Physics:Magnet therapy

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Magnetic therapy is a pseudoscientific alternative medicine practice involving the weak static magnetic field produced by a permanent magnet which is placed on the body. It is similar to the alternative medicine practice of electromagnetic therapy, which uses a magnetic field generated by an electrically powered device.[1] Magnet therapy products may include wristbands, jewelry, blankets, and wraps that have magnets incorporated into them.[1][2]

Practitioners claim that subjecting certain parts of the body to weak electric or magnetic fields has beneficial health effects. These physical and biological claims are unproven and no effects on health or healing have been established.[1][3][4][5] Although hemoglobin, the blood protein that carries oxygen, is weakly diamagnetic (when oxygenated) or paramagnetic (when deoxygenated), the magnets used in magnetic therapy are many orders of magnitude too weak to have any measurable effect on blood flow.[6] This is not to be confused with transcranial magnetic stimulation, a scientifically valid form of therapy,[7] or with pulsed electromagnetic field therapy.[8]

Methods of application

A smooth circular band of magnetite on a finger
Magnetite ring

Magnet therapy involves applying the weak magnetic field of permanent magnets to the body, for purported health benefits. Different effects are assigned to different orientations of the magnet.[9]

Products include magnetic bracelets and jewelry; magnetic straps for wrists, ankles, knees, and back; shoe insoles; mattresses; magnetic blankets (blankets with magnets woven into the material); magnetic creams; magnetic supplements; plasters/patches and water that has been "magnetized". Application is usually performed by the patient.[1]

It is similar to the alternative medicine practice of electromagnetic therapy, which uses the weak electric or magnetic fields as well, but generated by electrically powered devices.[1]

Suggested mechanisms of action

Perhaps the most common suggested mechanism is that magnets might improve blood flow in underlying tissues. The field surrounding magnet therapy devices is far too weak and falls off with distance far too quickly to appreciably affect hemoglobin, other blood components, muscle tissue, bones, blood vessels, or organs.[3][10] A 1991 study on humans of static field strengths up to 1 T found no effect on local blood flow.[6][11] Tissue oxygenation is similarly unaffected.[10] Some practitioners claim that the magnets can restore the body's hypothetical "electromagnetic energy balance", but no such balance is medically recognized. Even in the magnetic fields used in magnetic resonance imaging, which are many times stronger, none of the claimed effects are observed. If the body were meaningfully affected by the weak magnets used in magnet therapy, MRI would be impractical.[12][13][14]

Efficacy

Several studies have been conducted in recent years to investigate what role, if any, static magnetic fields may play in health and healing. Unbiased studies of magnetic therapy are problematic, since magnetisation can be easily detected, for instance, by the attraction forces on ferrous (iron-containing) objects; because of this, effective blinding of studies (where neither patients nor assessors know who is receiving treatment versus placebo) is difficult.[15] Incomplete or insufficient blinding tends to exaggerate treatment effects, particularly where any such effects are small.[16] Health claims regarding longevity and cancer treatment are implausible and unsupported by any research.[10][17] More mundane health claims, most commonly about anecdotal pain relief, also lack any credible proposed mechanism and clinical research is not promising.[2][18]

The American Cancer Society states that "available scientific evidence does not support these claims".[1] According to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, studies of magnetic jewelry have not shown demonstrable effects on pain, nerve function, cell growth or blood flow.[19]

A 2008 systematic review of magnet therapy for all indications found insufficient evidence to determine whether magnet therapy is effective for pain relief,[2] as did 2012 reviews focused on osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.[20][21] These reviews found that the data was either inconclusive or did not support a significant effect of magnet therapy. They also raised concerns about allocation concealment, small sample sizes, inadequate blinding, and heterogeneity of results, some of which may have biased results.

Safety

These devices are generally considered safe in themselves, though there can be significant financial and opportunity costs to magnet therapy, especially when treatment or diagnosis are avoided or delayed.[17][2] Use is not recommended with pacemakers, insulin pumps, and other devices that may be negatively affected by magnetic fields.[2]

Reception

The worldwide magnet therapy industry totals sales of over a billion dollars per year,[10][17] including $300 million per year in the United States alone.[15]

A 2002 U.S. National Science Foundation report on public attitudes and understanding of science noted that magnet therapy is "not at all scientific."[22] A number of vendors make unsupported claims about magnet therapy by using pseudoscientific and new-age language. Such claims are unsupported by the results of scientific and clinical studies.[18]

