Social:Conservative wave

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Short description: Political phenomenon in Latin America
Map of Latin America depicting the ruling party of each country by São Paulo Forum affiliation. Red depicts member parties (left-wing) and blue depicts non-member parties (right-wing) in 2011 (left), 2018 (center), and 2026 (right).
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The conservative wave (Spanish: ola conservadora; Portuguese: onda conservadora), or blue tide (Spanish: marea azul; Portuguese: maré azul), or the turn to the right (Spanish: giro a la derecha; Portuguese: virada à direita) is a right-wing political phenomenon that occurred in the mid-2010s to the early 2020s across Latin America as a direct reaction to the pink tide. During the conservative wave, left-wing governments suffered their first major electoral losses in a decade.

In Argentina, Mauricio Macri (liberal-conservative, center-right) succeeded Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (Peronist) in 2015. In Brazil, the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff, a socialist, resulted in her departure and the rise of Vice President Michel Temer to power in 2016, and later to far-right congressman Jair Bolsonaro becoming President of Brazil. In Peru, the conservative economist Pedro Pablo Kuczynski succeeded Ollanta Humala, a socialist and left-wing nationalist. In Chile, the conservative Sebastián Piñera succeeded Michelle Bachelet, a social democrat, in 2018 in the same transition that occurred in 2010. In Bolivia, the conservative Jeanine Áñez succeeded Evo Morales amid the 2019 Bolivian political crisis. In Ecuador, the centre-right conservative banker Guillermo Lasso succeeded the deeply unpopular Lenín Moreno, becoming the first right-wing President of Ecuador in 14 years.[1]

Starting in the mid-2020s, right-wing candidates rebounded with a handful of victories, constituting a second conservative wave. In late 2023 and early 2024, right-wing libertarian Javier Milei won the 2023 Argentine presidential election, defeating Peronist Sergio Massa; centre-right businessman Daniel Noboa defeating leftist Luisa González in Ecuador; right-wing politician José Raúl Mulino defeated the incumbent center-left vice president José Gabriel Carrizo in the 2024 Panamanian general election.[2][3][4] This trend continued into 2025, with conservative Rodrigo Paz elected President of Bolivia, defeating the ruling socialist MAS in Bolivia for the first time in decades;[5][6] and the 2025 victory of José Antonio Kast in Chile, as well as that of Nasry Asfura in Honduras. Analysts expect this trend to continue into 2026, with the left-wing candidates seen as likely to lose to their right-wing challengers in the upcoming elections for that year.[7] In 2026, conservative populist Laura Fernández Delgado was elected President of Costa Rica.[8]

By country

In the late 2010s and early 2020s, the conservative wave began to decline following left-wing victories,[9][10] starting with the 2018 Mexican general election and the 2020 Bolivian general election, and later the 2021 Peruvian general election, 2021 Chilean presidential election, 2021 Honduran general election,[11][12] the 2022 Colombian presidential election, which resulted in the first left-wing president in the country's history,[13][14] and the 2022 Brazilian general election,[15] in which former leftist president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who had his political rights restored, defeated Bolsonaro.[16][17]

Argentina

Argentinian former president Mauricio Macri (2015–2019) alongside the Chilean president Sebastián Piñera (2010–2014, 2018–2022).

In Argentina, the election of Mauricio Macri of the centre-right in November 2015 as President of Argentina brought a right-wing government to power, although the populist movements of Peronism and Kirchnerism, which are tied to its leader Cristina Fernández de Kirchner's popularity,[18] initially remained somewhat strong.[19] In October 2017, Macri established a more firm hold on power when many candidates of his Cambiemos party enjoyed victories in the 2017 Argentine legislative election.[20]

In the 2019 Argentine presidential election, Macri lost to the left-leaning Alberto Fernández, who was sworn into office in December 2019.[21] However, right-wing libertarian Javier Milei won the 2023 Argentine presidential election, defeating Peronist Sergio Massa.[3]

Brazil

In Brazil, a conservative wave began roughly around the time Dilma Rousseff won the 2014 Brazilian presidential election in a tight election, kicking off the fourth term of the Workers' Party in the highest position of government.[22] According to a political analyst at the Inter-Union Department of Parliamentary Advice, Antônio Augusto de Queiroz, the National Congress of Brazil elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the re-democratization movement, citing an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments, such as ruralists, the military of Brazil, police of Brazil, and religious conservatives. The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right-wing movement that sought to rescue ideas from economic liberalism and conservatism in opposition to left-wing politics. At the same time, young liberals such as those that make up the Free Brazil Movement emerged among many others. For José Manoel Montanha da Silveira Soares, within a single real generation there may be several generations that he called "differentiated and antagonistic". For him, it is not the common birth date that marks a generation, though it matters, but rather the historical moment in which they live in common. In this case, the historical moment was the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. They can be called the "post-Dilma generation".[23]

Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro with President Donald Trump in the White House, March 2019

Centrist interim President Michel Temer took office following the impeachment of Rousseff. Temer held 3% approval ratings in October 2017,[24] facing a corruption scandal after accusations for obstructing justice and racketeering were placed against him.[25] He managed to avoid trial thanks to the support of the right-wing parties in the National Congress.[24][25] On the other hand, President of the Senate, Renan Calheiros, who was acknowledged as one of the key figures behind Rousseff's destitution and member of the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement, was himself removed from office after facing embezzlement charges.[26]

Conservative candidate Jair Bolsonaro of the Social Liberal Party was the winner of the 2018 Brazilian presidential election followed by left-wing former mayor of São Paulo, Fernando Haddad, of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's Workers' Party.[27] Lula was banned to run after being convicted on criminal corruption charges and being imprisoned.[28][29][30] Bolsonaro would later lose to Lula in the 2022 Brazilian presidential election after his political rights were restored, becoming the first sitting president to lose a bid for a second term since the possibility of reelection for an immediately consecutive term became permitted by a constitutional amendment.[31][32]

Ecuador

President Guillermo Lasso (2021–2023)

In Ecuador, the policies and legacy of left-wing former President Rafael Correa are controversial. His successor, Lenín Moreno, was elected in the 2017 Ecuadorian general election defeating conservative banker Guillermo Lasso;[33] a recount was needed amid allegations of fraud.[34][35] The presidency of Moreno was also seen as controversial due to his shift to the centre and neoliberal policies, overseeing controversial austerity measures in petroleum which sparked the 2019 Ecuadorian protests and his mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador.[36]

