the 10 million mark, a 43% increase over 2019, and representing a 1% stock share. Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) accounted for two thirds of new electric car registrations and two-thirds of the stock in 2020." 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 LeSage, Jon (2017-02-06). "Renault Zoe Ekes By Mitsubishi Outlander in 2016 European Plug-in Sales". HybridCars.com. http://www.hybridcars.com/renault-zoe-ekes-by-mitsubishi-outlander-in-2016-european-plug-in-sales/. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2020-02-11). "En Europe, les ventes de voitures électriques en hausse de 80 % en 2019" (in fr). AVERE. http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=7788. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Kane, Mark (2021-02-20). "European Countries Listed By Plug-In Electric Car Market Share In Q1-Q4 2020". InsideEVs.com. https://insideevs.com/news/489169/european-countries-plugin-market-share-q1q4-2020/. "The average market share of new passenger plug-in electric cars in Europe more than tripled in 2020 to 11.4% (from less than 3.6% in 2019)."  Figures includes the European Union, EFTA (Norway, Switzerland, Iceland) and the UK, using available registration data from the European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA).
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Cristea, Mihai (2021-02-19). "EY Study: Fleet electrification can help Europe meet its carbon reduction targets". EY and Eurelectric: Accelerating fleet electrification in Europe - When does reinventing the wheel make perfect sense?. Business Review. http://business-review.eu/business/mobility/ey-study-fleet-electrification-can-help-europe-meet-its-carbon-reduction-targets-217453. "Of the 308 million motor vehicles on Europe’s roads today, just 3 million are electric." 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Kane, Mark (2021-01-16). "Germany: Plug-In Car Share At 26%: Records Everywhere In December 2020". InsideEVs.com. https://insideevs.com/news/466566/germany-plugin-car-sales-december-2020/. "The cumulative number of plug-in electric cars sold in Germany over the past seven years is close to 700,000 (since 2013)" 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 "Pressemitteilung Nr. 01/2021 - Elektromobilität in Deutschland auf der Überholspur" (in de). KBA. 2021-01-06. https://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2021/Allgemein/pm01_2021_E_Antrieb.html?nn=646300. "In the case of cars with electric drive, this positive development was even more pronounced at +147.1 percent - here the share of the total stock rose from 0.5 percent to 1.2 percent (Translated from the original)"  The term electric drive used by KBA includes battery-electric, plug-in and fuel-cell cars.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 "[Baromètre 20,4 % de parts de marché en décembre 2021 pour les véhicules électriques et hybrides rechargeables… et 15 % sur l'ensemble de 2021 !"] (in French). AVERE France. 2022-01-07. https://www.avere-france.org/publication/barometre-204-de-parts-de-marche-en-decembre-2021-pour-les-vehicules-electriques-et-hybrides-rechargeables-et-15-sur-lensemble-de-2021/.  See infograh "Barometre mensuel de la mobilité électrique Chiffres clés du mois de septembre 2021 - Evolution du Parc Roulant Automobiles Depuis Janvier 2010" - As of December 2021, a total of 786,274 plug-in electric passenger cars and vans have been registered in France, consisting of 512,178 all-electric cars and vans, and 274,096 plug-in hybrids in circulation. Registrations of all-electric cars and vans totaled 174,191 units in 2021, and plug-in hybrids totaled 141,787 units, for a total of 315,978 units. The light-duty plug-in vehicle segment achieved a market share of 15.1%
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Goodall, Olly (2022-01-07). "2021 sees largest-ever increase in plug-in sales". UK: Next Green Car. https://www.nextgreencar.com/news/9286/2021-largest-ever-increase-plugin-sales/. "... the cumulative total of plug-in vehicles on UK roads – as of the end of December 2021 – to over 740,000. This total comprises around 395,000 BEVs and 350,000 PHEVs."  Overall in 2021, there were more than 190,000 sales of BEVs in the UK, with over 114,000 sales of PHEVs. Plug-in vehicles represented 18.6% of market share in 2021.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) (January 2022). "Antall elbiler og ladbare hybrider i Norge" (in no). Norsk Elbilforening. https://elbil.no/elbilstatistikk/elbilbestand/.  Click on the tab "Elbil" for the stock of electric cars and "Ladbar hybrid" for the stock of plug-in hybrids. (As of December 2021), the stock of registered light-duty plug-in electric vehicles totaled 647,000 units, consisting of 470,309 battery electric vehicles and 176,691 plug-in hybrids.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 "Electric Vehicles Statistics in the Netherlands (up to and including December 2021)". Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Netherlands Enrerprise Agency. RVO. 2022-01-14. https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2022/01/Statistics%20Electric%20Vehicles%20and%20Charging%20in%20The%20Netherlands%20up%20to%20and%20including%20December%202021.pdf.  (As of December 2021), there were 390,454 highway-legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in use in the Netherlands, consisting of 137,663 fully electric cars, 243,664 plug-in hybrid cars and 9,127 light duty plug-in commercial vehicles. Plug-in passenger cars represented 4.33% of all cars on Dutch roads at the end of 2021. The market share of the plug-in passenger car segment was 29.8% in 2021. Source includes figures from 2016 to 2021. Note: an improved methodology was introduced beginning January 2021. Some numbers in this new version are different than statistics published before in the old format.
  19. ↑ 19.00 19.01 19.02 19.03 19.04 19.05 19.06 19.07 19.08 19.09 19.10 19.11 Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-17). "Top 10 Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries of 2016". HybridCars.com. http://www.hybridcars.com/top-10-plug-in-vehicle-adopting-countries-of-2016/. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Kane, Mark (2022-01-03). "Norway Sets Plug-In Car Sales Record For The End Of The Year 2021". InsideEVs. https://insideevs.com/news/558447/norway-plugin-car-sales-december2021/. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Norsk Elbilforening (January 2022). "Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt på drivstoff" (in no). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). https://elbil.no/elbilstatistikk/elbilbestand/.  See graph under "Personbilbestanden i Norge fordelt på drivstoff" - (As of December 2021), there were 15.95% all-electric cars and 6.18% plug-in hybrid cars in use on Norwegian roads. Combined plug-in electric passenger cars represented 22.13% of all passenger cars in circulation in the country.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Jacobs, Frank (2021-01-07). "Yes, 2021 is the year EVs go mainstream". Fleet Europe. https://www.fleeteurope.com/en/new-energies/europe/features/yes-2021-year-evs-go-mainstream?a=FJA05&t%5B0%5D=Electrification&t%5B1%5D=ICE&curl=1. "Close to 1.25 million EVs were sold in Europe in 2020, around 10% of the total" 
  23. ↑ Schmidt, Matthias (2020-12-03). "Exclusive: Western Europe's plug-in electric car market surpasses 1 million landmark". Schmidt Automotive Research. https://www.schmidtmatthias.de/post/exclusive-western-europe-s-plug-in-electric-car-market-surpasses-1m-landmark. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 Carrington, Damian (2021-01-19). "Global sales of electric cars accelerate fast in 2020 despite pandemic". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jan/19/global-sales-of-electric-cars-accelerate-fast-in-2020-despite-covid-pandemic. "The EV-volumes.com data showed the five highest national sales were in China (1.3m), Germany (0.4m), the US (0.3m), France and the UK (both 0.2m)."  Global sales of plug-ins cars totaled 3 million in 2020, 43% up from 2018. The market share of plug-in vehicles reached 4.2% of the global market, up from 2.5% in 2019. Tesla was the best selling brand with almost 500,000 units delivered.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "Punished" explosive growth, European new energy vehicle sales surpassed China for the first time
  26. ↑ "Overview - Electric vehicles: tax benefits and incentives in the EU". European Automobile Manufacturers Association. 2019-05-14. https://www.acea.be/publications/article/overview-of-incentives-for-buying-electric-vehicles. 
  27. ↑ "Electric vehicles: tax benefits & incentives in the EU". European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA). May 2019. https://www.acea.be/uploads/publications/Electric_vehicles-Tax_benefits_incentives_in_the_EU-2019.pdf. 
  28. ↑ Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) (2014-05-30). "Environmental Tax Reform in Europe: Opportunities for the Future". IEEP. http://www.ieep.eu/assets/1398/ETR_in_Europe_-_Annex_2_3_4.pdf.  See Chapter 3 - Car Registration Tax (‘Bonus-Malus’ system) in France pp. 15-21.
  29. ↑ "REGULATION (EC) No 443/2009 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL". Official Journal of the European Union. 23 April 2009. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:140:0001:0015:EN:PDF. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "Reducing CO2 emissions from passenger cars - before 2020". European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/cars_en. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 International Council on Clean Transportation (January 2019). "CO2 standards for passenger cars and light-commercial vehicles in the European Union". https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/EU-LCV-CO2-2030_ICCTupdate_201901.pdf. 
  32. ↑ "Regulation (EU) 2019/631 of the European Parliament and of the Council". Official Journal of the European Union. 17 April 2019. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32019R0631. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "CO2 emission performance standards for cars and vans (2020 onwards)". European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/transport/vehicles/regulation_en. 
  34. ↑ Campbell, Peter (2019-09-15). "BMW signals end of road for its i3 electric car". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/b680db8a-d623-11e9-a0bd-ab8ec6435630. 
  35. ↑ Winton, Neil (2020-06-02). "Coronavirus Damage To Europe's Conventional Auto Sales Will Benefit Compliance With EU CO2 Rules". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/neilwinton/2020/06/02/coronavirus-damage-to-europes-conventional-auto-sales-will-benefit-compliance-with-eu-co2-rules/#689951145719. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2020-05-12). "New Passenger Car Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 1 2020". ACEA. https://www.acea.be/uploads/press_releases_files/20200512_PRPC_fuel_Q1_2020_FINAL.pdf.  See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA + UK - Total Electric Rechargeable Vehicles: Total EU + EFTA + UK. A total of 130,297 BEVs and 97,913 PHEVs were registered in Q1 2020.
  37. ↑ Jose Pontes (2020-05-28). "Europe April 2020". EV sales. http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2020/05/europe-april-2020.html.  The European plug-in segment market share was 11% in April 2020, raising the market share to share to a record 7.8% for the first four months of 2020.
