Organization:International Energy Agency

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Short description: Autonomous intergovernmental organisation
International Energy Agency
International-energy-agency-logo.png
IEA International Energy Agency Map.png
  Member countries
  Association countries
  Accession countries
AbbreviationIEA
Established
  • November 1974; 49 years ago (1974-11)
TypeAutonomous intergovernmental organisation
Headquarters9, rue de la Fédération, Paris, France
Membership
Official languages
English
Executive Director
Fatih Birol
Deputy Executive Director
Mary Burce Warlick
Websitewww.iea.org

The International Energy Agency (IEA) is a Paris-based autonomous intergovernmental organisation, established in 1974, that provides policy recommendations, analysis and data on the entire global energy sector. The 31 member countries and 13[1] association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.[2]

The IEA was set up under the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis to respond to physical disruptions in global oil supplies, provide data and statistics about the global oil market and energy sector, promote energy savings and conservation, and establish international technical collaboration on innovation and research.[3] Since its founding, the IEA has also coordinated use of the oil reserves that its members are required to hold.

In subsequent decades, the IEA's role expanded to cover the entire global energy system, encompassing traditional fuels such as gas, and coal as well as cleaner and fast-growing energy sources and technologies including renewable energy sources; solar photovoltaics, wind power, biofuels as well as nuclear power, and hydrogen, and the critical minerals needed for these technologies.

The core activity of the IEA is providing policy advice to its 31 member states, as well as to its 13 Associated countries, which include Argentina ,[4] Brazil , China , India , Indonesia, Kenya,[1] Senegal,[1] South Africa , Ukraine , Singapore, Thailand, Egypt and Morocco to support their energy security and advance their transition to clean energy.[3] The Agency publishes policy recommendations and solutions to help all countries ensure secure, affordable and sustainable energy, as well as analysis, roadmaps, policy reviews, detailed data on more than 150 countries. Recently, it has focused in particular on supporting global efforts to accelerate clean energy transition, mitigate climate change, and reach net zero emissions.[5]

As the COVID-19 pandemic set off a global health and economic crisis in early 2020, the IEA called on governments to ensure that their economic recovery plans focus on clean energy investments in order to create the conditions for a sustainable recovery and long-term structural decline in carbon emissions.[2][6]

In May 2021, the IEA published a roadmap for the global energy sector to reach net zero emissions by 2050 and to prevent global temperatures from rising above 1.5 °C.[7] All IEA member countries have signed the Paris Agreement which aims to limit warming to 1.5 °C, and two thirds of IEA member governments have made commitments to emission neutrality by 2050.

In March 2022, the IEA's Ministerial Meeting gave the agency a broader mandate to focus on the clean energy transition.[8][9] The IEA has been criticised for historically undervaluing the role of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics in future energy systems as well as under-estimating their declining cost. Environmental groups, investors and companies have been urging the IEA to do more to support the implementation of the Paris Agreement.[7]

The IEA's current executive director is Fatih Birol, who took office in late 2015.[10] Birol was re-appointed for a third term in March 2022.[11] IEA publishes a range of reports and other information including its flagship publication, the annual World Energy Outlook, as well as the Net Zero by 2050 report.[8][9][12]

History

The IEA was founded on November 18, 1974, after the 1973 oil crisis, to avoid future shocks by helping to ensure reliable energy supplies, promote energy efficiency, ensure energy security and encourage technological research and innovation.[13][2]

The Agreement on an International Energy Program (IEP Agreement) established the mandates and structure of the IEA, chartering it as an autonomous organisation under the umbrella of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[2]

The IEA operates autonomously, with its own budget and governance structure. The organization began with 16 founding member countries and has since expanded to 31, with the latest addition being Lithuania in 2022. Full members of the IEA must also be members of the OECD and are required to hold 90 days worth of oil imports as emergency stocks. These emergency stocks can be released to stabilize oil markets worldwide and have been activated five times: January 1991 due to the Gulf War, 2005 after devastation in the Gulf of Mexico from hurricanes Katrina and Rita, 2011 during the Libyan crisis, and twice in 2022 in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[2][14]

In addition to the emergency release mechanism, the IEA's initial mandates include reducing dependence on oil, developing alternative energy sources, energy research and development, and collaboration with oil-producing companies and countries to create a stable energy market. Members are expected to draw up plans on demand reduction and efficiency measures that can be implemented during energy emergencies.