In the 2021 Ecuadorian general election, Lasso announced his third presidential campaign and eventually advanced to the run-off by a narrow second-place finish.[37] The election was noted as it saw Lasso, a conservative banker against socialist economist and Correa ally Andrés Arauz.[38] Arauz was seen as the front-runner for the run-off election with him leading in several polls two weeks prior to the election.[39][40] In the April run-off, Lasso managed to defeat Arauz in what some media called an upset victory after winning 52.4% of the vote, while Arauz won 47.6% of the vote.[41][42]

During the 2023 general election that took place to replace Lasso as president, businessman and former National Assembly member Daniel Noboa was elected to the presidency.[43] His political ideology has been described as both centrist and centre-right.[44]

Guatemala

In Guatemala, social democratic leader Alvaro Colom of the centre-left National Unity of Hope was elected president in the 2007 Guatemalan general election, being the only modern day leftist president in the country. Colom's successor, right-wing Otto Pérez Molina of the Patriotic Party, was forced to resign his presidency due to popular unrest,[45][46] as well as corruption scandals that ended with his arrest.[47] Following Molina's resignation, right-wing Jimmy Morales was elected into office following the 2015 Guatemalan general election. As of 2018, he was under investigation for illegal financing.[48] Morales successor Alejandro Giammattei also experienced massive popular unrest, resulting in the 2020 Guatemalan protests.[49]

Honduras

Honduran demonstrator holding a banner with a "don't turn left" sign, 2009

In Honduras, Manuel Zelaya's turn to the left during his tenure resulted in the 2009 Honduran coup d'état, which was condemned by the entire region, including the United States. Years later after the coup, Zelaya said his overthrow was the beginning of the "conservative restoration" in Latin America.[50]

After the coup, the next democratically elected president was right-wing Porfirio Lobo Sosa (2010–2014), then right-wing Juan Orlando Hernández of the conservative National Party of Honduras won the 2013 Honduran presidential election over left-wing Xiomara Castro (Zelaya's wife) by a slight margin. Soon after, Hernández reformed the Constitution of Honduras to allow himself to be candidate for immediate reelection (something until then forbidden by Honduran law) and ran as candidate for the 2017 Honduran presidential election in what some observers question as undemocratic, authoritarian-leaning,[51][52] and corrupt.[53][54]

During the election, Hernández' tight self-proclaimed victory over Salvador Nasralla of the opposition alliance, alongside accusations of voter fraud, caused massive riots throughout Honduras. The declaration of a curfew from the country was labeled as illegal by some jurists,[55] and the violent repression of the protests left at least seven dead and dozens injured.[56] Due to the general popular unrest and voter fraud allegations, the Organization of American States requested a new election to no avail.[57][58][59][60]

Castro would eventually win the 2021 Honduran presidential election with Nasralla as her running mate, while Hernández was arrested and extradited on request of the United States for alleged involvement with the illegal narcotics trade.[61][62] In the 2025 elections, Nasry Asfura, a businessman and member of the right-wing National Party who previously served as the mayor of Tegucigalpa from 2014 to 2022 and previously ran for the 2021 general election, ran again but this time, against TV host man and former vice president Salvador Nasralla, a member of the centrist Liberal Party and also against teacher and former defense minister Rixi Moncada, a member of the left-wing LIBRE Party. On 28 November 2025, just two days before the election, U.S. President Donald Trump released a statement on Truth Social announcing his full endorsement to Nasry "Tito" Asfura and warned that if Asfura did not win the election, the U.S. would suspend all of its aid to Honduras. Trump also said that he would pardon former president Juan Orlando Hernández who was imprisoned in mid February 2022 and in late June 2024, was sentenced to 45 years over widespread reports that Hernández planned to bring in 500 tons of cocaine into the United States.[63] Hernández was released on 2 December 2025 after spending just over three years in jail.[64] The full reporting of the results took 24 days to complete due to the malfunctioning of omputers counting the votes, as well as allegations of electoral fraud. Reports before it hit 99.5% showed both rightist Asfura in a statistical tie with centrist Nasralla and winning nearly two times more votes than leftist Moncada. When reports of the 2025 election were fully complete, Asfura won the election, winning a small lead over Nasralla.[65][66]

Paraguay

Template:Coatrack section In Paraguay, the conservative, right-wing Colorado Party ruled the country for over sixty years, including the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner that lasted thirty-five years, from 1954 to 1989, and was supported by the United States.[67][68]

Paraguay is one of the poorest countries of South America and least developed countries according to the Human Development Index. This dominant-party system was temporarily broken in the 2008 Paraguayan general election, when practically the entire opposition united in the Patriotic Alliance for Change managed to elect Fernando Lugo, a former Bishop and member of the Christian Democratic Party, as President of Paraguay. Lugo's government was praised for its social reforms, including investments in low-income housing,[69] the introduction of free treatment in public hospitals,[70][71] the introduction of cash transfers for Paraguay's most impoverished citizens,[72] and indigenous rights.[73] Nevertheless, Lugo did not finish his period as he was impeached, despite enjoying very high approval ratings and popularity. The impeachment of Lugo was rejected by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights,[74] condemned by both right-wing and left-wing governments,[75][76] and considered a coup d'état by UNASUR and Mercosur, which responded with sanctions and suspensions for Paraguay.[77] Lugo was later elected to the Senate of Paraguay and became President of the Senate. He was replaced by Vice President Federico Franco, who was distanced from Lugo by ideological reasons, opposed to the entry of Venezuela into the Mercosur, and was described as conservative.[78][79]

The country's next democratically elected president after the 2013 Paraguayan general election, right-wing Horacio Cartes of the Colorado Party, described by human rights organizations as authoritarian and homophobic,[80] attempted to reform the Constitution of Paraguay to allow himself to be re-elected indefinitely, which caused popular uproar and the 2017 Paraguayan crisis.[81][82][83] He served until 2018, and his successor following the 2018 Paraguayan general election was fellow conservative Mario Abdo Benítez,[84] who was in turn succeeded by the next conservative president, Santiago Peña, in 2023.[85]