  38. ↑ Lasse Fridstrøm (December 2012). "Greenhouse Gas Abatement in the Norwegian Transport Sector". Institute of Transport Economics (TØI), Norwegian Centre for Transport Research. https://www.regeringen.se/4a4b1c/contentassets/7bb237f0adf546daa36aaf044922f473/underlagsrapport-2---norge.pdf. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Blaker, Magnus (2018-01-03). "Tesla-salget eksploderte i 2017 - halvparten av nye biler har nå elmotor" (in no). NA24. https://www.nettavisen.no/na24/tesla-salget-eksploderte-i-2017---halvparten-av-nye-biler-har-na-elmotor/3423402619.html. 
  40. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2017). "CO2-utslippet i desember" (in no). OFV. http://www.ofvas.no/co2-utslippet-i-desember/category708.html. 
  41. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2018). "Tredje største bilsalgsåret i historien" (in no). OFV. http://www.ofvas.no/bestselgerne-trendene-bilsalget-2017/tredje-storste-bilsalgsaret-i-historien-article775-752.html. 
  42. ↑ "Norway achieves its transport emissions target three years early". Climate Action. 2018-01-04. http://www.climateaction.org/news/norway-achieves-its-transport-emissions-target-three-years-early. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2020-01-03). "Bilsalget i 2019" (in no). OFV. https://ofv.no/bilsalget/bilsalget-i-2019. 
  44. ↑ Tan, Christopher (18 February 2020). "Singapore Budget 2020: Push to promote electric vehicles in move to phase out petrol and diesel vehicles". https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/singapore-budget-2020-push-to-promote-evs-in-move-to-phase-out-petrol-and-diesel. 
  45. ↑ "Norwegian EV policy". Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). https://elbil.no/english/norwegian-ev-policy/#:~:text=The%20Norwegian%20Parliament%20has%20decided,cars%20(BEVs)%20in%20Norway. 
  46. ↑ Cobb, Jeff (2016-03-08). "Norway Aiming For 100-Percent Zero Emission Vehicle Sales By 2025". HybridCars.com. http://www.hybridcars.com/norway-aiming-for-100-percent-zero-emission-vehicle-sales-by-2025/. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 47.5 Wappelhorst, Sandra (May 2020). "The end of the road? An overview of combustionengine car phase-out announcements across Europe". International Council on Clean Transportation. https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/Combustion-engine-phase-out-briefing-may11.2020.pdf. 
  48. ↑ McGrath, Matt (2019-04-08). "London's ULEZ: How does it compare?" (in en-GB). https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47816360. 
  49. ↑ "City of Amsterdam to ban polluting cars from 2030" (in en). 2019-05-02. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-netherlands-pollution-amsterdam/city-of-amsterdam-to-ban-polluting-cars-from-2030-idUSKCN1S81XV. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 Burch, Isabella (March 2020). "Survey of Global Activity to Phase Out Internal Combustion Engine Vehicles". https://theclimatecenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Survey-on-Global-Activities-to-Phase-Out-ICE-Vehicles-update-3.18.20-1.pdf. 
  51. ↑ Harvey, Fiona (2016-12-02). "Four of world's biggest cities to ban diesel cars from their centres" (in en). https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/dec/02/four-of-worlds-biggest-cities-to-ban-diesel-cars-from-their-centres. 
  52. ↑ Oxford City Council (2020-03-20). "Oxford's Zero Emission Zone - 20/03/2020 update". Oxford City Council. https://www.oxford.gov.uk/info/20299/air_quality_projects/1305/oxford_zero_emission_zone_zez. 
  53. ↑ "Rome latest city to announce car ban, will ban diesel cars from historical center starting 2024". 28 February 2018. https://electrek.co/2018/02/28/rome-bans-diesel-cars-2024/. 
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "DIRECTIVE 2009/33/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles". http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:120:0005:0012:EN:PDF. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Irle, Roland (2021-01-19). "Global Plug-in Vehicle Sales Reached over 3,2 Million in 2020". EV-volumes.com. http://www.ev-volumes.com/country/total-world-plug-in-vehicle-volumes/.  Plug-in sales totaled 3.24 million in 2020, up from 2.26 million in 2019.
  56. ↑ Argonne National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy (2016-03-28). "Fact #918: March 28, 2016 – Global Plug-in Light Vehicles Sales Increased By About 80% in 2015". Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. http://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/fact-918-march-28-2016-global-plug-light-vehicle-sales-increased-about-80-2015. 
  57. ↑ International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (May 2018). "Global EV Outlook 2017: 3 million and counting". IEA Publications. https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/1045?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2018.pdf.  See pp. 9–10, 19–23, 29–28, and Statistical annex, pp. 107–113.
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2017-02-01). "New Passenger Car Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2016". ACEA. http://www.acea.be/uploads/press_releases_files/20170201_AFV_Q4_2016_FINAL.PDF.  See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA - Plug‐In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Total Europe (EU + EFTA), 96,436 registered units in 2015 and 112,999 units in 2016.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2018-02-01). "New Passenger Car Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2017". ACEA. http://www.acea.be/uploads/press_releases_files/20180201_AFV_Q4_2017_FINAL.PDF.  See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA - Plug‐In Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Total Europe (EU + EFTA), a total of 143,974 units were registered in EU + EFTA region in 2017.
  60. ↑ International Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (May 2019). "Global EV Outlook 2019: Scaling-up the transition to electric mobility". IEA Publications. https://webstore.iea.org/download/direct/2807?fileName=Global_EV_Outlook_2019.pdf.  See Statistical annex, pp. 210–213. The global stock of plug-in electric passenger cars totaled 5,122,460 units at the end of 2018, of which, 3,290,800 (64.2%) were battery electric cars (See Tables A.1 and A.2)..
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 61.5 61.6 European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2020-02-06). "New Passenger Car Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2019". ACEA. https://www.acea.be/uploads/press_releases_files/20200206_PRPC_fuel_Q4_2019_FINAL.pdf.  See table New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA - Total Electric Rechargeable Vehicles: Total EU + EFTA in Q1-Q4 2018 and 2019 (revised figures for 2018).
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 Bekker, Henk (2019-02-08). "2018 (Full Year) Europe: Electric and Plug-In Hybrid Car Sales per EU and EFTA Country". Car Sales Statistics. https://www.best-selling-cars.com/electric/2018-full-year-europe-electric-and-plug-in-hybrid-car-sales-per-eu-and-efta-country/.  In 2018 Norway was the largest market for electrically chargeable cars in Europe followed by Germany, Britain and France. The plug-in segment market share was 2.5% in 2018, 1.3% for battery electric cars and 1.2% for plug-in hybrids.
  63. ↑ European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (January 2021). "ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe". ACEA. https://www.acea.be/uploads/publications/report-vehicles-in-use-europe-january-2021.pdf.  See table in pp.14 and 15 - 2019 figures
  64. ↑ Cobb, Jeff (2016-06-15). "Europe Buys Its 500,000th Plug-in Vehicle". HybridCars.com. http://www.hybridcars.com/europe-buys-its-500000th-plug-in-vehicle/. 
  65. ↑ "Electric cars exceed 1m in Europe as sales soar by more than 40%". The Guardian. 2018-08-26. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/aug/26/electric-cars-exceed-1m-in-europe-as-sales-soar-by-more-than-40-per-cent. 
  66. ↑ France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2020-06-09). "Baromètre mensuel : en mai, les immatriculations de voitures électriques et hybrides rechargeables sont en hausse de + 61 % malgré la crise" (in fr). AVERE France. http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=7858.  See infograh "Inmatriculations de Véhicules Electrifiés Neufs Union Europeenne + AELE - Janvier-Avril 2020" - As of April 2020, there were 1,117,330 all-electric vehicles and 910,525 plug-in hybrids in circulation in Europe (total in use is 2,027,855 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles).
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-09). "Norway Is Fourth Country To Register 100,000 Plug-in Cars". HybridCars.com. http://www.hybridcars.com/norway-is-fourth-country-to-register-100000-plug-in-cars/.  (As of April 2016), the United States is the leading country market with a stock of about 450,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles delivered since 2008. China ranks second with around 300,000 units sold since 2011, followed by Japan with about 150,000 plug-in units sold since 2009, both through March 2016. European sales are led by Norway with over 100,000 units registered by the end of April 2016.
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Cobb, Jeff (2016-10-10). "France Becomes Fifth Nation To Buy 100,000 Plug-in Vehicles". HybridCars.com. http://www.hybridcars.com/france-becomes-fifth-nation-to-buy-100000-plug-in-vehicles/. 
  69. ↑ Cobb, Jeff (2016-11-17). "The Netherlands Becomes Sixth Country To Buy 100,000 Plug-in Vehicles". HybridCars.com. http://www.hybridcars.com/the-netherlands-becomes-sixth-country-to-buy-100000-plug-in-vehicles/. 
  70. ↑ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2017-04-05). "March 2017 – EV registrations". SMMT. https://www.smmt.co.uk/2017/04/march-2017-ev-registrations/. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Bratzel, Stefan (2019-01-16). "E-Mobility 2019: An International Comparison of Important Automotive Markets". Center of Automotive Management. Bergisch Gladbach. https://auto-institut.de/index_htm_files/Press_Release_E-Mobility_2018_2019.pdf. 
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2020). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2019" (in de). KBA. https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2019/201912_GImonatlich/201912_nzbarometer/201912_n_barometer.html?nn=2607426.  See the tab Kraftsoffarten: A total of 45,348 plug-in hybrids (market share 1.3%) and 63,321 all-electric cars (market share 1.8%) were registered in Germany in 2019.
  73. ↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2021-01-08). "Pressemitteilung Nr. 02/2021 - Fahrzeugzulassungen im Dezember 2020 - Jahresbilanz" (in de). KBA. https://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2021/Fahrzeugzulassungen/pm02_2021_n_12_20_pm_komplett.html.  A total of 394,632 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2020, consisting of 200,469 plug-in hybrids (6.9% market share) and 194,163 all-electric cars (6.7% market share).
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 European Association for Battery, Hybrid and Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (AVERE) (2012-11-26). "AVERE Data Collection – from June to August 2012". AVERE. http://www.avere.org/www/Images/files/EV%20Data%20Collection%20AVERE(1).pdf.  See Figure 1.1 Electric Vehicle sales in Europe since 2010. Only pure electric cars are reported. In 2010 there were no production plug-in hybrids in sale in Europe.