In 2015, the IEA's chief economist Fatih Birol was appointed executive director, the first time an official from within the organization was picked to lead it.[15] They have a mandate to modernize the agency on three major pillars: broadening the IEA's mandate on energy security beyond oil to include natural gas and electricity; increasing engagement in emerging economies through new Association partnerships; and expanding the IEA's core focus on clean energy technology and energy efficiency.[2][16]

IEA chief Fatih Birol called on policymakers to do more to speed up the energy transition and reduce emissions

The new category of "Association countries" was created in 2015,[17] allowing countries that do not fit the criteria for IEA membership to become affiliated with the organization and participate in its work.[18] China, Indonesia, and Thailand were the first to join and the IEA now has thirteen[1] Association countries, including Ukraine since July 2022.[19][20] IEA member and Association countries represent over 75% of global energy consumption.[2]

In 2021, IEA chief Fatih Birol called on policymakers to do more to do more to accelerate the clean energy transition and reduce emissions, saying that "Clean-energy technologies are slowly but surely going to replace the existing energy industry."[21][22]

After the IEA's 2022 Ministerial meeting, a bi-annual high-level meeting of IEA countries, member countries once again expanded the organisation's mandate to include accelerating the global clean energy transition by "supporting countries in the global effort to attain net zero greenhouse gas emissions in the energy sector by mid-century."[8][2] The "IEA 3.0" mandate also doubles down on strengthening energy security and recognizes the importance of tracking critical minerals and materials to the clean energy transition.[8][2]

Leadership

Executive Directors of the International Energy Agency
No. Name Country of origin Took office Left office Previous position Ref.
1 Ulf Lantzke  Germany 1975 31 March 1984 Special Advisor on Energy Issues to the Secretary General of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [23][24][25]
2 Helga Steeg  Germany 1 July 1984 30 September 1994 Director-General for Trade, Federal Ministry of Finance of the Federal Republic of Germany [23][26][27][28]
3 Robert Priddle  United Kingdom 1 December 1994 31 December 2002 Head of Consumer and Corporate Affairs, UK Department of Energy and Trade and Industry [23][29]
4 Claude Mandil  France 1 February 2003 31 August 2007 Chairman and CEO of the Institut français du pétrole, 2000–2003[29] [23][29][30]
5 Nobuo Tanaka  Japan 1 September 2007 31 August 2011 Director for Science, Technology and Industry at the OECD, 1992–2007[23] [23][31][32]
6 Maria van der Hoeven  Netherlands 1 September 2011 31 August 2015 Minister of Economic Affairs of the Netherlands, 2007–2010 [23][32]
7 Fatih Birol  Turkey 1 September 2015 Incumbent Chief Economist, International Energy Agency [23][33]

Structure

The IEA's structure includes a Governing Board, Ministerial Meetings, and Standing Groups and Committees.[34]

The Governing Board constitutes the main decision-making body of the organisation. It is composed of member country representatives and meets three to four times a year.[34] The Governing Board is responsible for the IEA's administrative proceedings and approving binding decisions in relation to energy developments.[34]

The IEA Ministerial Meeting is the biennial gathering of energy ministers who determine the broad direction of the IEA.[34] The Ministerial allows for the development of ideas which are subsequently put to the Governing Board.[34]

Standing Groups meet multiple times a year and are made up of officials from member states. The IEA has several Standing Groups and Committees, focusing on energy research and technology, long-term cooperation, emergency preparedness, and other topics.[34]

