Engineering:Timeline of lighting technology

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Lighting through the ages (legend)
The price of lighting through the ages
<timeline>

Colors = 

 id:lightgrey  value:rgb(0.975,0.975,0.975)

BackgroundColors = canvas:lightgrey ImageSize = width:240 height:1024 PlotArea = width:200 height:1000 left:40 bottom:20 DateFormat = yyyy Period = from:1780 till:2023 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical order:reverse ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:1786 ScaleMinor = unit:year increment:1 start:1780

PlotData= 

 mark:(line,black)
 shift:(15,-5)
 at:1780 text:"Argand lamp 
 at:1794 text:"Gas lighting"
 at:1802 text:"Arc lamp"
 at:1856 text:"Geissler tube"
 at:1867 text:"Fluorescent lamp"
 at:1875 text:"Electric light bulb"
 at:1880 text:"Long lasting filament"
 at:1885 text:"Gas mantle"
 at:1893 text:"Gas-discharge lamp"
 at:1901 text:"Mercury-vapor lamp"
 at:1904 text:"Tungsten filament"
 at:1910 text:"Neon lighting"
 at:1913 text:"Inert gas in bulb"
 at:1917 text:"Coiled coil filament"
 at:1920 text:"Sodium-vapor lamp"
 at:1927 text:"Light-emitting diode"
 at:1953 text:"Halogen light bulb"
 shift:(15,1)
 at:1962 text:"Red LED"
 shift:(15,-4)
 at:1963 text:"High pressure sodium-vapor lamp"
 at:1976 text:"Compact fluorescent lamp"
 at:1987 text:"OLED"
 at:1990 text:"Sulfur lamp"
 at:1995 text:"Blue LED"
 shift:(15,1)
 at:2008 text:"LED filament"
 shift:(15,-4)
 at:2009 text:"Phase-out of incandescent light bulbs"
 at:2018 text:"Phase-out of halogen light bulbs
 at:2021 text:"Phase-out of compact fluorescent light bulbs
</timeline>

Artificial lighting technology began to be developed tens of thousands of years ago and continues to be refined in the present day.

Antiquity

18th century

  • 1780 Ami Argand invents the central draught fixed oil lamp.
  • 1784 Argand adds glass chimney to central draught lamp.
  • 1792 William Murdoch begins experimenting with gas lighting and probably produced the first gas light in this year.
  • 1800 French watchmaker Bernard Guillaume Carcel overcomes the disadvantages of the Argand-type lamps with his clockwork fed Carcel lamp.

19th century

  • 1800–1809 Humphry Davy invents the arc lamp when using Voltaic piles (battery) for his electrolysis experiments.
  • 1802 William Murdoch illuminates the exterior of the Soho Foundry with gas.
  • 1805 Philips and Lee's Cotton Mill, Manchester was the first industrial factory to be fully lit by gas.
  • 1809 Humphry Davy publicly demonstrates first electric lamp over 10,000 lumens, at the Royal Society.[3]
  • 1813 National Heat and Light Company formed by Frederick Albert Winsor.
  • 1815 Humphry Davy invents the miner's safety lamp.
  • 1823 Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner invents the Döbereiner's lamp.
  • 1835 James Bowman Lindsay demonstrates a light bulb based electric lighting system to the citizens of Dundee.
  • 1841 Arc-lighting is used as experimental public lighting in Paris.
  • 1853 Ignacy Łukasiewicz invents the modern kerosene lamp.
  • 1856 glassblower Heinrich Geissler confines the electric arc in a Geissler tube.
  • 1867 Edmond Becquerel demonstrates the first fluorescent lamp.[4]
  • 1874 Alexander Lodygin patents an incandescent light bulb.
  • 1875 Henry Woodward patents an electric light bulb.
  • 1876 Pavel Yablochkov invents the Yablochkov candle, the first practical carbon arc lamp, for public street lighting in Paris.
  • 1879 (About Christmas time) Col. R. E. Crompton illuminated his home in Porchester Gardens, using a primary battery of Grove Cells, then a generator which was better. He gave special parties and illuminated his drawing room and dining room. Source: Practical Electrical Engineering, Newnes. Article entitled "The Development of Electric Lighting".
  • 1879 Thomas Edison and Joseph Swan patent the carbon-thread incandescent lamp. It lasted 40 hours.
  • 1880 Edison produced a 16-watt lightbulb that lasts 1500 hours.
  • 1882 Introduction of large scale direct current based indoor incandescent lighting and lighting utility with Edison's first Pearl Street Station
  • c. 1885 Incandescent gas mantle invented, revolutionises gas lighting.
  • 1886 Great Barrington, Massachusetts demonstration project, a much more versatile (long-distance transmission) transformer based alternating current based indoor incandescent lighting system introduced by William Stanley, Jr. working for George Westinghouse.[5] Stanley lit 23 businesses along a 4000 feet length of main street stepping a 500 AC volt current at the street down to 100 volts to power incandescent lamps at each location.[6]
  • 1893 GE introduces first commercial fully enclosed carbon arc lamp. Sealed in glass globes, it lasts 100h and therefore 10 times longer than hitherto carbon arc lamps [3][7]
  • 1893 Nikola Tesla puts forward his ideas on high frequency and wireless electric lighting[8][9] which included public demonstrations where he lit a Geissler tube wirelessly.
  • 1894 Daniel McFarlan Moore creates the Moore tube, precursor of electric gas-discharge lamps.
  • 1897 Walther Nernst invents and patents his incandescent lamp, based on solid state electrolytes.