  75. ↑ Henk Bekker (2011-01-17). "2010 Europe: Car Sales Statistics by Country". BestSellingCars.com. http://www.best-selling-cars.com/europe/2010-europe-car-sales-statistics-by-country/.  A total of 13,785,698 new cars were registered in the European Union and EFTA countries in 2010.
  76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 76.3 76.4 76.5 76.6 76.7 Mat Gasnier (2013-02-10). "Europe Full Year 2012: Now with Top 350 models & Top 60 brands". Best Selling Cars Blog. http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2013/02/10/europe-full-year-2012-top-350-all-models-ranking-now-available/.  A total of 1,728 Leafs were sold in Europe in 2011 and 5,210 in 2012. Ampera sales in Europe totaled 5,268 units in 2012 and 304 in 2011.
  77. ↑ Henk Bekker (2012-01-17). "2011 Full Year Car Sales by European Country". BestSellingCars.com. http://www.best-selling-cars.com/europe/2011-full-year-car-sales-by-european-country/.  A total of 13,768,401 new cars were registered in the European Union and EFTA countries in 2011.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 78.4 AVERE-France (2014-03-14). "Europe – Les ventes de véhicules électriques en hausse en 2013" (in fr). AVERE-France. http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=5842&from_espace_adherent=0. 
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Jose Pontes (2013-02-03). "Europe Full Year 2012". EV sales. http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2013/02/europe-full-year-2012.html.  During 2012 a total of 3,496 Prius PHV, 609 Chevrolet Volts and 247 Fisker Karmas were sold in Europe.
  80. ↑ Henk Bekker (2013-01-16). "2012 (Full Year) Europe: Best-Selling Car Manufacturers and Brands". BestSellingCars.com. http://www.best-selling-cars.com/europe/2012-full-year-europe-best-selling-car-manufacturers-and-brands/.  A total of 12,527,912 new cars were registered in the European Union and EFTA countries in 2012.
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 81.4 European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (February 2015). "New Electric Vehicles Registrations In The European Union". ACEA. http://www.acea.be/uploads/news_documents/ACEA_Electric_Vehicle_registrations_Q4_14-13.pdf.  See table Total Electrically Charged Vehicles: Total Europe (EU+EFTA), 65,071 registered units for 2013 and 97,791 units for 2014. For Denmark, Ireland and Romania includes only pure electric vehicles. Total Electrically Charged Vehicles = Pure Electric Vehicles + Extended‐Range Electric Vehicles + Plug‐In Hybrid Electric Vehicles.
  82. ↑ Henk Bekker (2014-01-20). "2013 (Full Year) Europe: Best-Selling Car Manufacturers, Brands and Models". BestSellingCars.com. http://www.best-selling-cars.com/europe/2013-full-year-europe-best-selling-car-manufacturers-brands/.  A total of 12,308,215 new cars were registered in the European Union and EFTA countries in 2013.
  83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 AVERE France (2015-01-30). "En Europe, le marché du véhicule électrique a progressé de + 60,9 % en 2014" (in fr). AVERE France. http://www.avere-france.org/Uploads/Documents/14226243427ac15a58a324bfe70a58873b4f0545fb-150129%20CP%20Barom%C3%A8tre%20Europe%202014.pdf.  A total of 65,199 electric cars and utility vehicles were registered in Europe in 2014, up 60.9% from 2013. Passenger cars represented 87% of total all-electric registrations.
  84. ↑ Henk Bekker (2015-01-21). "2014 (Full Year) Europe: Car Sales by EU Country". BestSellingCars.com. http://www.best-selling-cars.com/europe/2014-full-year-europe-car-sales-eu-country/.  A total of 13,006,451 new cars were registered in the European Union and EFTA countries in 2014.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 85.5 85.6 85.7 Association Nationale pour le Développement de la Mobilité Electrique – AVERE France (2016-03-24). "Quelle est la place de la France sur le marché européen du véhicule électrique ?" (in fr). AVERE. http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=6515&from_espace_adherent=0.  A total of 97,687 all-electric vehicles, including vans, were registered in the European market in 2015, up from 65,199 in 2014 (+49.8%). The top selling electric cars were the Renault Zoe (18,727), Tesla Model S (15,515), Nissan Leaf (15,455), and the Volkswagen e-Golf (11,110). A total of 2,875 VW e-Up! were sold in 2015.The Renault Kangoo Z.E. registered 4,328 units in Europe in 2015.
  86. ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 Automotive Industry Data (AID) (2016-02-15). "PHEVs – Take off or transitory blip?". AID Newsletter. http://www.eagleaid.com/AID-Newsletter-preorder-1603preview-c-PHEVs-Take-off-or-transitory-blip.htm.  Market share only includes Western European countries. A total of 95,140 plug-in hybrid cars were sold in Europe in 2015.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 87.4 87.5 87.6 87.7 87.8 France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2017-01-30). "La France s'impose comme le leader des ventes de véhicules 100% électriques en Europe en 2016" (in fr). AVERE. http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=6847&from_espace_adherent=0.  Sales in the European light-duty all-electric vehicle market reached a record of 102,625 registrations in 2016 (includes passenger cars and utility vans).
  88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 88.4 88.5 88.6 88.7 88.8 France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2018-01-23). "En 2017, près de 150 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés à travers l'Europe." (in fr). AVERE. http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=7206&from_espace_adherent=0.  Registrations of new light-duty all-electric vehicles totaled 149,086 cars and vans in 2017 (excluding range-extender models), of which 132,687 units were passenger cars.
  89. ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2019-02-07). "New Passenger Car Registrations By Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2018". ACEA. https://www.acea.be/uploads/press_releases_files/20190207_PRPC_fuel_Q4_2018_FINAL.pdf.  See tables: "Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) - New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA" and "Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) - New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA" A total of 201,284 BEVs were registered in EU + EFTA region in 2018, and 135,775 in 2017. A total of 182,768 PHEVs were registered in 2018, and 153,297 in 2017. Combines sales of BEVs and PHEVs totaled 384,052 passenger cars in 2018, and 289,072 in 2017.
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 European Alternative Fuels Observatory (eafo) (February 2018). "PEV (M1) market share in Europe". eafo. http://www.eafo.eu/europe.  The plug-in passenger car market share in Europe was 1.74%, corresponding to 0.93% for plug-in hybrids and 0.81% for all-electric cars. Put the mouse over the bar graph to see market share by year.
  91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2020-04-21). "Près de 29 000 véhicules utilitaires électriques immatriculés en Europe en 2019" (in fr). AVERE. http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=7830&from_espace_adherent=0.  A total of 28,704 light-duty electric utility vehicles (vans) were registered in Europe in 2019, up 23% from 2018 (23,337). France is the leading market in the region with more than 8,000 units sold, followed by Germany with 6,704 units, the UK with 3,427 and Norway with over 2,000. Electric utility vans captured a market share of 1.2% of the European sales in 2019.
  92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 92.5 European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2021-02-04). "New Passenger Car Registrations By Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2020". ACEA. https://www.acea.be/uploads/press_releases_files/20210204_PRPC_fuel_Q4_2020_FINAL.pdf.  See table: Total Electric Rechargeable Vehicles (ECV) - New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA. Shows Total registrations for EU + EFTA + UK in Q1-Q4 20199 and 2020. A total of 1,364,813 plug-in cars were registered in 2020, up from 559,871 in 2019 (+143.8%).
  93. ↑ Jose, Pontes (2022-01-30). "Electric Car Market Grows To 29% In Europe As EV Sales Explode!". CleanTechnica. https://cleantechnica.com/2022/01/30/29-of-cars-sold-in-europe-were-plugin-electric-vehicles-in-december/. 
  94. ↑ European Alternative Fuels Observatory (EAFO) (March 2021). "Vehicles and fleet: Light commercial vehicles (N1)". EAFO. https://www.eafo.eu/vehicles-and-fleet/n1.  Filters: Elecricity/EU + UK + EFTA + Turkey/2020 (YTD) - See grahp "AF Fleet Electricity (2020)": BEV=146,611 (total number AF light commercial vehicles) and "AF New Registrations Electricity (2020)": BEV=37,535 (newly registered AF light commercial vehicles)
  95. ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 Bekker, Henk (2018-01-17). "2017 (Full Year) Europe: Car Sales per EU and EFTA Country". Car Sales Statistics. https://www.best-selling-cars.com/europe/2017-full-year-europe-car-sales-per-eu-efta-country/. 
  96. ↑ "Opel Ampera – a Pioneer of Green Mobility Europe's Most Successful Passenger EV". The European Financial Review. 2012-12-11. http://www.europeanfinancialreview.com/?p=6082. 
  97. ↑ Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (March 2014). "Cijfers elektrich vervoer – Aantal geregistreerde elektrische voertuigen in Nederland" (in nl). RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). http://www.rvo.nl/onderwerpen/duurzaam-ondernemen/energie-en-milieu-innovaties/elektrisch-rijden/stand-van-zaken/cijfers. 
  98. ↑ Zachary Shahan (2014-02-26). "Top European Countries For 100%-Electric Car Sales & Plug-In Hybrid Electric Car Sales (Charts)". Clean Technica. http://cleantechnica.com/2014/02/26/top-european-countries-100-electric-car-sales-plug-hybrid-electric-car-sales-charts/. 
  99. ↑ Michaël Torregrossa (2014-08-04). "Europe – Plus de 40.000 véhicules rechargeables vendus au premier semestre 2014" (in fr). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). http://www.avem.fr/actualite-europe-plus-de-40-000-vehicules-rechargeables-vendus-au-premier-semestre-2014-5214.html. 
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 100.2 Nissan Newsroom Europe (2014-02-12). "Nissan LEAF the best-selling EV in Europe in 2013". Green Car Congress. http://www.greencarcongress.com/2014/02/20140212-leaf.html.  A total of 11,120 Leafs were sold in Europe in 2013.
  101. ↑ AVERE-France (2015-01-30). "Immatriculations de véhicules électriques en Europe : +60% en 2014 !" (in fr). AVERE France. http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=5985&from_espace_adherent=0. 