Membership

The 31 member countries and 13[1] association countries of the IEA represent 75% of global energy demand.[2]

Member countries

Only OECD member states may join the IEA. Member are required to maintain total oil stock levels equivalent to at least 90 days of the previous year's net imports.[35][3] Member countries commit to respond to significant oil disruptions through a collective action to allow more crude oil to enter the global market.[3]

Country Membership Notes
 Australia 1979[23]
 Austria 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]
 Belgium 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]
 Canada 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]
 Czech Republic 2001[23]
 Denmark 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]
 Estonia 2014
 Finland 1992[23]
 France 1992[23]
 Germany 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]
 Greece 1976[23]
 Hungary 1997[23]
 Ireland 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]
 Italy 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]
 Japan 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]
 Lithuania 2022
 Luxembourg 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]
 Mexico 2018
 Netherlands 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]
 New Zealand 1977[23]
 Norway 18 November 1974[36] Founding member (under a special Agreement)[23]
 Portugal 1981[23]
 Poland 2 October 2007[37]
 Slovakia 7 March 2007[38]
 South Korea
 Spain 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]
 Sweden 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]
  Switzerland 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]
 Turkey 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]
 United Kingdom 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]
 United States 18 November 1974[36] Founding member[23]

Accession countries

Accession countries are those going through the process of becoming full members. The process involves authorisation by the Governing Board, discussions with the executive director, and the sharing of information related to the criteria for membership with the Secretariat.[39]

The following countries are currently undergoing the accession process:

  •  Chile
  •  Colombia
  •  Israel

Association countries

Association was formally launched in 2015 and currently includes 13[1] countries. The IEA collaborates with Association countries on a wide range of energy-related issues determined through joint programmes of work. Association countries may also participate in most Standing Groups and Ministerial meetings.[40] Egypt and Argentina joined as Association countries in March 2022,[8][41] and Ukraine was formally invited on 16 June 2022, and joined in July 2022.[42]

 Argentina
 Brazil
 China
 Egypt
 India
 Indonesia
 Kenya
 Morocco
 Senegal
 Singapore
 South Africa
 Thailand
 Ukraine

Areas of work

The IEA produces analyses on all energy sources and technologies, on global and regional markets, as well as specific country-level reports and studies on key technologies, minerals, and materials for the clean energy transition. It also produces comprehensive data and statistics for over 150 countries.

The IEA's analytical work is split into various categories including policy recommendations, tracking, market forecasts, technical roadmapping, and scenario analysis.

Data

The IEA publishes comprehensive data, statistics, and analysis that inform national energy policies and support long-term planning for energy sector investments. The IEA analyses and releases data and information on trends in energy supply, demand, prices, public research and development, and energy efficiency metrics. The data also serves to track short- and long-term trends in countries energy transitions.[43]

The Policies and Measures Database (PAMS) makes available to the public data on government policies and programs to reduce carbon emissions, support energy efficiency, and improve the development and use of renewable and clean energy sources. The database compiles data from several IEA and International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) data sources dating back to 1999 and includes information on past, current, and planned policy measures.[44]

Scenarios

IEA publications give projections based on sets of assumptions called scenarios. Currently-used scenarios include:

  • Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS): Assumes implementation of governments' existing policies and firm commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.[45]
  • Announced Pledges Scenario (APS): Assumes implementation of policies as in the STEPS, and also assumes fulfillment of looser pledges that are not yet backed by policy and legislation.[46]
  • Net Zero Scenario (NZE): Assumes implementation of the IEA's pathway to net zero emissions by 2050 while minimising cost and meeting key UN Sustainable Development Goals.[47][48]

Older scenarios include:

