Social:Conservative wave

From HandWiki
Short description: Political phenomenon in Latin America
Sebastián Piñera from Chile (left) and Mauricio Macri from Argentina (right)

The conservative wave (Portuguese: onda conservadora; Spanish: ola conservadora), or blue tide (Portuguese: maré azul; Spanish: marea azul), was a right-wing political phenomenon that occurred in the mid-2010s to the early 2020s in Latin America as a direct reaction to the pink tide.

After a decade of left-wing governments, they suffered their first major electoral losses. In Argentina , Mauricio Macri (liberal-conservative, center-right) succeeded Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (Peronist) in 2015. In Brazil , the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff, a socialist, resulted in her departure and the rise of Vice President Michel Temer to power in 2016, and later in 2018 to that of far-right congressman Jair Bolsonaro, who became President of Brazil. The researcher on Latin America Mariana Llanos, however, considers it incorrect to "lump Macri, Pinera and Bolsonaro together."[1] In Peru, the conservative economist Pedro Pablo Kuczynski succeeded Ollanta Humala, a socialist and left-wing nationalist who is considered to have shifted towards neoliberal policies and the political centre during his presidency. In Chile , the conservative Sebastián Piñera succeeded Michelle Bachelet, a social democrat, in 2018 in the same transition that occurred in 2010. In Bolivia, the conservative Jeanine Áñez succeeded Evo Morales amid the 2019 Bolivian political crisis. In Ecuador, the centre-right conservative banker Guillermo Lasso succeeded the deeply unpopular Lenín Moreno, a former leftist who shifted rightward and distanced himself from his predecessor, Rafael Correa; in doing so, Lasso became the first right-wing President of Ecuador in 14 years.[2]

In the late 2010s and early 2020s, the conservative wave began to decline following left-wing victories,[3][4] starting with the 2018 Mexican general election, the 2019 Argentine general election and the 2020 Bolivian general election, and later the 2021 Peruvian general election, 2021 Chilean presidential election, 2021 Honduran general election,[5][6] the 2022 Colombian presidential election, which resulted in the first left-wing president in the country's history,[7][8] and the 2022 Brazilian general election,[9] in which former leftist president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who had his political rights restored, defeated Bolsonaro.[10][11] However, right-wing libertarian Javier Milei won the 2023 Argentine presidential election, defeating Peronist Sergio Massa.[12]

By country

Argentina

Argentinian former president Mauricio Macri (2015–2019) alongside the Chilean president Sebastián Piñera (2010–2014, 2018–2022). Both represent moderate conservative figures.

In Argentina , the election of Mauricio Macri of the centre-right in November 2015 as President of Argentina brought a right-wing government to power, although the populist movements of Peronism and Kirchnerism, which are tied to its leader Cristina Fernández de Kirchner's popularity,[13] initially remained somewhat strong.[14] Macri, a former engineer and Buenos Aires mayor, cut energy subsidies, ended currency controls, and started other reforms that allowed Argentina to win back the favour of international financial markets.[citation needed] In October 2017, Macri established a more firm hold on power when many candidates of his Cambiemos party enjoyed victories in the 2017 Argentine legislative election.[15]

In the 2019 Argentine presidential election, Macri lost to the left-leaning Alberto Fernández, who was sworn into office in December 2019.[16] However, right-wing libertarian Javier Milei won the 2023 Argentine presidential election, defeating Peronist Sergio Massa.[12]

Brazil

In Brazil , a conservative wave began roughly around the time Dilma Rousseff won the 2014 Brazilian presidential election in a tight election, kicking off the fourth term of the Workers' Party in the highest position of government.[17] According to political analyst of the Inter-Union Department of Parliamentary Advice, Antônio Augusto de Queiroz, the National Congress of Brazil elected in 2014 may be considered the most conservative since the re-democratization movement, citing an increase in the number of parliamentarians linked to more conservative segments, such as ruralists, the military of Brazil, police of Brazil, and religious conservatives. The subsequent economic crisis of 2015 and investigations of corruption scandals led to a right-wing movement that sought to rescue ideas from economic liberalism and conservatism in opposition to left-wing politics. At the same time, young liberals such as those that make up the Free Brazil Movement emerged among many others. For José Manoel Montanha da Silveira Soares, within a single real generation there may be several generations that he called "differentiated and antagonistic". For him, it is not the common birth date that marks a generation, though it matters, but rather the historical moment in which they live in common. In this case, the historical moment was the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff. They can be called the "post-Dilma generation".[18]

Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro with President Donald Trump in the White House, March 2019

Centrist interim President Michel Temer took office following the impeachment of Rousseff. Temer held 3% approval ratings in October 2017,[19] facing a corruption scandal after accusations for obstructing justice and racketeering were placed against him.[20] He managed to avoid trial thanks to the support of the right-wing parties in the National Congress.[19][20] On the other hand, President of the Senate, Renan Calheiros, who was acknowledged as one of the key figures behind Rousseff's destitution and member of the centrist Brazilian Democratic Movement, was himself removed from office after facing embezzlement charges.[21]

Far-right candidate Jair Bolsonaro of the Social Liberal Party was the winner of the 2018 Brazilian presidential election followed by left-wing former mayor of São Paulo, Fernando Haddad, of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's Workers' Party.[22] Lula was banned to run after being convicted on criminal corruption charges and being imprisoned.[23][24][25] Bolsonaro would later lose to Lula in the 2022 Brazilian presidential election after his political rights were restored, becoming the first sitting president to lose a bid for a second term since the possibility of reelection for an immediately consecutive term became permitted by a constitutional amendment.[26][27]

Ecuador

President Guillermo Lasso (2021–2023)

In Ecuador, the policies and legacy of left-wing former President Rafael Correa is controversial. His successor, Lenín Moreno, was elected in the 2017 Ecuadorian general election defeating conservative banker Guillermo Lasso;[28] a recount was needed amid allegations of fraud.[29][30] The presidency of Moreno was also seen as controversial due to his shift to the centre and neoliberal policies, overseeing controversial austerity measures in petroleum which sparked the 2019 Ecuadorian protests and his mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ecuador.[31]

In the 2021 Ecuadorian general election, Lasso announced his third presidential campaign and eventually advanced to the run-off by a narrow second-place finish.[32] The election was noted as it saw Lasso, a conservative banker against socialist economist and Correa ally Andrés Arauz.[33] Arauz was seen as the front-runner for the run-off election with him leading in several polls two weeks prior to the election.[34][35] In the April run-off, Lasso managed to defeat Arauz in what some media called an upset victory after winning 52.4% of the vote, while Arauz won 47.6% of the vote.[36][37]

During the 2023 general election that took place to replace Lasso as president, businessman and former National Assembly member Daniel Noboa was elected to the presidency.[38] His political ideology has been described as both centrist and centre-right.[39]

Guatemala

In Guatemala, social democratic leader Alvaro Colom of the centre-left National Unity of Hope was elected president in the 2007 Guatemalan general election, being the only modern day leftist president in the country. Colom's successor, right-wing Otto Pérez Molina of the Patriotic Party, was forced to resign his presidency due to popular unrest,[40][41] as well as corruption scandals that ended with his arrest.[42] Following Molina's resignation, right-wing Jimmy Morales was elected into office following the 2015 Guatemalan general election. As of 2018, he was under investigation for illegal financing.[43] Morales successor Alejandro Giammattei also experienced massive popular unrest, resulting in the 2020 Guatemalan protests.

Honduras

Honduran demonstrator holding a banner with a "don't turn left" sign, 2009

In Honduras, Manuel Zelaya's turn to the left during his tenure resulted in the 2009 Honduran coup d'état, which was condemned by the entire region, including the United States. Years later after the coup, Zelaya said his overthrow was the beginning of the "conservative restoration" in Latin America.[44]

After the coup, the next democratically elected president was right-wing Porfirio Lobo Sosa (2010–2014), then right-wing Juan Orlando Hernández of the conservative National Party of Honduras won the 2013 Honduran presidential election over left-wing Xiomara Castro (Zelaya's wife) by a slight margin. Soon after, Hernández reformed the Constitution of Honduras to allow himself to be candidate for immediate reelection (something until then forbidden by Honduran law) and ran as candidate for the 2017 Honduran presidential election in what some observers question as undemocratic, authoritarian-leaning,[45][46] and corrupt.[47][48]

During the election, Hernández' tight self-proclaimed victory over Salvador Nasralla of the opposition alliance, alongside accusations of voter fraud, caused massive riots throughout Honduras. The declaration of a curfew from the country was labeled as illegal by some jurists,[49] and the violent repression of the protests left at least seven dead and dozens injured.[50] Due to the general popular unrest and voter fraud allegations, the Organization of American States requested a new election to no avail.[51][52][53][54]