Peru

In Peru, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski won the 2016 Peruvian presidential election, with Peru becoming yet another country that departed from a centre-left government.[86] In this election, the third candidate with major support was leftist candidate Verónika Mendoza of the Broad Front with 18% of votes.[87] Following corruption investigations surrounding Odebrecht, the Congress of the Republic of Peru demanded Kuczynski to defend himself in a session, with Marcelo Odebrecht stating that Kuczynski's involvement with the company was legal compared to the illegalities performed by his leftist predecessor.[88] Due to the corruption scandal, the first impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski was started,[89] but voted against by a slight margin in Congress.[90]

After the Kenjivideos scandal in which videos were leaked to the public showing bribery from the Fujimorists to keep Kuczynski in office, Kuczyinski resigned on his own. Kuczynski's successor, centrist Martin Vizcarra, changed policies. Amid the 2019 Peruvian constitutional crisis, he dissolved Congress on 30 September, which angered Fujimorists. In the 2020 Peruvian parliamentary election, the main opposition parties Peruvian Aprista Party and Popular Force lost the majority in congress. The removal of Martín Vizcarra began after accuses of corruption. Many centrists and leftists were angry, as the conservative Manuel Merino took power in his place. This led to the 2020 Peruvian protests, and Merino resigned from office. Centrist Francisco Sagasti succeeded him. In the days leading to the run-off of the 2021 Peruvian presidential election, conservative candidate Keiko Fujimori had a slight lead in the polls over socialist candidate Pedro Castillo.[91] On 19 July, Castillo was declared the winner in a close and highly contested election.[92] However, president Castillo was removed from office by Congress on 7 December 2022.[93] On 10 October 2025, after days of protests and being impeached for nearly three years, Peru's independent female president Dina Boluarte was removed from office and was replaced by 38 year old José Jerí, a member of the right–wing Somos Peru party, who was previously a member of the Peruvian Congress and served as the president of the congress from 26 July 2025.

Reception

In Brazil

On the political changes that were happening in the country, a collection of twenty essays organized by Felipe Demier and Rejane Hoeveler, titled The Conservative Wave – Essays on the Current Dark Times in Brazil, was launched in 2016. In the synopsis, it is emphasized the rootedness of reactionary thinking and practices in Brazilian state powers and Brazilian society in multiple dimensions as well as the challenges that the left will have to face. Many Brazilians who support Jair Bolsonaro's government believe that the Workers' Party and rampant corruption in Brazil are to blame for difficulties in the economy.[94][95]

Head of the states and governments

Timeline

See also: Timeline of the Pink Tide governments overtime

The timeline begins before the start of the wave in order to represent graphically the increase of conservative governments over the years. <timeline> ImageSize = width:1200 height:auto barincrement:35 PlotArea = left:100 bottom:60 top:0 right:10 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1977 till:22/06/2026 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy

Define $now = 22/06/2026

Colors = 

 id:right      value:blue legend:Right
 id:centerright  value:skyblue legend:Centre-right
 id:white  value:white

Legend = orientation:horizontal position:bottom ScaleMajor = increment:1 start:1977 ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:1977 BarData = 

 bar:arg   text:"Argentina"
 bar:bol   text:"Bolivia"
 bar:bra   text:"Brazil"
 bar:chi   text:"Chile"
 bar:col   text:"Colombia" 
 bar:crc   text:"Costa Rica"
 bar:dom   text:"Dominican Republic"
 bar:ecu   text:"Ecuador"
 bar:sav   text:"El Salvador"
 bar:gua   text:"Guatemala"
 bar:hti   text:"Haiti"
 bar:hon   text:"Honduras"
 bar:mex   text:"Mexico"
 bar:nic   text:"Nicaragua"
 bar:pan   text:"Panama"
 bar:par   text:"Paraguay"
 bar:per   text:"Peru"
 bar:uru   text:"Uruguay"
 bar:ven   text:"Venezuela"