  • 450 Scenario: Environmental groups have become critical[49][50] of the IEA's 450 Scenario (created to align with the 2009 Copenhagen Accord), contending it does not align with up-to-date climate science, nor is it consistent with the Paris climate agreement that aspires to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius. In March 2017, the IEA (along with IRENA) published a report[51] that considers a safer climate scenario than their current 450S. This scenario offers improved chances of limiting global warming to less than two degrees, but – according to research organization Oil Change International – still falls short of adequately addressing climate science and the decarbonization required to reach agreed upon global climate limits.[52] The IEA has stopped updating this safer climate scenario
  • Sustainable Development Scenario: Concerns regarding the IEA's Sustainable Development Scenario (the successor to the 450 scenario) has also been raised by climate scientists and key financial institutions, who have called for 1.5°C scenario placed centrally in the World Energy Outlook.[53] The IEA's Sustainable Development Scenario only gets to net-zero by 2070, two decades too late.

Key publications

World Energy Outlook (WEO)

This section is an excerpt from World Energy Outlook[ edit ]
A 2022 report on renewable energy

Net Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector

Net Zero by 2050 was published in May 2021 and presented the first comprehensive pathway for the global energy sector to reach net zero emissions by 2050. The report introduced the Net Zero Emissions scenario, showing how to transition to net zero by 2050 while maintaining secure and affordable energy supplies, extending energy access, and encouraging robust economic growth. The report was the basis for a game created by the IEA and the Financial Times in which players compete to see if they can reduce emissions to net zero.[54][48]

Energy Technology Perspectives (ETP)

First issued in 2006, ETP is a bi-annual guidebook on clean energy technology. The publication focuses on challenges, growth areas, and strengths of emerging clean energy technologies and their contribution to global energy and environmental policy-making.[55]

Global EV Outlook (GEVO)

Published annually with the support of the members of the Elective Vehicles Initiative, GEVO highlights and analyses recent developments in EVs and electric mobility. The publication combines historical analysis with projections to 2030 for topics such as charging infrastructure, CO
2 emissions, energy use, and related policy developments. The report includes policy recommendations to advance EV adoption.[56]

Oil Market Report

First published in 1983, the monthly Oil Market Report analyses the global oil market, providing data and forecasts aimed for an audience of industry, financial, and government officials as well as an academic and NGO audience. Country specific analysis on trade and production tracks both OECD and non-OECD states.[57]

Electricity Market Report

The Electricity Market Report provides regular forecasts for global electricity demand, supply, generation and emissions, with a special focus on recent developments.[58]

Gas Market Report

The Gas Market Report is updated quarterly, providing the latest developments and data for global gas markets.[58]

Energy Efficiency

Energy Efficiency is an annual report on global progress and developments in the crucial role that efficient appliances, equipment, buildings, transport and industry play in reducing energy use and the resulting emissions.[58]

Renewable Energy Market Update

The Renewable Energy Market Update surveys new additions in global renewable power capacity and demand for biofuel. The report, which is updated several times a year, also discusses important variables and policy implications that may affect projections for the years to come.[59]

World Energy Investment

The annual World Energy Investment tracks investment across the energy world, examining how investors are assessing risks and opportunities across all areas of fuel and electricity supply, critical minerals, efficiency and research and development.[58]

Tracking Clean Energy Progress

TCEP reports on the status of 46 critical energy technologies and sectors needed to achieve net zero emissions by mid-century, and provides recommendations on how to accelerate their development and deployment.[58]

Country Reviews

Since 1976, the IEA has published in-depth energy policy reviews. These country policy reviews are typically conducted every five years for member countries, and cover the full range of the country's energy systems and policies, with recent reports placing particular focus on progress towards reaching climate goals. The most recent reports were on Norway, Poland, Belgium, and Canada. The IEA also produces in-depth energy reviews of its accession and association countries, as well as partner countries.[58]

Energy Efficiency

In its focus on energy efficiency, the IEA convenes policy leaders and other stakeholders with an eye toward scaling up progress on energy efficiency as a way to mitigate climate change, contribute to energy security, and deliver economic, and support economies and communities.[60] The IEA has created Energy Efficiency Indicators based on over ten years of data to highlight the drivers of individual nations' energy use in order to track energy efficiency and improve national policies. The data covers major sectors such as residential services, industry, and transport.[61]