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2015). "Special: Analyse over 2014" (in nl). RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). http://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2015/01/Special%20Analyse%20over%202014.pdf.  See total 2014 registration by type of PEV under the heading "31-12-2014". The market share of the plug-in electric passenger car segment in 2014 was 3.86% of total new passenger car registrations.
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2015-01-07). "December 2014 – EV registrations". SMT. http://www.smmt.co.uk/2015/01/december-2014-ev-registrations/.  A total of 14,518 plug-in electric cars were registered during 2014, consisting of 6,697 pure electrics and 7,821 plug-in hybrids, up from 3,586 plug-in electric cars were registered in 2013. A total of 2,476,435 new cars were registered in 2014.
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2015). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2014" (in de). KBA. https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2014/201412GV1monatlich/201412_n_barometer_teil2_tabelle.html?nn=653844.  A total of 13,049 plug-in electric cars registered in Germany during 2014, consisting of 8,522 all-electric cars and 4,527 plug-in hybrids.
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 105.2 105.3 105.4 Bil Sweden (2015-01-02). "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" (in sv). Bil Sweden. http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregistrering_per_manad_2014/nyregistreringar-december-2014-(prel).  Download file "Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)" see tables: "Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2014" with summary of plug-in passenger car registrations by model for 2013 (revised) and 2014, and table "Nyregistrerade eldrivna lätta lastbilar (högst 3,5 ton) per modell:" for plug-in utility vans registrations for the same two years. A total of 303,866 new passenger vehicles were registered in 2014, and a total of 4,656 super clean cars, resulting in a PEV market share of 1.53% of new car sales.
  106. ↑ Jeff Cobb (2015-02-18). "Top 6 Plug-In Vehicle Adopting Countries – 2014". HybridCars.com. http://www.hybridcars.com/top-6-plug-in-vehicle-adopting-countries-2014/. 
  107. ↑ Jose Pontes (2015-02-06). "Markets Roundup December 2014 (Special Edition)". EV Sales. http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2015/02/markets-roundup-december-2014-special.html.  See section "Engines of Growth - by EV share" Estonia's market shared in 2014 climbed to 1.57% from 0.68% in 2013. Iceland's market share grew from 0.21% in 2012, to 0.94% in 2013, to 2.71% in 2014.
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 Mark Kane (2014-01-20). "8,197 Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Sold In Europe In 2013; Almost All In Netherlands". http://insideevs.com/8197-mitsubishi-outlander-phev-sold-in-europe-in-2013-almost-all-in-netherlands/. 
  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 109.3 109.4 109.5 109.6 109.7 109.8 Gibbs, Nick (2016-03-15). "Hybrid sales expected to triple in Europe as tougher CO2 rules loom". Automotive News Europe. http://europe.autonews.com/article/20160315/ANE/160319949/hybrid-sales-expected-to-triple-in-europe-as-tougher-co2-rules-loom.  Sales in Europe as reported by JATO Dynamics: Mitsubishi Ourlander sales totaled 19,853 units in 2014 and 31,214 in 2015; VW Golf GTE sales totaled 1,097 units in 2014 and 17,300 in 2015; Audi A3 e-tron sales totaled 1,154 units in 2014 and 11,791 in 2015; Volvo V60 sales totaled 5,441 units in 2014 and 6,349 in 2015. During 2015 a total of 5,481 all-electric BMW i3s and 6,566 i3 REx models (total 12,047). A total of 3,940 i3 REx models were sold in 2014.
  110. ↑ Nikki Gordon-Bloomfield (2015-01-19). "Nissan LEAF Electric Car Still Top in Europe After Four Years. Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Top Plug-in for 2014". Transport Evolved. https://transportevolved.com/2015/01/19/nissan-leaf-electric-car-still-top-europe-four-years-mitsubishi-outlander-phev-top-plug-2014/. 
  111. ↑ Groupe Renault (January 2015). "Ventes Mensuelles" (in fr). Renault.com. http://group.renault.com/finance/informations-financieres/chiffre-cles/ventes-mensuelles.  Includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on "+ Voir plus" to download the files "Ventes mensuelles du groupe (décembre 2011) (xls, 183 Ko)" "Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2012) (xls, 289 Ko)" – Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2013) (xlsx, 227 Ko)" – "XLSX – 220 Ko Ventes mensuelles (décembre 2014)" for 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2014 sales, and open the tab "Sales by Model".
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 112.2 112.3 "Mitsubishi Motors to supply 635 Outlander PHEVs to National Police of Ukraine" (Press release). Tokyo: Mitsubishi Motors. 2017-01-27. Retrieved 2017-02-11. Since its launch in 2013, the Outlander PHEV has recorded cumulative sales of 80,768 units (as at the end of 2016) and ranked the best-selling plug-in hybrid vehicle for four years in a row in Europe.
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 113.2 "Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV clears 100,000 sales milestone in Europe" (Press release). Tokyo: Mitsubishi Motors. 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 114.2 114.3 Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-18). "Top Six Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries – 2015". HybridCars.com. http://www.hybridcars.com/top-six-plug-in-vehicle-adopting-countries-2015/.  About 520,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in vehicles were sold worldwide in 2015, with cumulative global sales reaching 1,235,000. The United States is currently the leading market, with 411,120 units sold since 2008, followed by China, with 258,328 units sold since 2011. Japan ranks third (about 130,000), followed by the Netherlands (88,991), Norway (77,897), France (74,291), and the UK (53,254). Four of these countries achieved a PEV market share over 1% of new car sales in 2015: Norway (22.39%), the Netherlands (9.74%), France (1.2%), and the UK (1.1%)
  115. ↑ Jose, Pontes (2016-02-03). "Markets Roundup December 2015 (Special Edition)". EVSales.com. http://www.ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2016/02/markets-roundup-december-2015-special.html.  For countries with top PEV market share in 2015 see "Engines of Growth:" Hong Kong 4.84%, Denmark 2.29%, and Switzerland 1.98%.
  116. ↑ Ida Warner (2016-02-15). "Over 100.000 ladbare biler i Norden" (in no). Insero.com. Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). http://www.elbil.no/nyheter/elbiler/3730-over-100-000-ladbare-biler-i-norden.  Out of over 100,000 plug-in passenger cars registered in the Nordic countries at the end of 2015, a total of 74,883 were registered in Norway, 16,187 in Sweden, 7,926 in Denmark, and 1,479 in Finland (see graph).
  117. ↑ Cobb, Jeff (2016-02-16). "Nordic Countries Buy Their 100,00th Plug-in Car in 2015". HybridCars.com. http://www.hybridcars.com/nordic-countries-buy-their-10000th-plug-in-car-in-2015/. 
  118. ↑ Automotive Industry Data (AID) (2016-09-21). "Europeans are turning to PHEVs". AID. http://www.eagleaid.com/AID-Newsletter-Front-Page-1617.pdf. 
  119. ↑ European Alternative Fuel Observatory (EAFO) (February 2017). "PEV (M1) market share in Europe". EAFO. http://www.eafo.eu/europe. 
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 Jose, Pontes (2017-01-31). "Markets Roundup December 2016 (Special Edition)". EVSales.com. http://ev-sales.blogspot.com.br/2017/01/markets-roundup-december-2016-special.html.  For countries with top PEV market share in 2016 see "II. Engines of Growth: By EV share - Hong Kong ~5%, Iceland 4.6%, Switzerland 1.8%, Belgium 1.8, and 1.6% Austria.
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 121.2 121.3 Pontes, Jose (2017-02-03). "Europe's Best-Selling Electric Car = Renault Zoe". EV-Sales.blogspot.com (CleanTechnica.com). https://cleantechnica.com/2017/02/03/europes-best-selling-electric-car-renault-zoe/. 
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 Roberts, Graeme (2017-01-16). "Mitsubishi Motors Europe sales dip 7% in 2016". Just Auto. http://www.just-auto.com/news/mitsubishi-motors-europe-sales-dip-7-in-2016_id174381.aspx.  European sales of the Mitsubishi Outlander totaled 51,736 units of which 21,446 were plug-in hybrids.
  123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 123.2 Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-26). "Tesla Model S Is World's Best-Selling Plug-in Car For Second Year In A Row". HybridCars.com. http://www.hybridcars.com/tesla-model-s-is-worlds-best-selling-plug-in-car-for-second-year-in-a-row/.  See also detailed 2016 sales and cumulative global sales in the two graphs.
  124. ↑ "Nissan e-NV200 is Europe's best-selling electric van" (Press release). Nissan GB. 2017-02-01. Retrieved 2017-02-03.
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 125.2 125.3 125.4 125.5 125.6 125.7 125.8 125.9 Jose, Pontes (2018-01-28). "Europe December 2017". EVSales.com. http://ev-sales.blogspot.ca/2018/01/europe-december-2017.html.  "European sales totaled 306,143 plug-in cars in 2017."
  126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 126.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Renault2011_16
  127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 127.2 Groupe Renault (January 2018). "Ventes Mensuelles" (in fr). Renault.com. https://group.renault.com/finance/informations-financieres/chiffre-cles/ventes-mensuelles.  Sales figures includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on link "XLSX - 162 Ko Ventes mensuelles du Groupe (Décembre 2017)" to download the file, and open the tab "Sales by Model" to access sales figures for 2017 and 2016.
  128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 "Renault-Nissan Alliance Sales Rise For Fifth Straight Year In 2014 To 8.5 Million Vehicles" (Press release). Paris: Nissan Motor Corporation. 2015-02-04. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-03-27. Cumulative Leaf sales in Europe totaled 33,481 units at the end of 2014.
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 129.2 Gauthier, Michael (2020-02-19). "European Car Sales Climbed To 15.7 Million Units Last Year, Tesla Model 3 Is The EV Champion". Carscoops. https://www.carscoops.com/2020/02/european-car-sales-climbed-to-15-7-million-units-last-year-tesla-model-3-is-the-ev-champion/.  Sales of the Tesla Model 3 in Europe totaled 94,495 units in 2019 (Europe 23) and topped sales in the region in the EV segment.
  130. ↑ Millikin, Mike (2019-01-22). "Nissan LEAF best-selling car in Norway, top-selling EV in Europe in 2018". Green Car Congress. https://www.greencarcongress.com/2019/01/20190122-leaf.html. 