Castro would eventually win the 2021 Honduran presidential election with Nasralla as her running mate, while Hernández was arrested and extradited on request of the United States for alleged involvement with the illegal narcotics trade.[55][56]

Paraguay

In Paraguay, the conservative, right-wing Colorado Party ruled the country for over sixty years, including the dictatorship of Alfredo Stroessner that lasted thirty-five years, from 1954 to 1989, and was supported by the United States.[57][58]

Paraguay is one of the poorest countries of South America and lest developed countries according to the Human Development Index. This dominant-party system was temporarily broken in the 2008 Paraguayan general election, when practically the entire opposition united in the Patriotic Alliance for Change managed to elect Fernando Lugo, a former Bishop and member of the Christian Democratic Party, as President of Paraguay. Lugo's government was praised for its social reforms, including investments in low-income housing,[59] the introduction of free treatment in public hospitals,[60][61] the introduction of cash transfers for Paraguay's most impoverished citizens,[62] and indigenous rights.[63] Nevertheless, Lugo did not finish his period as he was impeached, despite enjoying very high approval ratings and popularity. The impeachment of Lugo was rejected by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights,[64] condemned by both right-wing and left-wing governments,[65][66] and considered a coup d'état by UNASUR and Mercosur, which responded with sanctions and suspensions for Paraguay.[67] Lugo was later elected to the Senate of Paraguay and became President of the Senate. He was replaced by Vice President Federico Franco, who was distanced from Lugo by ideological reasons, opposed to the entry of Venezuela into the Mercosur, and was described as conservative.[68][69]

The country's next democratically elected president after the 2013 Paraguayan general election, right-wing Horacio Cartes of the Colorado Party, described by human rights organizations as authoritarian and homophobic,[70] attempted to reform the Constitution of Paraguay to allow himself to be re-elected indefinitely, which caused popular uproar and the 2017 Paraguayan crisis.[71][72][73] He served until 2018, and his successor following the 2018 Paraguayan general election was fellow conservative Mario Abdo Benítez.[74]

Peru

In Peru, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski won the 2016 Peruvian presidential election, with Peru becoming yet another country that departed from a centre-left government.[75] In this election, the third candidate with major support was leftist candidate Verónika Mendoza of the Broad Front with 18% of votes.[76] Following corruption investigations surrounding Odebrecht, the Congress of the Republic of Peru demanded Kuczynski to defend himself in a session, with Marcelo Odebrecht stating that Kuczynski's involvement with the company was legal compared to the illegalities performed by his leftist predecessor.[77] Due to the corruption scandal, the first impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski was started,[78] but voted against by a slight margin in Congress.[79]

After the Kenjivideos scandal in which videos were leaked to the public showing bribery from the Fujimorists to keep Kuczynski in office, Kuczyinski resigned on his own. Kuczynski's successor, centrist Martin Vizcarra, changed policies. Amid the 2019 Peruvian constitutional crisis, he dissolved Congress on 30 September, which angered Fujimorists. In the 2020 Peruvian parliamentary election, the main opposition parties Peruvian Aprista Party and Popular Force lost the majority in congress. The removal of Martín Vizcarra began after accuses of corruption. Many centrists and leftists were angry, as the conservative Manuel Merino took power in his place. This led to the 2020 Peruvian protests, and Merino resigned from office. Centrist Francisco Sagasti succeeded him. In the days leading to the run-off of the 2021 Peruvian presidential election, conservative candidate Keiko Fujimori had a slight lead in the polls over socialist candidate Pedro Castillo.[80] On 19 July, Castillo was declared the winner in a close and highly contested election.[81]

Reception

In Brazil

On the political changes that were happening in the country, a collection of twenty essays organized by Felipe Demier and Rejane Hoeveler, titled The Conservative Wave – Essays on the Current Dark Times in Brazil, was launched in 2016. In the synopsis, it is emphasized the rootedness of reactionary thinking and practices in Brazilian state powers and Brazilian society in multiple dimensions as well as the challenges that the left will have to face. Many Brazilians who support Jair Bolsonaro's government believe that the Workers' Party and rampant corruption in Brazil are to blame for difficulties in the economy.[82][83]

Head of the states and governments

Presidents

Below are right-wing and centre-right presidents who have held office in Latin America since 2010. Jeanine Áñez was sworn in by those present in the senate without a required quorum during the 2019 Bolivian political crisis, and has been convicted, indicated with ‡.