Clean Energy Transitions Programme

CETP's focus is to "accelerate global clean energy transitions, particularly in major emerging economies." The program supports governments whose energy policies will be key to the global energy transition and involves collaborative analytics, technology cooperation, stakeholder convenings, and training and capacity-building. CETP has identified Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, and South Africa as priority countries as well as the regions of Southeast Asia, Latin America and Africa.[62][63]

People-Centered Clean Energy Transition

As part of its work on the energy transition, the IEA convenes the Global Commission for People-Centred Clean Energy Transitions to "ensure the benefits and costs involved in the transformation of our energy system are distributed fairly and in a way that protects the most vulnerable in society." The approach focuses on skill development, jobs, worker protections, economic development, equity and fairness, social inclusion, and engaging individuals as stakeholders in the process.[64] The commission is composed of national leaders, government ministers, and representatives from civil society. In October 2021, the Commission published a report for twelve recommendations for a people-centered approach to the clean energy transition.[65][64]

Resilience of the Energy Sector to Climate Change Impacts

Given the implications of climate change impacts for energy security, the IEA also works to understand climate impacts on energy systems and provide guidance on measures to improve their resilience to these impacts. This includes an assessment of hydropower under different climate scenarios[66][67][68] and a report focused on climate hazards for power systems and measures to enhance their climate resilience.[69] The IEA also provides an overview of the level of climate hazards in its member countries, along with key planning and policy documents to address energy sector climate resilience.[70]

Technology Collaboration Programs (TCPs)

TCPs provide support to independent, international groups of government and industry experts to research, develop, and commercialise energy technologies and related issues. Over 6,000 experts are involved in TCPs across approximately 300 organisations in 55 countries. Examples of TCPs include the Energy in Buildings and Communities (EBC), Photovoltaic Power Systems (PVPS), and Hybrid and Electric Vehicles (HEV).

Criticism

Bias against renewable energy

Real development of global photovoltaics additions vs. predictions by the IEA, 2002–2016

The IEA has been criticised for systematically underestimating the role of renewable energy sources in future energy systems such as photovoltaics and their cost reductions.[71][72][73]

In the past, the IEA has been criticized by environmental groups for underplaying the role of renewable energy technologies in favor of nuclear[74] and fossil fuels.[75] In 2009, Guy Pearse stated that the IEA has consistently underestimated the potential for renewable energy alternatives.[76]

The Energy Watch Group (EWG), a coalition of scientists and politicians which analyses official energy industry predictions, claims that the IEA has had an institutional bias towards traditional energy sources and has been using "misleading data" to undermine the case for renewable energy, such as wind and solar. A 2008 EWG report compares IEA projections about the growth of wind power capacity and finds that it has consistently underestimated the amount of energy the wind power industry can deliver.[77]

For example, in 1998, the IEA predicted global wind electricity generation would total 47.4 GW by 2020, but EWG's report states that this level was reached by the end of 2004.[78] The report also said that the IEA has not learned the lesson of previous underestimates, and last year net additions of wind power globally were four times greater than the average IEA estimate from its 1995–2004 predictions.[77] This pattern seems to have continued through 2016.[79]

Amid discontent from across the renewables sector at the IEA's performance as a global energy watchdog, the International Renewable Energy Agency was formed on January 26, 2009. The aim is to have the agency fully operational by 2010 with an initial annual budget of €25M.[80]

The IEA's current forecasts for solar power do not accord with the exponential growth in the sector. The misleading projections have perpetuated the impression that the growth of solar power requires huge subsidies, and has the potential to discourage investment in solar energy market and consequently, hold back even faster growth.[81][82]