PlotData = 

 width:16 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(5,-5)
 bar:arg       from:01/01/1977  till:29/03/1981 color:right  text:"Videla"    textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:arg       from:29/03/1981  till:01/07/1982 color:right  text:"12345"    textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:arg       from:01/07/1982  till:10/12/1983 color:right  text:"R. Bignone"    textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:arg       from:01/01/1995 till:10/12/1999 color:centerright     text:"Menem"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:arg       from:10/12/1999 till:21/12/2001 color:centerright     text:"La Rúa"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:arg       from:02/01/2002 till:25/05/2003 color:centerright     text:"Duhalde"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:arg       from:10/12/2015 till:10/12/2019 color:centerright     text:"Macri"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:arg       from:10/12/2023 till:$now color:right     text:"Milei"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bra       from:01/01/1977  till:15/03/1979 color:right    text:"E. Geisel"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bra       from:15/03/1979  till:15/03/1985 color:right    text:"Figueiredo"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bra       from:15/03/1990 till:29/12/1992 color:right     text:"FCDM"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bra       from:01/01/1995 till:01/01/2003 color:centerright     text:"Cardoso"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bra       from:01/01/2019 till:01/01/2023 color:right     text:"Bolsonaro"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bol       from:01/01/1977  till:01/07/1978 color:right  text:"Banzer"    textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bol       from:21/07/1978  till:16/11/1979 color:right  text:"4LC"    textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bol       from:17/07/1980  till:10/10/1982 color:right  text:"3LC"    textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bol       from:06/08/1985 till:06/08/1989 color:centerright     text:"Estenssoro"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bol       from:06/08/1993 till:06/08/1997 color:centerright     text:"Sánchez Lozada"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bol       from:06/08/1997 till:07/08/2001 color:centerright     text:"Banzer"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white) 
 bar:bol       from:07/08/2001 till:06/08/2002 color:centerright     text:"JFQ"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bol       from:06/08/2002 till:17/10/2003 color:centerright     text:"Sánchez Lozada"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bol       from:12/11/2019 till:08/11/2020 color:right     text:"Áñez"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bol       from:12/11/2019 till:08/11/2020 color:white width:3     # political crisis - Áñez has been convicted as an unconstitutional de facto president like Maduro, so the style of Maduro in pink tide is applied here.
 bar:bol       from:08/11/2025 till:$now color:centerright     text:"Pereira" textcolor:white mark:(line,white)
 bar:chi       from:01/01/1977  till:11/03/1990 color:right    text:"Pinochet"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:chi       from:11/03/2010 till:11/03/2014 color:centerright     text:"Piñera"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:chi       from:11/03/2018 till:11/03/2022 color:centerright     text:"Piñera"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:chi       from:11/03/2026 till:$now color:right     text:"Kast"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:col       from:07/08/1982  till:07/08/1986 color:centerright  text:"Beyancur"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:col       from:07/08/1998 till:07/08/2002 color:centerright     text:"Pastrana"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:col       from:07/08/2002 till:07/08/2010 color:right     text:"Uribe"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:col       from:07/08/2010 till:07/08/2018 color:centerright     text:"Santos"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:col       from:07/08/2018 till:07/08/2022 color:right     text:"Duque"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:crc       from:08/05/1978  till:08/05/1982 color:right     text:"Carazo Odio"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:crc       from:08/05/2002 till:08/05/2006 color:centerright     text:"Pacheco"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white) 
 bar:crc       from:08/05/2022 till:08/05/2026 color:centerright     text:"Chaves Robles"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:crc       from:08/05/2026 till:$now color:right     text:"Fern. Delgado"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:dom       from:01/01/1977  till:16/08/1978 color:right  text:"Balaguer"    textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:dom       from:16/08/1986 till:16/08/1996 color:centerright    text:"Balaguer"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:ecu       from:01/01/1977 till:10/08/1979 color:right     text:"A. Poveda"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:ecu       from:24/05/1981 till:10/08/1984 color:centerright     text:"Os. Hurtado"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:ecu       from:10/08/1984 till:10/08/1988 color:centerright     text:"Febres Cordero"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:ecu       from:10/08/1992 till:10/08/1996 color:centerright     text:"Ballén"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)  
 bar:ecu       from:06/02/1997 till:10/08/1998 color:centerright     text:"FEAR"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:ecu       from:10/08/1998 till:21/01/2000 color:centerright     text:"Mahuad"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)   
 bar:ecu       from:22/01/2000 till:15/01/2003 color:centerright     text:"G. Noboa"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:ecu       from:24/05/2021 till:23/11/2023 color:centerright     text:"Lasso"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:ecu       from:23/11/2023 till:$now color:centerright     text:"D. Noboa"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:sav       from:01/01/1977  till:01/07/1977 color:right  text:"13"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:sav       from:01/07/1977  till:15/10/1979 color:right  text:"Romero"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:sav       from:01/06/1989 till:01/06/1994 color:right     text:"A. Cristiani"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:sav       from:01/06/1994 till:01/06/1999 color:right     text:"Calderón Sol"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:sav       from:01/06/1999 till:01/06/2004 color:right     text:"Flores Pérez"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:sav       from:01/06/2004 till:01/06/2009 color:right     text:"Saca"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:sav       from:01/06/2019 till:$now color:right     text:"Bukele"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:01/07/1978 till:23/03/1982 color:centerright     text:"FRLG"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:14/01/1991 till:01/06/1993 color:right     text:"Ser. Elías"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:23/03/1982 till:08/08/1983 color:right     text:"JERM"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:08/08/1983 till:14/01/1986 color:right     text:"OHMV"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:05/06/1993 till:14/01/1996 color:right     text:"León Carpio"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:14/01/1996 till:14/01/2000 color:right     text:"Arzú"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white) 
