Medicine:Polyneuropathy
| Polyneuropathy | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Micrograph showing peripheral neuropathy (vasculitis). Polyneuropathy is peripheral neuropathy occurring in the same areas on both sides of the body. | |
| Symptoms | Ataxia[1] |
| Causes | Hereditary (Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease), and acquired (alcohol use disorder)[2] |
| Diagnostic method | Nerve conduction study, urinalysis[3][1] |
| Treatment | Occupational therapy, weight decrease (management)[1] |
Polyneuropathy (poly- + neuro- + -pathy) is damage or disease affecting peripheral nerves (peripheral neuropathy) in roughly the same areas on both sides of the body, featuring weakness, numbness, and burning pain.[1] It usually begins in the hands and feet and may progress to the arms and legs and sometimes to other parts of the body where it may affect the autonomic nervous system. It may be acute or chronic. A number of different disorders may cause polyneuropathy, including diabetes and some types of Guillain–Barré syndrome.[4][5][6]
Classification
Polyneuropathies may be classified in different ways, such as by cause,[2] by presentation,[1] or by classes of polyneuropathy, in terms of which part of the nerve cell is affected mainly: the axon, the myelin sheath, or the cell body.[7][8]
- Distal axonopathy, is the result of interrupted function of the peripheral nerves.[9] It is the most common response of neurons to metabolic or toxic disturbances, and may be caused by metabolic diseases such as diabetes, kidney failure, connective tissue disease, deficiency syndromes such as malnutrition and alcoholism, or the effects of toxins or drugs such as chemotherapy. They may be divided according to the type of axon affected (large-fiber, small-fiber, or both), the most distal portions of axons are usually the first to degenerate, and axonal atrophy advances slowly toward the nerve's cell body. However, if the cause is removed, then regeneration is possible, although the prognosis depends on the duration and severity of the original stimulus. People with distal axonopathies usually present with sensorimotor disturbances such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis[10]
- Myelinopathy, is due to a loss of myelin or of the Schwann cells.[11] This demyelination slows down or completely blocks the conduction of action potentials through the axon of the nerve cell (neurapraxia).[12] The most common cause is acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy AIDP, the most common form of Guillain–Barré syndrome[13] (although other causes include chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy )[14]
- Neuronopathy is the result of issues in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) neurons. They may be caused by motor neurone diseases, sensory neuronopathies, toxins, or autonomic dysfunction. Neurotoxins such as chemotherapy agents may cause neuronopathies.[15]
Signs and symptoms
Among the signs/symptoms of polyneuropathy, which can be divided (into sensory and hereditary) and are consistent with the following:[1]
- Sensory polyneuropathy – ataxia, numbness, muscle wasting and paraesthesiae.
- Hereditary polyneuropathy – scoliosis and hammer toes
Causes
The causes of polyneuropathy can be divided into hereditary and acquired and are therefore as follows:[2]
- Inherited - hereditary motor neuropathies, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsy
- Acquired - diabetes mellitus, vascular neuropathy, alcohol use disorder, and vitamin B12 deficiency
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of polyneuropathy depends on the type. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, for instance, is an autoimmune disease: T cells involvement has been demonstrated, antibodies alone are not capable of demyelination.[16]
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of polyneuropathy begins with a history (anamnesis) and physical examination to ascertain the pattern of the disease process (such as arms, legs, distal, proximal), if they fluctuate, and what deficits and pain are involved. If pain is a factor, determining where and how long it has been present is important; one also needs to know what disorders are present within the family and what diseases the person may have. Although diseases often are suggested by the physical examination and history alone, tests that may be employed include electrodiagnostic testing, serum protein electrophoresis, nerve conduction studies, urinalysis, serum creatine kinase (CK) and antibody testing; nerve biopsy is done sometimes.[1][3]
Other tests may be used, especially tests for specific disorders associated with polyneuropathies; quality measures have been developed to diagnose patients with distal symmetrical polyneuropathy (DSP).[17]
Differential diagnosis
In terms of the differential diagnosis for polyneuropathy, the following must be considered:
Treatment
In the treatment of polyneuropathies one must ascertain and manage the cause, among management activities are: weight decrease, use of a walking aid, and occupational therapist assistance. Additionally, BP control in those with diabetes is helpful, while intravenous immunoglobulin is used for multifocal motor neuropathy.[1]
According to Lopate, et al., methylprednisolone is a viable treatment for chronic inflammatory demyelinative polyneuropathy (which can also be treated with intravenous immunoglobulin). The authors also indicate that prednisone has greater adverse effects in such treatment, as opposed to intermittent (high-doses) of the aforementioned medication.[1][21]
According to Wu, et al., in critical illness polyneuropathy supportive and preventive therapy are important for the affected individual, as well as, avoiding (or limiting) corticosteroids.[22]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 "Polyneuropathies. Medical information about polyneuropathy | Patient" (in en-GB). http://patient.info/doctor/Polyneuropathies.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 MD, Dr Sara J. Cuccurullo (2014-11-25) (in en). Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Board Review, Third Edition. Demos Medical Publishing. p. 434. ISBN 9781617052019. https://books.google.com/books?id=NCzRBQAAQBAJ&q=polyneuropathy+ethiology&pg=PA433. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Burns, Ted M.; Mauermann, Michelle L. (15 February 2011). "The Evaluation of Polyneuropathies" (in en). Neurology 76 (7 Supplement 2): S6–S13. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31820c3622. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 21321354.
- ↑ Richard A C Hughes (23 February 2002). "Clinical review: Peripheral neuropathy". British Medical Journal 324 (7335): 466–469. doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7335.466. PMID 11859051.