  131. ↑ "Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Hits 200,000 Global Sales Milestone" (Press release). Tokyo: Mitsubishi Motors Corporation (MMC). 2019-04-11. Retrieved 2020-05-16.
  132. ↑ Shahan, Zachary (2020-01-19). "Tesla Model 3 = #1 Best Selling Auto In Netherlands & Norway In 2019". Clean Technica. https://cleantechnica.com/2020/01/19/tesla-model-3-1-best-selling-automobile-in-netherlands-norway-in-2019/. "In Norway and the Netherlands, the Model 3 was the #1 best selling automobile of any kind in any class in 2019." 
  133. ↑ 133.0 133.1 Knut Moberg (2019-12-31). "Bil-året 2019: Derfor var 2019 så spesielt" (in no). Dinside.no. https://www.dinside.no/motor/derfor-var-2019-sa-spesielt/71970723.  With a total of 15,473 new registered Tesla Model 3 (as of December 27, 2019), only Volkswagen has managed a higher number previously, with Bobla in 1969 (16,706 cars), and Golf in 2015 (16,388).
  134. ↑ Pontes, Jose (2020-01-27). "Tesla Model 3 Shatters Records In Hot European Market — EV Sales Report". Clean Technica. https://cleantechnica.com/2020/01/27/tesla-model-3-shatters-records-in-hot-european-market-ev-sales-report/. 
  135. ↑ 135.0 135.1 Gül, Timur; Gorner, Marine; Paoli, Leonardo (2020-05-18). "As the Covid-19 crisis hammers the auto industry, electric cars remain a bright spot". International Energy Agency. https://www.iea.org/commentaries/as-the-covid-19-crisis-hammers-the-auto-industry-electric-cars-remain-a-bright-spot. 
  136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 136.2 "Renault, Leader of EV Sales in Europe" (Press release). Île-de-France: Groupe Renault. 2020-12-07. Retrieved 2021-02-21. ZOE remains the number 1 most sold electric passenger car in Europe. More than 268,000 ZOE have been sold in Europe since its launch (As of November 2020).
  137. ↑ 137.0 137.1 137.2 137.3 Groupe Renault (January 2021). "Ventes Mensuelles - Statistiques commerciales mensuelles du groupe Renault" (in French). Renault.com. https://group.renault.com/finance/informations-financieres/chiffre-cles/ventes-mensuelles/.  Sales figures includes passenger and light utility variants. Click on the corresponding link to download the file "GROUPE RENAULT - MONTHLY SALES DECEMBER 2020 XLSX - 806 KB", and open the tab "Sales by Model" to access sales figures for 2019 and 2020. Global Zoe sales totaled 102,868 units in 2020 (16,035 in December 2020), and European registrations totaled 100,815 units, including both passenger and LCV variants.
  138. ↑ 138.00 138.01 138.02 138.03 138.04 138.05 138.06 138.07 138.08 138.09 138.10 138.11 Attwood, James (2021-01-27). "Renault Zoe eclipses Tesla Model 3 as Europe's best-selling EV". AutoCar UK. https://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/new-cars/renault-zoe-eclipses-tesla-model-3-europes-best-selling-ev.  According to Jato Dynamics, the best selling plug-in electric models across 23 European markets in 2020, including the European Union member states, the UK, Norway and Switzerland, were the Renault Zoe (99,261), Tesla Model 3 (85,713), Volkswagen ID 3 (56,118), Hyundai Kona (47,796), and the VW e-Golf (33,650). The Mercedes-Benz A250e was the top selling plug-in hybrid in 2020, with 29,427 units, followed by the Mitsubishi Outlander (26,673), which led the segment in 2019.
  139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 139.2 139.3 "Nissan LEAF is the best-selling electric car in Europe for fourth year in a row" (Press release). Rolle, Switzerland: Nissan Europe. 2015-01-19. Retrieved 2017-02-06. A total of 14,658 Nissan Leafs, 8,734 Tesla Model S, 5,804 pure electric BMW i3s, 5,365 Volkswagen e-Up! and 3,328 Volkswagen e-Golfs were sold in Europe in 2014.
  140. ↑ Mat Gasnier (2014-07-19). "World Full Year 2013: Discover the Top 1000 best-selling models!". Best Selling Cars Blog. http://bestsellingcarsblog.com/2014/07/01/world-full-year-2013-discover-the-top-1147-best-selling-models/.  A total of 1,477 i3s were registered in 2013. Includes press fleet vehicles and dealer demonstrators.
  141. ↑ 141.0 141.1 141.2 141.3 141.4 141.5 141.6 Jose, Pontes (2020-01-24). "Europe December 2019". EVSales.com. http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2020/01/europe-december-2019.html. 
  142. ↑ 142.0 142.1 142.2 Jose, Pontes (2019-01-28). "Europe December 2018". EVSales.com. http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2019/01/europe-december-2018.html. 
  143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 143.2 Demandt, Bart (12 February 2020). "European Sales 2019 EV and PHEV". Carsalesbase.com. https://carsalesbase.com/european-sales-2019-ev-phev/. 
  144. ↑ Neil Winton (2014-02-06). "Electric Car Sales In Western Europe Spurt, But From Miniscule Base". Automotive Industry Data (AID). Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/neilwinton/2014/02/06/electric-car-sales-in-western-europe-spurt-but-from-miniscule-base/.  AID sales figures (38,617 units) include all-electric cars and range-extenders vehicles in Germany. Sales figures based on Automotive Industry Data (AID). About 3,900 Tesla Model S cars were sold in Europe in 2013.
  145. ↑ "Tesla's Model S outsells Mercedes S-Class in last year's West European car market". Automotive Industry Data (AID) (AID Newsletter). 2018-02-21. http://www.eagleaid.com/AID-Newsletter-preorder-1804preview-a-Teslas-Model-S-outsells-Mercedes-S-Class.htm.  According to AID’s estimates, 2017 sales of the Tesla Models S reached some 15,400 units in Western Europe.
  146. ↑ 146.0 146.1 Demandt, Bart (20 February 2021). "European Sales 2020 EV and PHEV". Carsalesbase.com. https://carsalesbase.com/european-sales-2020-ev-phev/. 
  147. ↑ 147.0 147.1 147.2 Jose, Pontes (2021-01-26). "Europe December 2020". EVSales.com. http://ev-sales.blogspot.com/2021/01/europe-december-2020.html. 
  148. ↑ 148.0 148.1 148.2 148.3 148.4 148.5 148.6 148.7 Jose, Pontes (2017-01-30). "Europe December 2016 (Updated)". EVSales.com. http://ev-sales.blogspot.com.br/2017/01/europe-december-2016.html. 
  149. ↑ 149.0 149.1 149.2 149.3 Nick Gibbs (2015-04-24). "Plug-ins poised to be Europe's top electrified drivetrain". Automotive News Europe. http://europe.autonews.com/article/20150424/ANE/150409886/plug-ins-poised-to-be-europes-top-electrified-drivetrain.  A total of 5,441 Volvo V60 PHEVs and 933 Opel Amperas were sold in Europe in 2014.
  150. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Renault2017_2019
  151. ↑ Graeme Roberts (2014-10-24). "Vehicle Analysis: Mitsubishi's top-selling Outlander PHEV". Just auto. http://www.just-auto.com/analysis/mitsubishis-top-selling-outlander-phev_id151677.aspx.  A total of 8,066 Volvo V60 plug-in hybrids were sold in 2013.
  152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 152.2 152.3 "2012 (Full Year) Sweden: Best-Selling Electric Cars & PHEV Models". BestSellingCars.com. 2013-01-02. http://www.best-selling-cars.com/hybrid/2012-full-year-sweden-best-selling-electric-cars-plug-in-hybrid-models/. 
  153. ↑ Pontes, Jose (2017-08-27). "Europe July 2017". EVSales.com. http://ev-sales.blogspot.ch/2017/08/europe-july-2017.html. 
  154. ↑ Pontes, Jose (2016-01-30). "Europe December 2015". EVSales.com. http://ev-sales.blogspot.com.br/2016/01/europe-december-2015.html.  A total of 1,230 Ford C-Max Energi, 11,214 VW e-Golf, and 2,653 Volvo XC90 T8s were sold in Europe in 2015.
  155. ↑ 155.0 155.1 155.2 155.3 France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2021-01-08). "Baromètre des immatriculations - En décembre 2020, les véhicules électriques et hybrides rechargeables ont représenté plus de 16 % du marché français : du jamais vu !" (in French). AVERE France. http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=7950&from_espace_adherent=0.  See infograh "Parc Roulant et Immatriculations Annuelles depuis Janvier 2010" - As of December 2020, there were 470,295 plug-in electric cars and utility vans, consisting of 337,986 all-electric cars and vans, and 132,309 plug-in hybrids registered since 2010.
  156. ↑ 156.0 156.1 156.2 France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2019-01-09). "Baromètre annuel : près de 40 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en France en 2018 !" (in fr). AVERE. http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=7532&from_espace_adherent=0.  A total of 53,745 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were registered in France in 2018 consisting of 31,055 all-electric cars plus 1,148 REx vehicles, 8,103 electric utility vans, and 13,439 plug-in hybrid cars. The plug-in car segment achieved a market share of 2.1% of new car registrations in the country in 2018. Includes revised figures for 2017
  157. ↑ 157.0 157.1 157.2 Autoactu.com (May 2016). "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations de voitures électriques en France" (in fr). Automobile Propre. http://www.automobile-propre.com/dossiers/voitures-electriques/chiffres-vente-immatriculations-france/.  See "Ventes de voitures électriques en 2016/2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011 and 2010" It shows all electric car registrations between 2010 and 2016.
  158. ↑ AVERE-France (2014-01-08). "Baromètre AVERE-France Janvier 2014" (in fr). France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France. http://www.france-mobilite-electrique.org/barometre-avere-france-janvier-2014,5211.html?lang=fr. 
  159. ↑ Justin Aschard (2012-11-07). "Novembre 2012 – Ventes de véhicules électriques (CCFA)" (in fr). France Mobilité Électrique. http://www.france-mobilite-electrique.org/novembre-2012,4064.html?lang=fr.  See table Bilan annuel des ventes de véhicules électriques (Annual sales of electric vehicles) for detailed sales by category during 2010 and 2011.