  • ArgentinaMauricio Macri2015–2019

     Argentina
    Mauricio Macri
    2015–2019

  • ArgentinaJavier Milei 2023–present

     Argentina
    Javier Milei
    2023–present

  • BoliviaJeanine Áñez‡2019–2020

     Bolivia
    Jeanine Áñez‡
    2019–2020

  • BrazilJair Bolsonaro2019–2022

     Brazil
    Jair Bolsonaro
    2019–2022

  • ChileSebastián Piñera 2010–20142018–2022

     Chile
    Sebastián Piñera
    2010–2014
    2018–2022

  • ColombiaAlvaro Uribe 2002–2010

     Colombia
    Alvaro Uribe
    2002–2010

  • ColombiaJuan Manuel Santos 2010–2018

     Colombia
    Juan Manuel Santos
    2010–2018

  • ColombiaIván Duque 2018–2022

     Colombia
    Iván Duque
    2018–2022

  • Costa RicaRodrigo Chaves Robles2022–present

     Costa Rica
    Rodrigo Chaves Robles
    2022–present

  • EcuadorGuillermo Lasso 2021–2023

     Ecuador
    Guillermo Lasso
    2021–2023

  • EcuadorDaniel Noboa 2023–present

     Ecuador
    Daniel Noboa
    2023–present

  • El SalvadorNayib Bukele 2019–present

     El Salvador
    Nayib Bukele
    2019–present

  • GuatemalaOtto Pérez Molina2012–2015

     Guatemala
    Otto Pérez Molina
    2012–2015

  • GuatemalaAlejandro Maldonado2015–2016

     Guatemala
    Alejandro Maldonado
    2015–2016

  • GuatemalaJimmy Morales2016–2020

     Guatemala
    Jimmy Morales
    2016–2020

  • GuatemalaAlejandro Giammattei2020–present

     Guatemala
    Alejandro Giammattei
    2020–2024

  • HondurasPorfirio Lobo Sosa2010–2014

     Honduras
    Porfirio Lobo Sosa
    2010–2014

  • HondurasJuan Orlando Hernández2014–2022

     Honduras
    Juan Orlando Hernández
    2014–2022

  • MexicoVicente Fox 2000–2006

     Mexico
    Vicente Fox
    2000-2006

  • MexicoFelipe Calderón 2006–2012

     Mexico
    Felipe Calderón
    2006-2012

  • MexicoEnrique Peña Nieto 2012–2018

     Mexico
    Enrique Peña Nieto
    2012–2018

  • PanamaJuan Carlos Varela*2014–2019

     Panama
    Juan Carlos Varela*
    2014–2019

  • ParaguayFederico Franco2012–2013

     Paraguay
    Federico Franco
    2012–2013

  • ParaguayHoracio Cartes2013–2018

     Paraguay
    Horacio Cartes
    2013–2018

  • ParaguayMario Abdo Benítez2018–2023

     Paraguay
    Mario Abdo Benítez
    2018–2023

  • ParaguaySantiago Peña* 2023–present

     Paraguay
    Santiago Peña*
    2023–present

  • PeruPedro Pablo Kuczynski2016–2018

     Peru
    Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
    2016–2018

  • PeruManuel Merino2020

     Peru
    Manuel Merino
    2020

  • UruguayLuis Alberto Lacalle Pou2020–present

     Uruguay
    Luis Alberto Lacalle Pou
    2020–present

Disputed conservative wave leaders

The following right-wing and centre-right presidents and prime ministers are sometimes included as part of the conservative wave and sometimes excluded, either because the countries they lead are in the broader Latin America and the Caribbean region but are not technically part of Latin America or the leaders in question do not necessarily fit under the definition of the conservative wave.

  • BahamasHubert Minnis2017–2021

     Bahamas
    Hubert Minnis
    2017–2021

  • BrazilMichel Temer2016–2018

     Brazil
    Michel Temer
    2016–2018

  • Costa RicaLaura Chinchilla2010–2014

     Costa Rica
    Laura Chinchilla
    2010–2014

  • GrenadaKeith Mitchell1995–20082013–2022

     Grenada
    Keith Mitchell
    1995–2008
    2013–2022

  • HaitiMichel Martelly2011–2016

     Haiti
    Michel Martelly
    2011–2016

  • HaitiJovenel Moïse2017–2021

     Haiti
    Jovenel Moïse
    2017–2021

  • JamaicaAndrew Holness2011–20122016–present

     Jamaica
    Andrew Holness
    2011–2012
    2016–present

  • Saint LuciaAllen Chastanet2016–2021

     Saint Lucia
    Allen Chastanet
    2016–2021

Timeline

  • Note: the timeline actually begins before the start of the wave in order to represent graphically the increase of conservative governments along the years.