20th century

  • 1901 Peter Cooper Hewitt creates the first commercial mercury-vapor lamp.
  • 1904 Alexander Just and Franjo Hanaman invent the tungsten filament for incandescent lightbulbs.
  • 1910 Georges Claude demonstrates neon lighting at the Paris Motor Show.
  • 1912 Charles P. Steinmetz invents the metal-halide lamp.[10]
  • 1913 Irving Langmuir discovers that inert gas could double the luminous efficacy of incandescent lightbulbs.
  • 1917 Burnie Lee Benbow patents the coiled coil filament.
  • 1920 Arthur Compton invents the sodium-vapor lamp.[11]
  • 1921 Junichi Miura creates the first incandescent lightbulb to utilize a coiled coil filament.
  • 1925 Marvin Pipkin invents the first internal frosted lightbulb.
  • 1926 Edmund Germer patents the modern fluorescent lamp.
  • 1927 Oleg Losev creates the first LED (light-emitting diode).
  • 1953 Elmer Fridrich invents the halogen lamp.[12]
  • 1953 André Bernanose and several colleagues observe electroluminescence in organic materials.[13][14]
  • 1960 Theodore H. Maiman creates the first laser.
  • 1962 Nick Holonyak Jr. develops the first practical visible-spectrum (red) light-emitting diode.
  • 1963 Kurt Schmidt invents the first high pressure sodium-vapor lamp.[15]
  • 1972 M. George Craford invents the first yellow light-emitting diode.
  • 1972 Herbert Paul Maruska and Jacques Pankove create the first violet light-emitting diode.
  • 1981 Philips sells their first Compact Fluorescent Energy Saving Lamps, with integrated conventional ballast.
  • 1981 Thorn Lighting Group exhibits the ceramic metal-halide lamp.
  • 1985 Osram answers with the first electronic Energy Saving Lamps to be very successful [3]
  • 1987 Ching Wan Tang and Steven Van Slyke at Eastman Kodak create the first practical organic light-emitting diode (OLED).
  • 1990 Michael Ury, Charles Wood, and several colleagues develop the sulfur lamp.
  • 1991 Philips invents a fluorescent lightbulb that lasts 60,000 hours using magnetic induction.
  • 1994 T5 lamps with cool tip are introduced to become the leading fluorescent lamps with up to 117 lm/W with good color rendering. These and almost all new fluorescent lamps are to be operated on electronic ballasts only.[3]
  • 1994 The first commercial sulfur lamp is sold by Fusion Lighting.
  • 1995 Shuji Nakamura at Nichia labs invents the first practical blue and with additional phosphor, white LED, starting an LED boom.[3]

21st century

  • 2008 Ushio Lighting demonstrates the first LED filament.
  • 2011 Philips wins L Prize for LED screw-in lamp equivalent to 60 W incandescent A-lamp for general use.

References

  1. ↑ "First Control of Fire by Human Beings—How Early?". http://www.beyondveg.com/nicholson-w/hb/hb-interview2c.shtml. 
  2. ↑ de Beaune, Sophie A.; White, Randall (1993). "Ice Age Lamps". Scientific American 268 (3): 108–113. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0393-108. ISSN 0036-8733. Bibcode: 1993SciAm.266c.108D. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24941409. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Dr. Thomas Klett, Geschichte der Lichttechnik/History of Lighting
  4. ↑ http://txchnologist.com/post/77710091911/in-the-beginning-10-inventors-of-the-incandescent In The Beginning: 10 Inventors of the Incandescent Lightbulb
  5. ↑ Great Barrington Historical Society, Great Barrington, Massachusetts
  6. ↑ Great Barrington 1886 - Inspiring an industry toward AC power
  7. ↑ Bernard Gorowitz Ed., The General Electric Story
  8. ↑ W. Bernard Carlson, Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age, page 132
  9. ↑ note: at St. Louis, Missouri, Tesla public demonstration called, "On Light and Other High-Frequency Phenomena", (Journal of the Franklin Institute, Volume 136 By Persifor Frazer, Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, Pa)
  10. ↑ "A brief history of high intensity discharge hid lighting". https://www.shineretrofits.com/knowledge-base/lighting-learning-center/a-brief-history-of-high-intensity-discharge-hid-lighting.html. 
  11. ↑ "Sodium Lamp". http://www.edisontechcenter.org/SodiumLamps.html. 
  12. ↑ "20th Century Inventors: Tungsten Halogen Lamp". http://americanhistory.si.edu/lighting/bios/frid.htm. 
  13. ↑ Bernanose, A.; Comte, M.; Vouaux, P. (1953). "A new method of light emission by certain organic compounds". J. Chim. Phys. 50: 64. doi:10.1051/jcp/1953500064. 
  14. ↑ Bernanose, A.; Vouaux, P. (1953). "Organic electroluminescence type of emission". J. Chim. Phys. 50: 261. doi:10.1051/jcp/1953500261. 
  15. ↑ Schmidt, Kurt. "High pressure sodium vapor lamp". https://www.google.com/patents/US3248590. 



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