  160. ↑ France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France (2013-01-07). "Bilan des Immatriculations pour l'Année 2012" (in fr). AVERE. http://www.france-mobilite-electrique.org/bilan-des-immatriculations-pour-l-annee-2012,4147.html?lang=fr.  A total of 5,663 electric cars and 3,651 electric vans were registered in France in 2012.
  161. ↑ AVERE-France (2015-01-05). "Le marché du véhicule électrique maintient sa progression en 2014" (in fr). AVERE France. http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=5954. 
  162. ↑ France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France (2016-01-07). "Immatriculations des voitures électriques : + 62,1% en 2015" (in fr). AVERE. http://www.avem.fr/actualite-immatriculations-des-voitures-electriques-62-1-en-2015-5923.html.  A total of 17,779 all-electric cars were registered in France in 2015.
  163. ↑ 163.0 163.1 France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France (2016-01-08). "Immatriculations des hybrides rechargeables : La barre des 5.000 est franchie !" (in fr). AVERE. http://www.avem.fr/actualite-immatriculations-des-hybrides-rechargeables-la-barre-des-5-000-est-franchie-5924.html.  A total of 5,006 plug-in hybrids were registered in France in 2015.
  164. ↑ France Mobilité Électrique – AVERE France (2016-01-12). "Immatriculations des utilitaires électriques : + 9,6% en 2015" (in fr). AVERE. http://www.avem.fr/actualite-immatriculations-des-utilitaires-electriques-9-6-en-2015-5927.html.  A total of 4,916 all-electric utility vans were registered in France in 2015.
  165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2017-01-09). "Plus de 27 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en 2016, après un mois de décembre record" (in fr). AVERE. http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=6826&from_espace_adherent=0.  A total of 33,774 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were registered in France in 2016 consisting of 27,751 all-electric cars, 5,556 electric utility vans and 6,467 plug-in hybrid cars. The plug-in car segment achieved a market share of 1.40% of new car registrations in the country in 2016.
  166. ↑ France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2020-01-09). "Baromètre annuel : près de 70 000 véhicules légers rechargeables immatriculés en 2019 !" (in French). AVERE France. http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=7764&from_espace_adherent=0. 
  167. ↑ France Mobilité Électrique - AVERE France (2021-10-06). "En septembre 2021, les véhicules électriques et hybrides rechargeables ont représenté près de 18 % du marché français" (in French). AVERE France. http://www.avere-france.org/Site/Article/?article_id=8035&from_espace_adherent=0.  See infograh "Barometre mensuel de la mobilité électrique Chiffres clés du mois de septembre 2021 - Evolution du Parc Roulant Automobiles Depuis Janvier 2010" - As of September 2021, a total of 687,876 plug-in electric passenger cars and vans have been registered in France, consisting of 453,143 all-electric cars and vans, and 234,733 plug-in hybrids in circulation.
  168. ↑ Yoann Nussbaumer (2013-01-16). "+115% pour les ventes de voitures électriques en France pour 2012" (in fr). Automobile Propre. http://www.automobile-propre.com/215-pour-les-ventes-de-voitures-electriques-en-france-pour-2012/. 
  169. ↑ Pontes, José (2022-01-18). "32% Plugin Vehicle Share In France! Tesla Model 3 = #8 In Overall Market.". CleanTechnica. https://cleantechnica.com/2022/01/17/tesla-model-3-wins-france-in-record-month-32-share/. "With December at 32% plugin share (19% BEV) and the full 2021 share ending at 18.3% (9.8% BEV)" 
  170. ↑ Fergusson, Malcolm (October 2016). "Electric Vehicles in Europe - 2016: Approaching adolescence". Transport & Environment. https://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/publications/TE%20EV%20Report%202016%20FINAL.pdf.  See pp. 15-16.
  171. ↑ Automobile Propre (August 2016). "Chiffres de vente & immatriculations d'utilitaires électriques en France" (in fr). Automobile Propre. http://www.automobile-propre.com/dossiers/utilitaires-electriques/ventes-utilitaires-electriques-france/.  See "Ventes d’utilitaires électriques en 2016/2015/2014 for all-electric utility van registrations. Light-duty electric vehicles reached a 1.22% market share of new van sales in the country in 2014, and rose to 1.30% in 2015.
  172. ↑ 172.0 172.1 Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2018-01-12). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2017" (in de). KBA. https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2017/201712_GV1monatlich/201712_nzbarometer/201712_n_barometer.html?nn=1841712.  A total of 29,436 plug-in hybrids and 25,056 all-electric cars were registered in Germany in 2017.
  173. ↑ 173.0 173.1 Kraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (January 2019). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2018" (in de). KBA. https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2018/201812_GV1monatlich/201812_nzbarometer/201812_n_barometer.html?nn=2146326.  Click on the tab Kraftstoffarten for the market shares by fuel: Electric was 1.0% in 2018, and plug-in hybrid was 0.9%
  174. ↑ 174.0 174.1 174.2 Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2021-01-08). "Pressemitteilung Nr. 02/2021 - Fahrzeugzulassungen im Dezember 2020 - Jahresbilanz" (in de). KBA. https://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2021/Fahrzeugzulassungen/pm02_2021_n_12_20_pm_komplett.html?.  A total of 394,632 plug-in electric passenger cars were registered in Germany in 2020, consisting of 200,469 plug-in hybrids (6.9% market share) and 194,163 all-electric cars (6.7% market share).
  175. ↑ Autobild (2012-01-12). "2011 Full Year Best-Selling Electric Cars in Germany in 2011". BestSellingCars.com. http://www.best-selling-cars.com/germany/2011-full-year-best-selling-electric-cars-in-germany-in-2011/.  Cumulative number of registered electric cars was 4,541 as of January 1, 2012. All-electric car and van registrations in 2010 totaled 541 units and 2,154 in 2011..
  176. ↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2013-01-31). "Neuzulassungen E-Mobilität 2012-Kaum Zuwachs wegen Twizy" (in de). Auto Bild. http://www.autobild.de/artikel/neuzulassungen-e-mobilitaet-2012-3793952.html.  A total of 2,956 all-electric cars were registered in Germany during 2012.
  177. ↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA). "Monatliche Neuzulassungen – Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2013" (in de). KBA. https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2013/201312GV1monatlich/201312_n_barometer_teil2_tabelle.html?nn=791842.  A total of 1,385 plug-in hybrids and 6,051 all-electric cars were registered during 2013.
  178. ↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2016). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2015" (in de). KBA. https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2015/201512GV1monatlich/201512_nzbarometer/201512_n_barometer.html?nn=1129994.  A total of 23,464 plug-in electric cars were registered in Germany during 2015, consisting of 12,363 all-electric cars and 11,101 plug-in hybrids.
  179. ↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2017). "Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2016" (in de). KBA. https://www.kba.de/DE/Statistik/Fahrzeuge/Neuzulassungen/MonatlicheNeuzulassungen/2016/201612GV1monatlich/201612_nzbarometer/201612_n_barometer.html?nn=653844.  A total of 25,154 plug-in electric cars were registered in Germany in 2016, consisting of 11,410 all-electric cars and 13,744 plug-in hybrids.
  180. ↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2022-03-04). "Pressemitteilung Nr. 10/2022 - Der Fahrzeugbestand am 1. Januar 2022" (in de). KBA. https://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/Fahrzeugbestand/2022/pm10_fz_bestand_pm_komplett.html?snn=3662144.  There were 618,460 all-electric cars and 565,956 plug-in hybrids registered in Germany on January 1, 2022 (total 1,184,416 plug-in cars). The share of all-electric cars rose to 1.3% percent (+100.1%) and that of plug-in hybrids doubled to 1.2%, for a total of 2.5% of plug-in cars on German roads on January 1, 2022.
  181. ↑ Kraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2021-03-02). "Pressemitteilung Nr. 8/2021 - Der Fahrzeugbestand am 1. Januar 2021" (in de). KBA. https://www.kba.de/DE/Presse/Pressemitteilungen/2021/Fahrzeugbestand/pm08_fz_bestand_pm_komplett.html. "The share of electric cars (BEV ) rose from 0.3 percent (136,617) on January 1, 2020 to 0.6 percent (309,083) and that of hybrid cars from 1.1 percent (539,383) to 2.1 percent (1.004.089). The number of plug-in hybrid vehicles grew from 102,175 to 279,861 (+ 173.9%). Their share tripled to 0.6 percent. (Translated from the original)" 
  182. ↑ Bekker, Henk (2021-01-08). "Best-Selling Electric Car Models in Germany in 2020". Best Selling Cars (Car Sales Statistics). https://www.best-selling-cars.com/germany/2020-full-year-germany-best-selling-electric-cars-by-brand-and-model/. 
  183. ↑ KBA Press release No. 02/2022
  184. ↑ "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer – Top 5 geregistreerde modellen plug-in hybride elektrische auto – Top 10 geregistreerde modellen volledig elektrische auto" (in nl). Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Dutch National Office for Enterprising -. BovagWebsite. January 2017. http://bovag.nl/BovagWebsite/media/BovagMediaFiles/Cijfers/2015/Cijfers-elektrisch-vervoer-tm-december-2015.pdf?ext=.pdf.  With a total of 25,984 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEVs registered by the end of December 2016, the plug-in hybrid is the all-time top registered plug-in electric vehicle in the Netherlands.
  185. ↑ Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (December 2015). "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer – Top 10 geregistreerde modellen volledig elektrische auto (31-12-2015)" (in nl). BOVBAG. http://www.bovag.nl/data/sitemanagement/media/2015_06_cijfers%20elektrisch%20vervoer%20tm%20juni%202015.pdf. 
  186. ↑ Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2015). "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer – Aantal geregistreerde elektrische voertuigen in Nederland – Top 5 geregistreerde modellen plug-in hybride elektrische voertuigen (31-12-2014) – Top 6 geregistreerde modellen volledig elektrische voertuigen (31-12-2014)" (in nl). RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). http://www.vna-lease.nl/stream/2014-cijfers-elektrisch-vervoer-tm-december-2014.pdf.  Click the url to download the file "2014-cijfers-elektrisch-vervoer-tm-december-2014.pdf.pdf" See under the heading "31-12-2014" for total registrations figures at the end of December 2014. A total of 2,645 Model S sedans were registered in the Netherlands (As of December 2014), and it ranks as the top registered all-electric vehicles in the country.