 bar:gua       from:14/01/2000 till:14/01/2004 color:right     text:"Portillo"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:14/01/2004 till:14/01/2008 color:centerright     text:"Berger"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:14/01/2012 till:03/09/2015 color:centerright     text:"Pérez Molina"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:03/09/2015 till:14/01/2016 color:right     text:"AM"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:14/01/2016 till:14/01/2020 color:right     text:"J. Morales"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:14/01/2020 till:14/01/2024 color:right     text:"Giammattei"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:hti       from:01/01/1977  till:07/02/1986 color:right    text:",,Baby Doc Duvalier"    textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:hti       from:07/02/1988  till:20/06/1988 color:centerright  text:"Manigat"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:hti       from:12/05/1994  till:12/10/1994 color:centerright  text:"Jonassaint"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:hti       from:14/05/2011 till:07/02/2016 color:centerright    text:"Martelly"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:hti       from:07/02/2017 till:07/07/2021 color:centerright    text:"Moïse"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:hon       from:01/01/1977 till:07/08/1978 color:centerright     text:"JAMC"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:hon       from:07/08/1978 till:27/01/1982 color:right     text:"Paz García"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:hon       from:27/01/1990 till:27/01/1994 color:centerright     text:"RLCR"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:hon       from:27/01/2002 till:27/01/2006 color:right     text:"R. Maduro"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:hon       from:27/01/2010 till:27/01/2014 color:right     text:"Lobo Sosa"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:hon       from:27/01/2014 till:27/01/2022 color:right     text:"Hernández"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:hon       from:27/01/2026 till:$now color:right     text:",,Tito Asfura"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:mex       from:01/12/1988 till:30/11/1994 color:centerright     text:"Salinas d. Gortari" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:mex       from:01/12/1994 till:30/11/2000 color:centerright     text:"Zedillo" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:mex       from:01/12/2000 till:30/11/2006 color:right     text:"Fox"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:mex       from:01/12/2006 till:30/11/2012 color:right     text:"Calderón"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:mex       from:01/12/2012 till:30/11/2018 color:centerright     text:"Peña Nieto"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:nic       from:01/01/1977 till:17/07/1979 color:right     text:",,Tachito"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:nic       from:17/07/1979 till:18/07/1979 color:right     text:"Urcoyo"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:nic       from:25/04/1990 till:10/01/1997 color:centerright     text:"Chamorro"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:nic       from:10/01/1997 till:10/01/2002 color:centerright     text:"Alemán"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:nic       from:10/01/2002 till:10/01/2007 color:centerright     text:"Bolaños"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:pan       from:20/12/1989 till:01/09/1994 color:centerright     text:"Endara"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:pan       from:01/09/1999 till:01/09/2004 color:centerright     text:"Moscoso"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:pan       from:01/07/2009 till:01/07/2014 color:centerright     text:"Martinelli"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:pan       from:01/07/2024 till:$now color:right     text:"Mulino"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:pan       from:01/07/2014 till:01/07/2019 color:centerright     text:"Varela"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white) 
 bar:par       from:01/01/1977 till:03/02/1989 color:right     text:"Stroessner"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:par       from:03/02/1989 till:15/08/1993 color:right     text:"A. Rodríguez"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:par       from:15/08/1993 till:15/08/1998 color:centerright     text:"Wasmosy"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:par       from:15/08/1998 till:29/03/1999 color:right     text:"RC" textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:par       from:15/08/2003 till:15/08/2008 color:centerright     text:"Duarte"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:par       from:15/08/2018 till:15/08/2023 color:centerright     text:"Benítez"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:par       from:15/08/2023 till:$now color:right    text:"Peña"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:par       from:15/08/2013 till:15/08/2018 color:right     text:"Cartes"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:par       from:29/03/1999 till:15/08/2003 color:right     text:"González Macchi"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:per       from:28/07/1990 till:22/11/2000 color:right     text:"Fujimori"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:per       from:28/07/1980 till:28/07/1985 color:centerright     text:"Belaúnde Terry"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:per       from:28/07/2006 till:28/07/2011 color:centerright     text:"García"  textcolor:white   mark:(line,white)
 bar:per       from:28/07/2016 till:23/03/2018 color:centerright     text:"Kuczynski"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:per       from:10/11/2020 till:15/11/2020 color:right     text:"M. Merino"
 bar:per       from:10/10/2025 till:17/02/2026 color:right     text:"Jerí"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:uru       from:01/01/1977  till:01/09/1981 color:right    text:"A. Méndez"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:uru       from:01/09/1981  till:12/02/1985 color:right    text:"Conrado Álv."  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:uru       from:01/03/1985 till:01/03/1990 color:centerright     text:"Sanguinetti"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:uru       from:01/03/1990 till:01/03/1995 color:centerright     text:"Alb. Lacalle"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:uru       from:01/03/1995 till:01/03/2000 color:centerright     text:"Sanguinetti"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:uru       from:01/03/2000 till:01/03/2005 color:centerright     text:"JLBI" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:uru       from:01/03/2020 till:01/03/2025 color:centerright     text:"Lacalle Pou" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:ven       from:12/03/1979 till:02/02/1984 color:centerright     text:"Herrera Campins"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:ven       from:02/02/1994 till:02/02/1999 color:centerright     text:"Caldera" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:ven       from:11/04/2002 till:13/04/2002 color:centerright     text:"Carmona"
 bar:ven       from:23/01/2019 till:31/12/2020 color:centerright width:3   text:"Guaidó" textcolor:black mark:(line,white)
 bar:ven       from:23/01/2019 till:31/12/2020 color:centerright width:3 mark:(line,white) # presidential crisis - Guaido has been convicted as an unconstitutional de facto president like MAS, so the style of MAS in pink tide is applied here.
 bar:ven       from:10/01/2025 till:$now color:centerright width:3   text:"González" textcolor:black mark:(line,white)
 bar:ven       from:10/01/2025 till:$now color:centerright width:3 mark:(line,white) # political crisis - González has been convicted as an unconstitutional de facto president like Guaido and MAS, so the style of MAS in pink tide is applied here.