- ↑ Janet M. Torpy; Jennifer L. Kincaid; Richard M. Glass (21 April 2010). "Patient page: Peripheral neuropathy". Journal of the American Medical Association 303 (15): 1556. doi:10.1001/jama.303.15.1556. PMID 20407067.
- ↑ "Peripheral neuropathy fact sheet". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 19 September 2012. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/peripheralneuropathy/detail_peripheralneuropathy.htm.
- ↑ Rakel, David; Rakel, Robert E. (2015-02-02) (in en). Textbook of Family Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1026. ISBN 9780323313087. https://books.google.com/books?id=8huMBgAAQBAJ&q=polyneuropathy+can+be+classified+by+neuron%2C+axon%2C+myelin&pg=PA1026. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ↑ McCance, Kathryn L.; Huether, Sue E. (2014-01-30) (in en). Pathophysiology: The Biologic Basis for Disease in Adults and Children. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 635. ISBN 9780323316071. https://books.google.com/books?id=0fskCwAAQBAJ&q=polyneuropathy+classified+as+axon%2C+myelin+or+neuron&pg=PA635. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ↑ (in en) The chemotherapy source book (4th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007. p. 241. ISBN 9780781773287. https://books.google.com/books?id=CDADMzS0TKUC&q=Distal+axonopathy&pg=PA241. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ↑ Moloney, Elizabeth B.; de Winter, Fred; Verhaagen, Joost (14 August 2014). "ALS as a distal axonopathy: molecular mechanisms affecting neuromuscular junction stability in the presymptomatic stages of the disease". Frontiers in Neuroscience 8: 252. doi:10.3389/fnins.2014.00252. PMID 25177267.
- ↑ Hankey, Graeme J.; Wardlaw, Joanna M. (2008) (in en). Clinical neurology. London: Manson. p. 580. ISBN 9781840765182. https://books.google.com/books?id=Q8q7E6EJr7IC&q=myelinopathy+is+disorder+affecting+the+myelin+of+peripheral+nerve&pg=PA580. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ↑ Goodman, Catherine C.; Fuller, Kenda S. (2013-08-07) (in en). Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1597. ISBN 9780323266468. https://books.google.com/books?id=PVBPAQAAQBAJ&q=Myelinopathy%2C%2Caction+potentials+through+the+axon+of+the+nerve+cell&pg=PA1597. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- ↑ RESERVED, INSERM US14 – ALL RIGHTS. "Orphanet: Acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy". http://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=EN&Expert=98916.
- ↑ "Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)". http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cidp/cidp.htm.
- ↑ Barohn, Richard J.; Amato, Anthony A. (May 2013). "Pattern-Recognition Approach to Neuropathy and Neuronopathy". Neurologic Clinics 31 (2): 343–361. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2013.02.001. ISSN 0733-8619. PMID 23642713.
- ↑ Mahdi-Rogers, Mohamed; Rajabally, Yusuf A (1 January 2010). "Overview of the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with intravenous immunoglobulins". Biologics: Targets and Therapy 4: 45–49. doi:10.2147/btt.s4881. ISSN 1177-5475. PMID 20376173.
- ↑ England, John D.; Franklin, Gary; Gjorvad, Gina; Swain-Eng, Rebecca; Brannagan, Thomas H.; David, William S.; Dubinsky, Richard M.; Smith, Benn E. (13 May 2014). "Quality improvement in neurology". Neurology 82 (19): 1745–1748. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000000397. ISSN 0028-3878. PMID 24696504.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 "Polyneuropathy/differential diagnosis". BMJ Best Practices. http://bestpractice.bmj.com/best-practice/monograph/158/diagnosis/differential-diagnosis.html.
- ↑ Chronic renal failure, Medline Plus
- ↑ Koeppen, Arnulf H.; Mazurkiewicz, Joseph E. (2013). "Friedreich Ataxia: Neuropathology Revised". Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology 72 (2): 78–90. doi:10.1097/NEN.0b013e31827e5762. PMID 23334592. PMC 3817014. https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0b013e31827e5762.
- ↑ Lopate, Glenn; Pestronk, Alan; Al-Lozi, Muhammad (1 February 2005). "Treatment of Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy With High-Dose Intermittent Intravenous Methylprednisolone". Archives of Neurology 62 (2): 249–54. doi:10.1001/archneur.62.2.249. ISSN 0003-9942. PMID 15710853.
- ↑ Zhou, Chunkui; Wu, Limin; Ni, Fengming; Ji, Wei; Wu, Jiang; Zhang, Hongliang (1 January 2014). "Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy: a systematic review". Neural Regeneration Research 9 (1): 101–110. doi:10.4103/1673-5374.125337. ISSN 1673-5374. PMID 25206749.
Further reading
- Dimachkie, Mazen M.; Barohn, Richard J. (7 April 2013). "Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy". Current Treatment Options in Neurology 15 (3): 350–366. doi:10.1007/s11940-013-0229-6. ISSN 1092-8480. PMID 23564314.
- Katirji, Bashar; Kaminski, Henry J.; Ruff, Robert L. (2013-10-11) (in en). Neuromuscular Disorders in Clinical Practice. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781461465676. https://books.google.com/books?id=XPq8BAAAQBAJ&q=polyneuropathy&pg=PA677. Retrieved 26 August 2016.
- Said, Professor Gérard (2014) (in en). Peripheral Neuropathy & Neuropathic Pain: Into The Light. tfm Publishing Limited. p. 17. ISBN 9781910079027. https://books.google.com/books?id=fX3oBQAAQBAJ&q=dying-back+neuropathy&pg=PA17. Retrieved 3 August 2016.
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