  187. ↑ Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) (January 2013). "Cijfers elektrisch vervoer (30-12-2013)" (in nl). RVO (Dutch National Office for Enterprising). http://www.automotivenl.com/images/AutomotiveNL_Nieuws/cijfers_elektrisch_rijden/2013_cijfers_elektrisch_vervoer_tm_december_2013.pdf. 
  188. ↑ RAI. "Verkoopstatistieken -nieuwverkoop personenautos" (in nl). RAI Vereniging. http://www.raivereniging.nl/markt-informatie/statistieken/verkoopstatistieken.aspx.  Download pdf file for detailed sales in 2011 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201112") and 2012 ("Download nieuwverkoop personenautos 201212").
  189. ↑ 189.0 189.1 189.2 189.3 "Elektrisch Rijden – Personenauto's en laadpunten Analyse over 2018" (in nl). Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Dutch National Office for Enterprising -. RVO. January 2019. https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2019/01/Elektrisch%20Rijden%20%20Personenautos%20en%20laadpunten%20%20Analyse%20over%202018.pdf.  (As of December 2018), there were 145,882 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in the Netherlands, consisting of 97,702 plug-in hybrids, 44,984 pure electric cars, and 3,196 all-electric light utility vans. With a total of 24,273 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEVs registered by the end of December 2018, the plug-in hybrid is the all-time top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the Netherlands. The Tesla Model S is the best selling all-electric car with 12,990 units registered.
  190. ↑ 190.0 190.1 "Statistics Electric Vehicles in the Netherlands (up to and including December 2020)". Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Dutch National Office for Enterprising -. RVO. February 2021. https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2021/01/Statistics%20Electric%20Vehicles%20and%20Charging%20in%20The%20Netherlands%20up%20to%20and%20including%20December%202020.pdf.  (As of December 2020), there were 297,380 highway-legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered (in use) in the Netherlands, consisting of 182,481 fully electric cars, 108,652 plug-in hybrids, and 6,247 all-electric light utility vans. The total number of all classes of plug-in electric vehicles (including buses, heavy-duty truck, mopeds, etc.) on the road totaled 382,721 units. Source includes figures from 2016 to 2020. Sales of plug-in passenger cars totaled 87,946 vehicles and the segment market share was 24.6%.
  191. ↑ RAI (2016-09-08). "EU-voertuigregistraties alternatieve brandstoffen" (in nl). RAI Vereniging. https://www.raivereniging.nl/artikel/nieuwsberichten/2016-q3/0908-europese-voertuigregistraties-alternatieve-brandstoffen.html. 
  192. ↑ 192.0 192.1 Opplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken AS (OFV). "Bilsalget i 2017" (in no). OFV. http://www.ofvas.no/bilsalget-i-2017/category751.html. 
  193. ↑ 193.0 193.1 Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2019-01-02). "Bilsalget i 2018" (in no). OFV. http://www.ofvas.no/bilsalget-i-2018/bilsalget-i-2018-article866-788.html. 
  194. ↑ Staff (2014-01-08). "Over 20.000 ladbare biler på norske veier" (in no). Grønn bil. http://www.gronnbil.no/nyheter/over-20-000-ladbare-biler-paa-norske-veier-article366-239.html. 
  195. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2015). "Bilsalget i 2014" (in no). OFV. http://www.ofvas.no/bilsalget-i-2014/category648.html.  A total of 10,639 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2013, consisting of: 7,885 new electric cars, 2,086 used imported all-electric cars, 328 new plug-in hybrid cars and 340 new all-electric vans. A total of 23,390 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2014, consisting of: 18,094 new electric cars, 3,063 used imported all-electric cars, 1,678 new plug-in hybrid cars and 555 new all-electric vans.
  196. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2015). "Bilsalget i 2015" (in no). OFV. http://www.ofvas.no/aktuelt-3/bilsalget-i-2015-article567-622.html.  Registrations of new plug-in electric vehicles totaled 25,779 electric cars (zero emission vehicles totaled 25,788 accounting for 9 hydrogen vehicles), 7,964 plug-in hybrids and 712 all-electric vans in 2015. In addition, registrations of used imports totaled 5,122 electric cars and 55 electric vans. Plug-in electric vehicle registrations totaled 39,632 units.
  197. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2017). "Bilsalget i 2016" (in no). OFV. http://www.ofvas.no/aktuelt-1/bilsalget-i-2016-article652-385.html.  A total of 50,875 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2016, consisting of: 24,222 new electric cars, 5,281 used imported all-electric cars, 20,663 new plug-in hybrid cars, 607 new all-electric vans, and 102 used imported all-electric vans.
  198. ↑ 198.0 198.1 Bilsalget i desember og hele 2020
  199. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2024). "Bilsalget i desember 2023" (in no). OFV. https://ofv.no/bilsalget/bilsalget-i-desember-2023. 
  200. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2023). "Bilsalget i desember 2022" (in no). OFV. https://ofv.no/bilsalget/bilsalget-i-desember_2022. 
  201. ↑ Joly, David (2015-10-16). "Norway is A Model For Encouraging Electric Car Sales". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/17/business/international/norway-is-global-model-for-encouraging-sales-of-electric-cars.html?_r=0. 
  202. ↑ Agence France-Presse (2011-05-15). "Electric cars take off in Norway". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/motoring/electric-cars-take-off-in-norway-2284439.html. 
  203. ↑ AVERE (2012-06-07). "Norwegian Parliament extends electric car initiatives until 2018". AVERE. http://www.avere.org/www/newsMgr.php?action=view&frmNewsId=611&section=&type=&SGLSESSID=tqiice0pmjdclt7l4q0s3s1o27. 
  204. ↑ Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) (2017-01-05). "Elbilsalget: Ned i fjor – venter ny vekst i år" (in no). Norsk Elbilforening. http://elbil.no/elbilsalget-ned-i-fjor-venter-ny-vekst-i-ar/. 
  205. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2017-01-10). "Bilåret 2016 – status og trender" (in no). OFV. http://www.ofv.no/getfile.php/135201/Dokumenter/OFV%20Frokostm%C3%B8ter/2017.01.10%20Presentasjon%20OFV_frokostm%C3%B8tet%2010%20januar%202017.pdf. 
  206. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2021-10-01). "Car sales in September 2021" (in no). OFV. https://ofv.no/bilsalget/bilsalget-i-september-2021. 
  207. ↑ Kane, Mark (2021-10-02). "Norway: All-Electric Car Sales Reach New Record In September 2021". InsideEVs.com. https://insideevs.com/news/537973/norway-plugin-car-sales-september2021/. 
  208. ↑ Figenbaum, Erik; Kolbenstvedt, Marika (June 2016). "Learning from Norwegian Battery Electric and Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle users". Institute of Transport Economics (TØI), Norwegian Centre for Transport Research. https://www.toi.no/getfile.php?mmfileid=43161.  TØI report 1492/2016. See pp. 1.
  209. ↑ Alister Doyle; Nerijus Adomaitis (2013-03-13). "Norway shows the way with electric cars, but at what cost?". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cars-norway-idUSBRE92C0K020130313. 
  210. ↑ Klippenstein, Matthew (2014-04-08). "One Percent Of Norway's Cars Are Already Plug-In Electrics". Green Car Reports. 
  211. ↑ Kane, Mark (2018-10-07). "10% Of Norway's Passenger Vehicles Are Plug Ins". InsideEVs.com. https://insideevs.com/10-norways-passenger-vehicles-plug-ins/. 
  212. ↑ Haugneland, Petter (2019-01-04). "Nissan LEAF mest solgte bilmodell i 2018" (in no). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). https://elbil.no/nissan-leaf-mest-solgte-bilmodell-i-2018/. 
  213. ↑ Øystein Fossum (2019-01-05). "Dette var nordmenns favoritt-biler i 2018" (in no). Dinside.no. https://www.dinside.no/motor/dette-var-nordmenns-favoritt-biler-i-2018/70621289. 
  214. ↑ Norwegian Road Federation (OFV) (January 2020). "OFV Registreringsstatistikk" (in no). OFV. https://ofv.no/registreringsstatistikk.  To access the sales ranking by model choose "Modell" and the tabs "2019" and "Desember" - The Tesla Model 3 was the best selling passenger car in Norway in 2019 with 15,683 units registered.
  215. ↑ "Cumulative EV registrations by Make and Model". Elbil Statistikk. 2021-10-07. https://elbilstatistikk.no/.  (As of October 2020), the Nissan Leaf leads plug-in car sales in Norway, with cumulative registrations of 70,420 units, including 20,338 used-imports.
  216. ↑ 216.0 216.1 216.2 216.3 Bil Sweden (2019-01-07). "Nyregistreringar december 2018 (def)" (in sv). Bil Sweden. http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregisteringar-per-manad/arkiv-nyregistrering-per-manad-2018/nyregistreringar-december-2018-(def).  Download the pdf file "PressRel1812_DEF.pdf" See tables: "Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2018", "Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ december 2018" and "Nyregistrerade eldrivna lätta lastbilar (högst 3,5 ton) per modell" - A total of 29,909 light-duty plug-in vehicles were registered in 2018, consisting of 22,074 plug-in hybrids, 7,078 all-electric cars, and 757 all-electric vans. Passenger car registrations totaled 379,393 units in 2017, of which, the plug-in segment captured a market share of 8.2%.
  217. ↑ 217.0 217.1 217.2 Bil Sweden (2016-01-04). "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" (in sv). Bil Sweden. http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregistrering-per-manad-2015/nyregistreringar-december-2015-def.  Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar december 2015 def" (PressRel1512_def.pdf) See table: Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar december 2015. A total of 5,625 plug-in hybrids, 2,962 all-electric cars and 321 all-electric vans were registered in 2015, for a total of 8,908 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. Passenger car registrations totaled 345,108 units in 2015. Registration figures for 2014 were revised.