</timeline>

See also

  • Cuban dissident movement
  • Evangelical political parties in Latin America
  • Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States
  • Pacific Alliance
  • Pasokification
  • Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America
  • Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America (PROSUL)
  • Venezuelan opposition

References

  1. ↑ "Lasso inaugurated as first right-wing Ecuador president in 14 years". 24 May 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210524-lasso-inaugurated-as-first-right-wing-ecuador-president-in-14-years. 
  2. ↑ "José Raúl Mulino gana las elecciones en Panamá impulsado por el expresidente Martinelli, condenado por corrupción" (in es). EL PAÍS. 5 May 2024. https://elpais.com/america/2024-05-06/jose-raul-mulino-gana-las-elecciones-en-panama-impulsado-por-el-expresidente-martinelli-condenado-por-corrupcion.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Argentina elections: Political outsider Javier Milei wins presidency". November 19, 2023. https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2023/11/19/Argentina-election-results/7111700432487/. 
  4. ↑ José María León Cabrera; Thalíe Ponce (October 15, 2023). "Voters remember Trump's economy as being better than Biden's. Here's what the data shows.". New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/15/world/americas/ecuador-election-president.html. 
  5. ↑ "Socialism is defeated as Bolivia heads to presidential election runoff" (in en-US). The Washington Post. 18 August 2025. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2025/08/17/bolivia-socialism-right-wing-paz-quiroga/. 
  6. ↑ "Rodrigo Paz wins presidential runoff, becoming Bolivia's first conservative leader in decades" (in en-US). PBS News. 25 October 2025. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/rodrigo-paz-wins-presidential-runoff-becoming-bolivias-first-conservative-leader-in-decades. 
  7. ↑ Alejandro Peña Esclusa (8 September 2025). "Seven elections will determine the future of Latin America". GIS Reports. https://www.gisreportsonline.com/r/latin-america-elections/. 
  8. ↑ Córdoba, Javier (2 February 2026). "Conservative populist Laura Fernández wins Costa Rican presidency, preliminary results show". AP News. https://apnews.com/article/costa-rica-election-results-fernandez-chaves-f072f4e01cde74a2f037072cc03293d5. 
  9. ↑ Araujo, Gabriel; Vargas, Carlos; Woodford, Isabel (22 June 2022). "Latin America's new 'pink tide' gains pace as Colombia shifts left; Brazil up next". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-americas-new-pink-tide-gains-pace-colombia-shifts-left-brazil-up-next-2022-06-22/. 
  10. ↑ Garavito, Tatiana; Thanki, Nathan (23 June 2022). "Colombia's shift to the left: A new 'pink tide' in Latin America?". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/6/23/colombias-shift-to-the-left-a-new-pink-tide-in-latin-america. 
  11. ↑ Aquino, Marco (2021-06-21). "Another pink tide? Latin America's left galvanized by rising star in Peru" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/another-pink-tide-latin-americas-left-galvanized-by-rising-star-peru-2021-06-21/. 
  12. ↑ Arsenault, Chris (2021-12-14). "How left-wing forces are regaining ground in Latin America". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/14/how-left-wing-forces-are-regaining-ground-in-latin-america. 
  13. ↑ "Leftist Gustavo Petro wins Colombian presidency". Financial Times. 19 June 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/33d30a93-0f48-41ee-9847-4503c79ca7d9. 
  14. ↑ Bocanegra, Nelson; Griffin, Oliver; Vargas, Carlos (19 June 2022). "Colombia elects former guerrilla Petro as first leftist president". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/colombians-head-polls-tightest-election-recent-memory-2022-06-19/. 
  15. ↑ Grattan, Steven (31 October 2022). "Latin America's 'pink tide' leaders congratulate Brazil's Lula on election win". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-americas-pink-tide-leaders-congratulate-brazils-lula-election-win-2022-10-31/. 
  16. ↑ Rocha, Camilo (30 October 2022). "Lula da Silva will return to Brazil's presidency in stunning comeback". https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/30/americas/brazil-election-lula-da-silva-wins-intl/index.html. 
  17. ↑ "Lula's leftist triumph: Is this Latin America's second 'pink tide'?". Agence France-Presse. 31 October 2022. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221031-lula-s-leftist-triumph-is-this-latin-america-s-second-pink-tide. 
  18. ↑ Argentina's Ex-President Wants Everyone to Know She's Not Scared of Corruption Probes – VICE News, 14 April 2016.
  19. ↑ Noel, Andrea (29 December 2015). "The Year the 'Pink Tide' Turned: Latin America in 2015". VICE News. https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-year-the-pink-tide-turned-latin-america-in-2015/. 
  20. ↑ "Macri's coalition sweeps Argentina's mid-term vote". CNBC. 23 October 2017. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/23/macris-coalition-sweeps-argentinas-mid-term-vote.html. 
  21. ↑ "'We're back': Alberto Fernández sworn in as Argentina shifts to the left" (in en). The Guardian (Buenos Aires: Reuters). 2019-12-10. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/10/argentina-alberto-fernandez-inauguration. 
  22. ↑ Boulos Guilherme (10 September 2014). "Onda conservadora" (in pt). Folha De S.Paulo. https://www.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/guilhermeboulos/2014/10/1529543-onda-conservadora.shtml. 
  23. ↑ Montanha da Silveira Soares, José Manoel (2017). "A onda conservadora: ensaios sobre os atuais tempos sombrios no Brasil". Revista Em Pauta 15 (39). doi:10.12957/rep.2017.30390. ISSN 2238-3786. http://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/revistaempauta/article/view/30390. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Phillips, Don (17 October 2017). "Accused of corruption, popularity near zero – why is Temer still Brazil's president?". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/17/accused-of-graft-popularity-near-zero-so-why-is-brazils-president-still-in-office. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Watson, Kay. "Brazil's President Temer avoids corruption trial". BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41755666. 
  26. ↑ "Brazil's Senate president ousted over embezzlement charges". The Guardian. 6 December 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/06/brazil-senate-president-ousted-embezzlement-renan-calheiros. 
  27. ↑ "Lula lidera, e Bolsonaro se consolida em 2º, aponta Datafolha". Poder. December 2, 2017. http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/12/1940171-lula-lidera-e-bolsonaro-se-consolida-em-2-aponta-datafolha.shtml. 
  28. ↑ Rapoza, Kenneth (21 September 2016). "Lula's 'Clear Conscience' And Brazil's Inability To Explain Petrobras Scandal". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2016/09/21/lulas-clear-conscious-and-brazils-inability-to-explain-petrobras/#26f4b43c3d55. Retrieved 28 September 2016. 
  29. ↑ Fonseca, Alana; Gimenes, Erick; Kaniak, Thais; Dionísio, Bibiana (12 July 2017). "Lula é condenado na Lava Jato no caso do triplex" (in pt). G1. https://g1.globo.com/pr/parana/noticia/lula-e-condenado-na-lava-jato-no-caso-do-triplex.ghtml. 