In 2018 the IEA was criticized in Davos by Saudi Arabia's Oil Minister Al-Falih, for hyping the US shale oil industry amid forecasts of oversupply for the oil market in their January Oil Market Report. Al-Falih was exasperated with those claims, arguing that natural depletion, and strong demand growth meant that there was plenty of room for new supplies, while the shale drillers would not crash the market. He further said that the IEA is overstating the role of shale in a global market, and how the core job of the IEA, is not to take things out of context.[83]

Accuracy of forecasting

Ahead of the launch of the 2009 World Energy Outlook, the British daily newspaper The Guardian , referring to an unidentified senior IEA official, alleged that the agency was deliberately downplaying the risk of peak oil under pressures from the US. According to a second unidentified former senior IEA official it was "imperative not to anger the Americans" and that the world has already entered the "peak oil zone".[84]

The Guardian also referred to a team of scientists from Uppsala University in Sweden who studied the 2008 World Energy Outlook and concluded the forecasts of the IEA were unattainable. According to their peer-reviewed report, oil production in 2030 would not exceed 75 million barrels per day (11.9×10^6 m3/d) while the IEA forecasts a production of 105 million barrels per day (16.7×10^6 m3/d). The lead author of the report, Kjell Aleklett, has claimed that IEA's reports are "political documents".[85] Other research from the same group has thoroughly reviewed oil projections done by the IEA World Energy Outlook.[86]

The anticorruption NGO Global Witness wrote in its report Heads in the Sand that "Global Witness' analysis demonstrates that the Agency continues to retain an overly-optimistic, and therefore misleading, view about potential future oil production." According to Global Witness, "the Agency's over-confidence, despite credible data, external analysis and underlying fundamentals all strongly suggesting a more precautionary approach, has had a disastrous global impact."[87]

In 2023, the IEA predicted that demand for fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal would reach an all-time high by 2030.[88] OPEC rejected the IEA's forecast, saying "what makes such predictions so dangerous, is that they are often accompanied by calls to stop investing in new oil and gas projects."[89][90]

Restricting access to data

In 2021, the IEA was publicly criticized by more than 30 international academics and researchers at Our World in Data for publishing its detailed, global energy data behind paywalls, "[making] it unusable in the public discourse and [preventing] many researchers from accessing it".[91][92][93][94] The authors of the Our World in Data open letter suggested that "countries that fund the IEA drop the requirement to place data behind paywalls and increase their funding".[93]