  218. ↑ 218.0 218.1 Bil Sweden (2015-10-02). "Urstark bilmarknad under 2014" (in sv). Bil Sweden. http://www.bilsweden.se/publikationer/pressmeddelanden/urstark-bilmarknad-under-2014.  A total of 4,656 super clean cars and 282 all-electric vans were registered in Sweden in 2014. Super clean cars are those with carbon dioxide emissions of up to 50 g/km (two Porsche plug-in models, the Panamera S E-Hybrid and the 918 Spyder are not accounted as super clean cars, instead they are accounted with conventional hybrids). In 2011 there were 181 plug-in electric vehicles registered, 928 in 2012, 1,546 in 2013 and 4,656 super clean cars were registered during 2014. Since the introduction of the super clean car rebate in January 2012 until December 2014, a total of 7,130 super clean cars have been registered.
  219. ↑ 219.0 219.1 Bil Sweden (2014-01-02). "Nyregistreringar december 2013 prel" (in sv). Bil Sweden. http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregistrering_per_manad_2013/nyregistreringar-december-2013-prel.  Download file "Nyregistreringar december 2013 prel.pdf" see table "NYREGISTRERADE SUPERMILJÖBILAR DECEMBER 2013" with summary of PEV sales by model for 2013 and 2012.
  220. ↑ 220.0 220.1 220.2 Bil Sweden (2016-01-04). "Nyregistreringar december 2016 def" (in sv). Bil Sweden. http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregistrering-per-manad-2016/nyregistreringar-december-2016-(def).  Download the pdf file "Nyregistreringar december 2016 def" (PressRel1612_DEF.pdf) See table: Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar december 2016 (def). A total of 10,257 plug-in hybrids, 2,924 all-electric cars and 273 all-electric vans were registered in 2016, for a total of 13,454 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles. Passenger car registrations totaled 372,318 units in 2016. Registrations of super green cars totaled 12,995 units, up from 8,582 in 2015. Figures for 2015 were revised.
  221. ↑ 221.0 221.1 221.2 221.3 Bil Sweden (2018-01-08). "Definitiva nyregistreringar under 2017" (in sv). Bil Sweden. http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/nyregistreringar_per_manad_1/nyregistreringar-2017/definitiva-nyregistreringar-under-2017.  Download the pdf file "PressRel1712_DEF.pdf" See tables: "Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2017", "Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ december 2017" and "Nyregistrerade eldrivna lätta lastbilar (högst 3,5 ton) per modell" - A total of 19,981 light-duty plug-in vehicles were registered in 2017, consisting of 15,447 plug-in hybrids, 4,217 all-electric cars, and 317 all-electric vans. Passenger car registrations totaled 379,393 units in 2017, of which, the plug-in segment captured a market share of 5.2%. Registrations of super green cars totaled 19,211 units, up from 12,995 in 2016. Table "Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ december 2017" reports 2017 figures that do not add up with detailed count in table "Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar december 2017" so, plug-in cars figures were taken from the latter.
  222. ↑ 222.0 222.1 222.2 Bil Sweden (2020-01-07). "Nyregistreringar december 2019 (def)" (in sv). Bil Sweden. http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/arkiv-nyregisteringar-per-manad/arkiv-nyregistrering-per-manad-2019/nyregistreringar-december-2019-(def).  Download the pdf file "PressRel1912_DEF.pdf"
  223. ↑ 223.0 223.1 223.2 223.3 Bil Sweden (2020-01-08). "Definitiva nyregistreringar under 2020" (in sv). Bil Sweden. https://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/Nyregistreringar_per_manad_1/nyregistreringar-2020/definitiva-nyregistreringar-under-2020.  Download the pdf file "PressRel with tables and diagram_dec2020DEF.pdf" See tables: "Nyregistrerade personbilar per drivmedel december 2020" and "Nyregistrerade eldrivna lätta lastbilar (högst 3,5 ton) per modell:" - A total of 96,054 light-duty plug-in vehicles were registered in 2020, consisting of 66,109 plug-in hybrids, 27,968 all-electric cars, and 1,977 all-electric vans. Passenger car registrations totaled 292,024 units in 2020, of which, the plug-in segment captured a market share of 32.2%.
  224. ↑ 224.0 224.1 Bil Sweden (2022-01-07). "Definitiva nyregistreringar under 2021" (in sv). Bil Sweden. https://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/Nyregistreringar_per_manad_1/nyregistreringar-2021/definitiva-nyregistreringar-under-2021. "The share of rechargeable passenger cars of the total new registrations was 45.0 per cent in 2021, compared with 32.2 per cent in 2020. The share of electric light trucks amounted to 7.5 per cent and the electric buses to 24.6 per cent."  A total of 138,033 light-duty plug-in vehicles were registered in 2021, consisting of 77,842 plug-in hybrids, 57,473 all-electric cars, and 2,718 all-electric vans.
  225. ↑ Desk, Lifestyle (2011-09-08). "Sweden Follows Suit with Electric Car Subsidy". The Global Herald. http://theglobalherald.com/sweden-follows-suit-with-electric-car-subsidy/24444/. 
  226. ↑ "Fossil-free transport and travel: The Government's work to reduce the impact of transport on the climate". Government Offices of Sweden. 2016-05-25. http://www.government.se/government-policy/environment/fossil-free-transport-and-travel-the-governments-work-to-reduce-the-impact-of-transport-on-the-climate/. 
  227. ↑ Bil Sweden (2014-08-01). "Fjärde högsta julisiffran någonsin för nya bilar" (in sv). Bil Sweden. http://www.bilsweden.se/statistik/nyregistreringar_per_manad_1/nyregistreringar-2014/nyregistreringar-juli-2014.  A total of 5,209 super clean cars have been registered in Sweden since 2011. Super clean cars are those with carbon dioxide emissions of up to 50 g/km (two Porsche plug-in models, the Panamera S E-Hybrid and the 918 Spyder are not accounted as super clean cars, instead they are accounted with conventional hybrids). In 2011 there were 181 super clean vehicles registered, 928 in 2012, 1,546 in 2013 and 2,554 were registered during the first seven months of 2014.
  228. ↑ Lasse Swärd (2014-08-01). "Supermiljöbilspremien är slut" (in sv). Dagens Nyheter. http://www.dn.se/ekonomi/supermiljobilspremien-ar-slut/. 
  229. ↑ "Fjärde högsta julisiffran någonsin för nya bilar" (in sv). Joomla. August 2014. http://avenytv.se.hemsida.eu/bilsweden/index.php/statistik/157-fjarde-hogsta-julisiffran-nagonsin-for-nya-bilar. 
  230. ↑ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2016-01-07). "December 2015 – EV registrations". SMT. http://www.smmt.co.uk/2016/01/december-2015-ev-registrations/.  A total of 28,188 plug-in electric cars were registered during 2015, consisting of 9,934 pure electrics and 18,254 plug-in hybrids. A total of 2,633,503 new cars were registered in 2015.
  231. ↑ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2012-01-06). "December 2011 – EV and AFV registrations". SMMT. http://www.smmt.co.uk/2012/01/december-2011-%E2%80%93-ev-and-afv-registrations/. 
  232. ↑ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2013-01-07). "December 2012 – EV and AFV registrations". SMMT. http://www.smmt.co.uk/2013/01/december-2012-%E2%80%93-ev-and-afv-registrations/. 
  233. ↑ 233.0 233.1 233.2 Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2014-01-07). "December 2013 – EV registrations". SMT. http://www.smmt.co.uk/2014/01/december-2013-ev-registrations/.  A total of 2,254 plug-in electric cars were registered in 2013.
  234. ↑ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2017-01-05). "December 2016 – EV registrations". SMT. https://www.smmt.co.uk/2017/01/december-2016-ev-registrations/.  Registrations in 2016 totaled 36,907 plug-in electric vehicles consisting of 10,264 all-electric cars and 26,643 plug-in hybrids. Of these, a total of 35,447 cars were eligible for the Plug-in Car Grant. Since its launch in 2011, a total of 83,052 cars eligible for the PICG have been registered through December 2016. A total of 2,692,786 new cars were registered in 2016, resulting in a plug-in electric car market share of 1.37% of new car sales.
  235. ↑ 235.0 235.1 Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2018-01-05). "December – EV registrations". SMMT. https://www.smmt.co.uk/2018/01/december-ev-registrations/. Registrations in 2017 totaled 47,263 plug-in electric vehicles consisting of 13,597 all-electric cars and 33,6663 plug-in hybrids. Of these, a total of 45,187 cars were eligible for the Plug-in Car Grant. Since its launch in 2011, a total of 127,509 cars eligible for the PICG have been registered through December 2017. A total of 2,540,617 new cars were registered in 2017, resulting in a plug-in electric car market share of 1.86% of new car sales.
  236. ↑ 236.0 236.1 236.2 Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2019-01-07). "December – EV registrations". SMMT. https://www.smmt.co.uk/2019/01/december-ev-registrations-2/. Registrations in 2018 totaled 59,911 plug-in electric vehicles consisting of 15,474 all-electric cars and 44,437 plug-in hybrids. A total of 2,367,147 new cars were registered in 2018, resulting in a plug-in electric car market share of 2.53% of new car sales.
  237. ↑ December 2019 – EV registrations (SMMT)
  238. ↑ 238.0 238.1 238.2 Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2021-01-06). "UK automotive looks to green recovery strategy after -29.4% fall in new car registrations in 2020" (in en-GB). SMMT. http://www.smmt.co.uk/2021/01/uk-automotive-looks-to-green-recovery-strategy-after-29-4-fall-in-new-car-registrations-in-2020/. 
  239. ↑ Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2022-01-06). "UK automotive looks to green recovery strategy after -29.4% fall in new car registrations in 2020" (in en-GB). SMMT. https://media.smmt.co.uk/december-2021-new-car-registrations/.  Download the file "December 2021" for detailed data for 2021 and revised 2020.
  240. ↑ RAC Foundation. "Plug-in car grant claims". https://www.racfoundation.org/data/plug-in-car-grant-claims-data-page. 
  241. ↑ RAC Foundation. "Plug-in van grant claims". https://www.racfoundation.org/data/plug-in-van-grant-claims-data-page. 
  242. ↑ Lane, Ben (December 2020). "Electric car market statistics". UK: Next Green Car. http://www.nextgreencar.com/electric-cars/statistics/. 
  243. ↑ 243.0 243.1 Electric cars: EU trade surplus of €1.1 billion - Products Eurostat News - Eurostat



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