  30. ↑ "Urgente: Lula É Condenado Por Unanimidade Pelo TRF-4". 24 January 2018. https://www.oantagonista.com/brasil/urgente-lula-e-condenado-por-unanimidade-pelo-trf-4/. 
  31. ↑ "World leaders congratulate Lula on election victory". Deutsche Welle. 30 October 2022. https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-presidential-election-lula-set-to-become-new-president-live-updates/a-63596512. 
  32. ↑ Nugent, Clara (31 October 2022). "Lula Narrowly Wins Brazil's High-Stakes Election, Ending Bolsonaro's Far-Right Presidency". Time. https://time.com/6226302/lula-wins-brazil-election-defeats-bolsonaro/. Retrieved 31 October 2022. 
  33. ↑ "Guillermo Lasso refuses to concede in Ecuador election". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/guillermo-lasso-ecuador-election-170403214814759.html. 
  34. ↑ Euan McKirdy and Rafael Romo (3 April 2017). "Ruling party candidate claims win in Ecuadorian vote, rival vows challenge". http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/03/americas/ecuador-national-elections/index.html. 
  35. ↑ Zapata, Belen (18 April 2021). "Ángel Polibio Córdova: En el exit poll de las elecciones de 2017 Cedatos no se equivocó" (in Spanish). El Universo. https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/politica/angel-polibio-cordova-en-el-exit-poll-de-las-elecciones-de-2017-cedatos-no-se-equivoco-nota/. 
  36. ↑ "Desgaste institucional en el ocaso de las funciones". https://www.expreso.ec/actualidad/desgaste-institucional-ocaso-funciones-100942.html. 
  37. ↑ "Leftist Arauz, conservative Lasso advance to Ecuador presidential run-off". Buenos Aires Times. 22 February 2021. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/latin-america/eftist-arauz-conservative-lasso-advance-to-ecuador-presidential-run-off.phtml. 
  38. ↑ "Who Is Andrés Arauz, Rafael Correa's Pick to Lead Ecuador?". Americas Quarterly. 26 October 2020. https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/andres-arauz-correa-proxy-or-new-leadership-for-ecuador/. 
  39. ↑ "Ecuador's Likely Next President, Andrés Arauz, Talks to Jacobin". Jacobin Magazine. 20 February 2021. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/02/andres-arauz-ecuador-elections. 
  40. ↑ "According to 14 of 17 polls, Arauz will beat Lasso in the ballot next Sunday in Ecuador". Grupo La Provincia. 7 April 2021. https://www.grupolaprovincia.com/internacionales/segun-14-de-17-sondeos-arauz-vencera-a-lasso-en-el-balotaje-del-proximo-domingo-en-ecuador-692359. 
  41. ↑ Dube, Ryan (11 April 2021). "Ecuador's Guillermo Lasso Wins Presidential Election". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/ecuadors-guillermo-lasso-wins-presidential-election-11618195085. 
  42. ↑ "Ecuador goes with conservative banker in presidential vote". Associated Press. 11 April 2021. https://apnews.com/article/public-health-rafael-correa-health-south-america-coronavirus-pandemic-fb947b78c70ac225c0982a76d44063f3. 
  43. ↑ Daniels, Joe (16 October 2023). "Ecuador elects centre-right business heir Daniel Noboa as president". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/f4c3f997-2c4c-44f3-b656-57af3a5ac308. 
  44. ↑ "Daniel Noboa, candidato presidencial: Se pueden hacer las reformas base el primer año, y luego la persona que esté sentada ahí, que seguro seré yo, puede buscar la reelección" (in es). El Universo. 8 June 2023. https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/politica/daniel-noboa-candidato-presidencial-se-pueden-hacer-las-reformas-base-el-primer-ano-y-luego-la-persona-que-este-sentada-ahi-que-seguro-sere-yo-puede-buscar-la-reeleccion-nota/. 
  45. ↑ Malkin, Elisabeth; Ahmed, Azam (1 September 2015). "President Otto Pérez Molina Is Stripped of Immunity in Guatemala". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/world/americas/guatemala-votes-to-strip-its-president-of-immunity.html. 
  46. ↑ "Guatemala President Resigns Amid Corruption Probe". The Gainesville Sun. Associated Press. 3 September 2015. https://eu.gainesville.com/story/news/2015/09/03/guatemala-president-resigns-amid-corruption/31885691007/. 
  47. ↑ Romo, Rafael; Botelho, Greg (3 September 2015). "Otto Pérez Molina out as Guatemala's President, jailed". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/03/americas/guatemala-president-arrest-warrant/index.html. 
  48. ↑ "Presidente de Guatemala llega a la mitad de su mandato acechado por la corrupción". La Nación. https://www.nacion.com/el-mundo/politica/presidente-de-guatemala-llega-a-la-mitad-de-su/IJHCFTAHYJEQLK5BRQKEEBKGMA/story/. 
  49. ↑ "Guatemala protesters set congress on fire during budget protests". The Guardian. Associated Press. 22 November 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/nov/22/guatemala-protesters-set-congress-on-fire-during-budget-protests. 
  50. ↑ Luzzani, Telma (22 May 2017). "La restauración conservadora comenzó con mi derrocamiento" (in es). Página/12. https://www.pagina12.com.ar/39228-la-restauracion-conservadora-comenzo-con-mi-derrocamiento. 
  51. ↑ Galeana, Fernando (2017). "Honduran Elections and the Resurfacing Of Authoritarianism". Committee on US-Latin America relations. https://cuslar.org/2017/10/25/honduran-elections-and-the-resurfacing-of-authoritarianism/. 
  52. ↑ "Eight years after a coup, a heated election in Honduras". The Economist. Apr 12, 2017. https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21720653-presidents-bid-second-term-alarms-democrats-eight-years-after-coup-heated. 
  53. ↑ Frank, Dana (January 25, 2014). "Frank: Hernández's election was built on corruption". Chron. http://www.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/Frank-Hern-ndez-s-election-was-built-on-5174987.php. 
  54. ↑ "Juan Orlando Hernández – the man who should resign". New Internationalist. 6 July 2015. https://newint.org/features/web-exclusive/2015/07/06/juan-orlando-hernandez-should-resign. 
  55. ↑ "Honduras: Mesa Nacional de Derechos Humanos denuncia asesinatos y detenciones tras protestas por fraude electoral" (in es). El Ciudadano. 2 December 2017. http://www.elciudadano.cl/portada/honduras-mesa-nacional-de-derechos-humanos-denuncia-asesinatos-y-detenciones/12/02/. 
  56. ↑ "Honduras: posible fraude, muertos y mucha tensión" (in es). EFE. Tegucigalpa: ABC Color. 2 December 2017. http://www.abc.com.py/internacionales/honduras-posible-fraude-muertos-y-mucha-tension-1654877.html. 
  57. ↑ Main, Alexander; McCurdy, Daniel. "The U.S. Double Standard on Elections in Latin America and the Caribbean". NACLA. https://nacla.org/news/2011/12/22/us-double-standard-elections-latin-america-and-caribbean. 
  58. ↑ Malkin, Elisabeth (17 December 2017). "Honduran President Declared Winner, but O.A.S. Calls for New Election". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/17/world/americas/honduran-presidential-election.html. 
  59. ↑ Gómez, Carlos Eduardo (2017). "OAS: "Serious Questions Remain Over Honduras Election"". Latin American Post. http://www.latinamericanpost.com/index.php/politics-latam/18645-oas-serious-questions-remain-over-honduras-election. 
  60. ↑ "Clashes in Honduras after OAS says president vote win is illegitimate". Reuters. 2017. http://www.carswelllegalsolutions.com/news/news-id-50414. 