See also


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Kenya and Senegal to join the IEA – News" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/news/kenya-and-senegal-to-join-the-iea. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 International Energy Agency. "History – About" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/about/history. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 International Energy Agency. "Membership – About" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/about/membership. 
  4. ↑ "BNamericas – Argentina joins the International Energy Age". https://www.bnamericas.com/en/news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-new-associate-member. 
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  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 International Energy Agency (24 March 2022). "2022 IEA Ministerial Communiqué – News" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/news/2022-iea-ministerial-communique. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 International Energy Agency (24 March 2022). "Press release" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/news/at-iea-ministerial-meeting-global-energy-leaders-vow-to-strengthen-energy-security-and-accelerate-clean-energy-transitions. 
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  22. ↑ "World at 'beginning of end' of fossil fuel era, says global energy agency". Financial Times. 12 September 2023. https://www.ft.com/content/9df6003b-3760-4eee-b189-92c0247fa1a5. 
  23. ↑ 23.00 23.01 23.02 23.03 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.07 23.08 23.09 23.10 23.11 23.12 23.13 23.14 23.15 23.16 23.17 23.18 23.19 23.20 23.21 23.22 23.23 23.24 23.25 23.26 23.27 23.28 23.29 23.30 23.31 23.32 International Energy Agency (10 May 2022). "History". Paris: IEA. https://www.iea.org/about/history. 
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  27. ↑ Long, Russell B.; Ribicoff, Abe (1975). Consensus or Confrontation: International Economic Policy at the Crossroads. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 2. https://books.google.com/books?id=Na6ShnC3P2cC. 
  28. ↑ Scott, vol. 4, p. 66
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 International Energy Agency (17 January 2003). "Claude Mandil Elected Executive Director of the IEA". Paris: IEA. https://www.iea.org/news/claude-mandil-elected-executive-director-of-the-iea. 
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  33. ↑ Bezat, Jean-Michel (13 February 2015). "Fatih Birol nommé à la tête de l'Agence internationale de l'énergie" (in French). Le Monde. https://www.lemonde.fr/economie/article/2015/02/13/fatih-birol-nomme-a-la-tete-de-l-agence-internationale-de-l-energie_4576189_3234.html. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 International Energy Agency. "Structure – About". https://www.iea.org/about/structure. 
  35. ↑ "IEA marks historic day in global energy governance with first member country in Latin America – News" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/news/iea-marks-historic-day-in-global-energy-governance-with-first-member-country-in-latin-america. 
  36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 36.12 36.13 36.14 36.15 36.16 Scott, Richard (1994). The History of the IEA, 1974–1994: The First 20 Years. Paris: International Energy Agency. pp. 67. 
  37. ↑ "AGENCE EUROPE – Poland becomes 19th EU Member State to join IEA...". https://agenceurope.eu/en/bulletin/article/9515/20. 
  38. ↑ "Slovakia joins IEA as 27th member" (in en). https://www.upi.com/Energy-News/2007/03/07/Slovakia-joins-IEA-as-27th-member/94641173289746/. 
  39. ↑ Scott, Richard (1994). The History of the International Energy Agency, 1974–1994. 1. Paris: International Energy Agency. pp. 336. https://iea.blob.core.windows.net/assets/b73b0800-ed54-48ba-bf16-cc6820b723a3/1ieahistory.pdf. 
  40. ↑ "Singapore becomes IEA Association Country – News" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/news/singapore-becomes-iea-association-country. 
  41. ↑ "Argentina joins the International Energy Agency as a member – the Canadian News". 24 March 2022. https://thecanadian.news/argentina-joins-the-international-energy-agency-as-a-member/. 
  42. ↑ "Ukraine signs association pact with the IEA" (in en). https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/19/ukraine-association-pact-international-energy-agency-iea. 
  43. ↑ "Data overview" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics. 
  44. ↑ "Policy database – Data & Statistics" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/policies/about. 
  45. ↑ "Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/stated-policies-scenario-steps. 
  46. ↑ "Announced Pledges Scenario (APS) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/announced-pledges-scenario-aps. 
  47. ↑ "Net Zero Emissions by 2050 Scenario (NZE) – Global Energy and Climate Model – Analysis" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-and-climate-model/net-zero-emissions-by-2050-scenario-nze. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 "Net Zero by 2050 – Analysis" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/reports/net-zero-by-2050. 
  49. ↑ "Beyond 450: Why the IEA's "Climate Scenario" Falls Short". 2016-04-06. http://priceofoil.org/2016/04/06/beyond-450-why-the-iea-climate-scenario-falls-short/. 