Legal regulations

Marketing of any therapy as effective treatment for any condition is heavily restricted by law in many jurisdictions unless all such claims are scientifically validated. In the United States, for example, U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulations prohibit marketing any magnet therapy product using medical claims, as such claims are unfounded.[23]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Russell, Jill; Rovere, Amy, eds (2009). "Magnetic therapy". American Cancer Society Complete Guide to Complementary & Alternative Cancer Therapies (2nd ed.). Atlanta, Ga.: American Cancer Society. ISBN 978-0944235713. https://archive.org/details/americancancerso0000unse.  See archived online version "Magnetic Therapy". 1 November 2008. http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/TreatmentsandSideEffects/ComplementaryandAlternativeMedicine/HerbsVitaminsandMinerals/magnetic-therapy.  Electromagnetic therapy is a related field. See chapter in ACS book just referenced, and archived ACS webpage on that.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Pittler, Max H. (March 2008). "Static magnets for reducing pain". Focus on Alternative and Complementary Therapies 13 (1): 5–6. doi:10.1211/fact.13.1.0003. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Park, Robert L. (2000). Voodoo Science: The Road from Foolishness to Fraud. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 58–63. ISBN 0-19-513515-6. https://archive.org/details/voodooscienceroa00park/page/58. "Not only are magnetic fields of no value in healing, you might characterize these as "homeopathic" magnetic fields." 
  4. ↑ Wanjek, Christopher (2003). Bad Medicine: misconceptions and misuses revealed from distance healing to vitamin O. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–253. ISBN 0-471-43499-X. https://archive.org/details/badmedicinemisco0000wanj. 
  5. ↑ National Science Foundation, Division of Resources Statistics (February 2006). Science and Engineering Indicators, 2006. Arlington, VA. pp. Chapter 7. https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind06/c7/c7s2.htm#c7s2l3. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Stick C; Hinkelmann K; Eggert P; Wendhausen H (1991). "Do strong static magnetic fields in NMR tomography modify tissue perfusion?". Nuklearmedizin 154 (3): 326–31. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1033141. PMID 1849304. 
  7. ↑ Slotema, C. W.; Dirk Blom, J.; Hoek, H. W.; Sommer, I. E. (2010). "Should we expand the toolbox of psychiatric treatment methods to include Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)? A meta-analysis of the efficacy of rTMS in psychiatric disorders". Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 71 (7): 873–84. doi:10.4088/jcp.08m04872gre. PMID 20361902. 
  8. ↑ Barrett, Stephen (2019-10-16). "Magnet Therapy: A Skeptical View | Quackwatch" (in en-US). https://quackwatch.org/consumer-education/qa/magnet/. 
  9. ↑ Rawls, Walter C.; Davis, Albert Belisle (1996). Magnetism and Its Effects on the Living System. Acres U.S.A. ISBN 0-911311-14-9. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Flamm, Bruce L. (July 2006). "Magnet Therapy: a billion-dollar boondoggle". Skeptical Inquirer (Committee for Skeptical Inquiry). http://www.csicop.org/si/show/magnet_therapy_a_billion-dollar_boondoggle/. 
  11. ↑ Polk, Charles; Elliot Postow (1996). Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. CRC Press. pp. 161. ISBN 0-8493-0641-8. 
  12. ↑ Radiology (ACR), Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) and American College of. "MRI Safety" (in en). https://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info/safety-mr. 
  13. ↑ "Is Blood Magnetic". The Naked Scientist. 12 December 2010. http://www.thenakedscientists.com/HTML/content/latest-questions/question/2848/. 
  14. ↑ "Does MRI attract the iron in your blood?". Revising MRI. http://www.revisemri.com/blog/2006/mri-blood-iron-attraction/. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Magnet therapy". BMJ 332 (7532): 4. January 2006. doi:10.1136/bmj.332.7532.4. PMID 16399710. 
  16. ↑ "The revised CONSORT statement for reporting randomized trials: explanation and elaboration". Annals of Internal Medicine 134 (8): 663–694. 2001-04-17. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-134-8-200104170-00012. PMID 11304107. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Magnet therapies 'have no effect'". BBC. 2006-01-06. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/4582282.stm. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 James D. Livingston. "Magnetic Therapy: Plausible Attraction?". Skeptical Inquirer. http://www.csicop.org/si/show/magnetic_therapy_plausible_attraction/. 
  19. ↑ Levinson, Mason; Randall, Tom (4 October 2010). "Energy Bracelets Turn Athletes to Stars, If Only in Their Heads". bloomberg.com (Bloomberg). https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2010-10-05/energy-enhancing-jewelry-improves-big-league-stars-if-only-in-their-heads. 
  20. ↑ GJ1, Macfarlane (Dec 2012). "A systematic review of evidence for the effectiveness of practitioner-based complementary and alternative therapies in the management of rheumatic diseases: osteoarthritis". Rheumatology (Oxford) 51 (12): 2224–33. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kes200. PMID 22923762. 
  21. ↑ Macfarlane, Gary J.; Paudyal, Priya; Doherty, Michael; Ernst, Edzard; Lewith, George; MacPherson, Hugh; Sim, Julius; Jones, Gareth T. et al. (2012-09-01). "A systematic review of evidence for the effectiveness of practitioner-based complementary and alternative therapies in the management of rheumatic diseases: rheumatoid arthritis". Rheumatology 51 (9): 1707–1713. doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kes133. ISSN 1462-0324. PMID 22661556. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kes133. 
  22. ↑ National Science Board (2002). Science and Engineering Indicators – 2002. Arlington, Virginia: National Science Foundation. pp. ch. 7. ISBN 978-0-16-066579-0. https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/seind02/c7/c7s5.htm. Retrieved 2018-04-06.  "Among all who had heard of [magnet therapy], 14 percent said it was very scientific and another 54 percent said it was sort of scientific. Only 25 percent of those surveyed answered correctly, that is, that it is not at all scientific."
  23. ↑ "Magnets". CDRH Consumer Information. Food and Drug Administration. 2000-03-01. https://www.fda.gov/cdrh/consumer/magnets.html. 

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