  61. ↑ "Xiomara Castro Edges Closer to Honduran Presidency as Opponent Concedes". The New York Times. The Associated Press. 1 December 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/30/world/americas/honduras-election-castro.html. 
  62. ↑ Brigida, Anna Catherine; Sieff, Kevin; Sheridan, Mary Beth; Chaoul, Alejandra Ibarra (21 April 2022). "Honduras ex-president Juan Orlando Hernández extradited to U.S.". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/04/21/honduras-president-hernandez-extradited/. 
  63. ↑ "What was Honduras ex-president convicted of and why has Trump pardoned him?". BBC. 2 December 2025. https://www.bbc.com/amp/s/www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qewln7912o. 
  64. ↑ "Honduran ex-president Juan Orlando Hernández released from US prison after Trump pardon". BBC. 2 December 2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cpvdr8k7xjro. 
  65. ↑ "Trump ally Nasry Asfura wins disputed Honduras election". DW. 26 December 2025. https://www.dw.com/en/trump-ally-nasry-asfura-wins-disputed-honduras-election/video-75308060. 
  66. ↑ "Trump-backed ex-mayor declared winner of Honduran presidential election". CNN. 25 December 2025. https://edition.cnn.com/2025/12/24/americas/honduras-presidential-election-results-latam-intl. 
  67. ↑ Stanley, Ruth (2006). "Predatory States. Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America/When States Kill. Latin America, the U.S., and Technologies of Terror". Journal of Third World Studies. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200610/ai_n17195860. 
  68. ↑ Hogg, Jonas (11 October 2006). "Exiled professor advocates equality, democracy". http://www.kstatecollegian.com/2006/10/11/exiled-professor-advocates-equality-democracy/. 
  69. ↑ "Country report: Paraguay". http://www.rabobank.com/content/images/Paraguay-201101_tcm43-105909.pdf. 
  70. ↑ "PARAGUAY: Mixed Results for Lugo's First 100 Days – IPS". Ipsnews.net. 25 November 2008. http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=44857. 
  71. ↑ "2012: Transformationsindex". http://www.bti-project.org/countryreports/lac/pry/2012/#chap10. 
  72. ↑ "The boy and the bishop". The Economist. 30 April 2009. https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2009/04/30/the-boy-and-the-bishop. 
  73. ↑ "The Bishop of the Poor: Paraguay's New President Fernando Lugo Ends 62 Years of Conservative Rule". Democracynow.org. http://www.democracynow.org/2008/8/19/inauguration_of_paraguays_new_president_fernando. 
  74. ↑ IACHR, 23 June 2012, IACHR Expresses Concern over the Ousting of the Paraguayan President
  75. ↑ "Argentina "no convalidará el golpe en Paraguay" mientras que Brasil sugirió que quedaría fuera de la Unasur y el Mercosur" (in es). La Nación. 22 June 2012. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1484357-unasur-y-mercosur-tomaria-medidas-severas-ante-la-remocion-de-lugo. 
  76. ↑ Orsi, Peter (24 June 2012). "Does Paraguay risk pariah status with president's ouster?". Associated Press. https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2012/0624/Does-Paraguay-risk-pariah-status-with-president-s-ouster. 
  77. ↑ "Paraguay suspended from Mercosur". The Guardian. 29 June 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/30/paraguay-suspended-mercosur. 
  78. ↑ "Federico Franco: un médico liberal 'enemigo' de Chávez al frente de Paraguay" (in es). 20 minutos. EFE. 23 June 2012. https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1519229/0/franco/nuevo-presidente-paraguay/perfil/. 
  79. ↑ "Un médico y conservador asciende a la presidencia" (in es). La Nación. AFP. 23 June 2012. https://www.nacion.com/el-mundo/un-medico-y-conservador-asciende-a-la-presidencia/AQN4V5PD2BCCPDHSIYGWQVZT44/story/. 
  80. ↑ "Horacio Cartes: Millionaire. Criminal. Business titan. Homophobe. The next president of Paraguay?". The Independent. 19 April 2013. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/horacio-cartes-millionaire-criminal-business-titan-homophobe-the-next-president-of-paraguay-8580851.html. 
  81. ↑ Romero, Simon (31 March 2017). "Protests Erupt in Paraguay Over Efforts to Extend President's Term". The New York Times: p. A9. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/31/world/americas/paraguay-protests-horacio-cartes.html. 
  82. ↑ "'A coup has been carried out': Paraguay's congress set alight after vote to let president run again". The Guardian (London). 1 April 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/01/paraguays-congress-set-on-fire-after-vote-to-let-president-run-again. 
  83. ↑ Desantis, Daniela (1 April 2017). "A protester was killed in Paraguay after a secret Senate vote for a constitutional amendment". The Independent (London). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/protester-killed-paraguay-rodrigo-quintana-asuncion-horacio-cartes-a7662106.html. 
  84. ↑ "Mario Abdo Benítez wins Paraguay's presidential election". BBC News. 23 April 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43861104. 
  85. ↑ Al Jazeera Staff. "Santiago Peña takes office as Paraguay's president with pro-Taiwan message" (in en). Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/15/santiago-pena-takes-office-as-paraguays-president-with-pro-taiwan-message. 
  86. ↑ Oliver Stuenkel (June 8, 2016). "Peru: Kuczynski victory is part of a broader political shift in the region". Post Western World. http://www.postwesternworld.com/2016/06/08/kuczynski-broader-political/. 
  87. ↑ "ONPE – Elecciones Generales 2016: Resultados Presidenciales". https://resultadoselecciones2016.onpe.gob.pe/PRPCP2016/Resumen-GeneralPresidencial.html#posicion. 
  88. ↑ "Peru's Congress prepares to oust President Kuczynski" (in en-US). The Japan Times. 2017-12-17. ISSN 0447-5763. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/12/17/world/politics-diplomacy-world/perus-congress-prepares-oust-president-kuczynski/. 
  89. ↑ "Peru Odebrecht scandal: President Kuczynski faces impeachment". BBC. 15 December 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42374771. 
  90. ↑ "Lawmakers who helped Peru president survive impeachment bid say democracy won". https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/lawmakers-who-helped-peru-president-survive-impeachment-bid-say-democracy-won/50000262-3474525. 
  91. ↑ Aquino, Marco; Rochabrun, Marcelo (6 June 2021). "Peru's Castillo says there is 'hope' as razor-thin margin keeps country on edge". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peruvians-head-polls-elect-president-divided-by-class-geography-2021-06-06/. 
  92. ↑ "Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru". BBC. 19 July 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402. 
  93. ↑ Buschschlüter, Vanessa (8 December 2022). "Pedro Castillo: Peru's leader ousted over 'rebellion attempt'". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-63899457. 
  94. ↑ "A onda conservadora". Livraria Cultura. https://www.livrariacultura.com.br/p/livros/historia/a-onda-conservadora-46284567. 
  95. ↑ "Brasil levará ao menos 50 anos para se livrar da massificação que o PT criou na educação universitária". Jornal Opção. 24 September 2016. https://www.jornalopcao.com.br/entrevistas/brasil-levara-ao-menos-50-anos-para-se-livrar-da-massificacao-que-o-pt-criou-na-educacao-universitaria-75943/. 

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