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  51. ↑ http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/Perspectives_for_the_Energy_Transition_2017.pdf [bare URL PDF]
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  53. ↑ Foundation, Thomson Reuters. "Investors step up pressure on global energy watchdog over climate change". http://news.trust.org/item/20191118073049-nsxvm/. 
  54. ↑ "The Climate Game — Can you reach net zero?" (in en-gb). https://ig.ft.com/climate-game. 
  55. ↑ "Energy Technology Perspectives – Topics" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-technology-perspectives. 
  56. ↑ "Global EV Outlook 2022 – Analysis" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2022. 
  57. ↑ "Oil Market Report – Topics" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/topics/oil-market-report. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 58.5 "Areas of work" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/areas-of-work. 
  59. ↑ "Renewable Energy Market Update – May 2022 – Analysis" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/reports/renewable-energy-market-update-may-2022. 
  60. ↑ "Energy efficiency – Topics" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/topics/energy-efficiency. 
  61. ↑ "Energy Efficiency Indicators: Overview – Analysis" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-efficiency-indicators-overview. 
  62. ↑ "Clean Energy Transitions Programme – Programmes" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/programmes/clean-energy-transitions-programme. 
  63. ↑ "Clean Energy Transitions Programme – Programmes and partnerships" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/areas-of-work/programmes-and-partnerships/clean-energy-transitions-programme. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "Recommendations of the Global Commission on People-Centred Clean Energy Transitions – Analysis" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/reports/recommendations-of-the-global-commission-on-people-centred-clean-energy-transitions. 
  65. ↑ "Global Commission of government leaders and prominent figures announces key recommendations for putting people at the centre of clean energy transitions – News" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/news/global-commission-of-government-leaders-and-prominent-figures-announces-key-recommendations-for-putting-people-at-the-centre-of-clean-energy-transitions. 
  66. ↑ "Climate Impacts on Latin American Hydropower – Analysis" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/reports/climate-impacts-on-latin-american-hydropower. 
  67. ↑ "Climate impacts on African hydropower – Climate Impacts on African Hydropower – Analysis" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/reports/climate-impacts-on-african-hydropower/climate-impacts-on-african-hydropower. 
  68. ↑ "Climate Impacts on South and Southeast Asian Hydropower – Analysis" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/reports/climate-impacts-on-south-and-southeast-asian-hydropower. 
  69. ↑ "Climate Resilience – Analysis" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/reports/climate-resilience. 
  70. ↑ "Climate Resilience Policy Indicator – Analysis" (in en-GB). https://www.iea.org/reports/climate-resilience-policy-indicator. 
  71. ↑ Felix Creutzig et al.: The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. In: Nature Energy 2, 2017, doi:10.1038/nenergy.2017.140
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  78. ↑ "Wind Power in Context – A clean Revolution in the Energy Sector p. 10.". http://www.energywatchgroup.org/fileadmin/global/pdf/2009-01_Wind_Power_Report.pdf. 
  79. ↑ Drum, Kevin (22 May 2017). "In 2002, the IEA Predicted Solar Was Going Nowhere. And in 2003. And 2004. And 2005…". Mother Jones. https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2017/05/2002-iea-predicted-solar-was-going-nowhere-and-2003-and-2004-and-2005. Retrieved 8 March 2021. 
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  81. ↑ "Underestimating the Contribution of Solar PV Risks Damaging Policy Making" (in en-GB). The Energy Collective. 2017-09-27. http://www.theenergycollective.com/onclimatechangepolicy/2413557/underestimating-contribution-solar-pv-risks-damaging-policy-making. 
  82. ↑ "How the IEA exaggerates the costs and underestimates the growth of solar power" (in en-US). EnergyPost. 2014-03-04. http://energypost.eu/iea-exaggerates-costs-underestimates-growth-solar-power/. 
  83. ↑ Cunningham, Nick. "Saudi Oil Minister Tired Of Shale Hype". https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Saudi-Oil-Minister-Tired-Of-Shale-Hype.html. 
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  85. ↑ Terry Macalister (2009-11-12). "Oil: future world shortages are being drastically underplayed, say experts". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/nov/12/oil-shortage-uppsala-aleklett. 
  86. ↑ Wachtmeister, Henrik; Henke, Petter; Höök, Mikael (2018). "Oil projections in retrospect: Revisions, accuracy and current uncertainty". Applied Energy 220: 138–153. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.013. Bibcode: 2018ApEn..220..138W. 
  87. ↑ "Heads in the Sand: Governments Ignore the Oil Supply Crunch and Threaten the Climate" (PDF). Global Witness: 45–47. October 2009. http://www.globalwitness.org/library/heads-sand-governments-ignore-oil-supply-crunch-and-threaten-climate. Retrieved 2011-02-19. 
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