<timeline> ImageSize = width:1200 height:auto barincrement:25 PlotArea = left:100 bottom:60 top:0 right:10 Alignbars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2002 till:31/03/2024 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy Colors = 

 id:centerright  value:skyblue               legend:Centre-right
 id:right      value:blue                    legend:Right

Legend = orientation:horizontal position:bottom ScaleMajor = increment:5 start:2002 ScaleMinor = increment:1 start:2002 BarData = 

 bar:arg   text:"Argentina"
 bar:bol   text:"Bolivia"
 bar:bra   text:"Brazil"
 bar:chi   text:"Chile"
 bar:col   text:"Colombia" 
 bar:crc   text:"Costa Rica"
 bar:ecu   text:"Ecuador"
 bar:sav   text:"El Salvador"
 bar:gua   text:"Guatemala"
 bar:hon   text:"Honduras"
 bar:mex   text:"Mexico"
 bar:nic   text:"Nicaragua"
 bar:pan   text:"Panama"
 bar:par   text:"Paraguay"
 bar:per   text:"Peru"
 bar:uru   text:"Uruguay"

PlotData = 

 width:16 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)
 bar:arg       from:02/01/2002 till:25/05/2003 color:centerright     text:"Duhalde"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:arg       from:10/12/2015 till:10/12/2019 color:centerright     text:"Macri"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:arg       from:10/12/2023 till:29/02/2024 color:right           text:"Milei"   textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bra       from:01/01/2002 till:31/12/2002 color:centerright     text:"Cardoso"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bra       from:01/01/2019 till:31/12/2022 color:right    text:"Bolsonaro"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bol       from:01/01/2002 till:06/08/2002 color:centerright     text:"JQ"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bol       from:06/08/2002 till:17/10/2003 color:centerright     text:"Sánchez"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bol       from:12/11/2019 till:08/11/2020 color:right     text:"Áñez"  textcolor:black  mark:(line,white)
 bar:bol       from:12/11/2019 till:08/11/2020 color:white width:3     # political crisis - Añez has been convicted as an unconstitutional de facto president like Maduro, so the style of Maduro in pink tide is applied here.
 bar:chi       from:11/03/2010 till:11/03/2014 color:centerright     text:"Piñera"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:chi       from:11/03/2018 till:11/03/2022 color:centerright     text:"Piñera"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:col       from:01/01/2002 till:07/08/2002 color:centerright     text:"Pas"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:col       from:07/08/2002 till:07/08/2010 color:right     text:"Uribe"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:col       from:07/08/2010 till:07/08/2018 color:centerright     text:"Santos"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:col       from:07/08/2018 till:07/08/2022 color:right     text:"Duque"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:crc       from:08/05/2002 till:08/05/2006 color:centerright     text:"Pacheco"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white) 
 bar:crc       from:08/05/2022 till:31/03/2024 color:centerright     text:"Chaves Robles"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:ecu       from:01/01/2002 till:15/01/2003 color:centerright     text:"Noboa"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:ecu       from:24/05/2021 till:23/11/2023 color:centerright     text:"Lasso"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:ecu       from:23/11/2023 till:31/03/2024 color:centerright     text:"Noboa"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:sav       from:01/01/2002 till:01/06/2004 color:right    text:"Flores"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:sav       from:01/06/2004 till:01/06/2009 color:right     text:"Saca"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:sav       from:01/06/2019 till:31/03/2024 color:right     text:"Bukele"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:01/01/2002 till:14/07/2004 color:right     text:"Portillo"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:14/07/2004 till:14/01/2008 color:right     text:"Berger"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:14/01/2012 till:03/09/2015 color:right     text:"Pérez Molina"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:03/09/2015 till:14/01/2016 color:right     text:"AM"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:14/01/2016 till:14/01/2020 color:right     text:"Morales"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:gua       from:14/01/2020 till:14/01/2024 color:right     text:"Giammattei"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:hon       from:27/01/2002 till:27/01/2006 color:right     text:"Maduro"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:hon       from:27/01/2010 till:27/01/2014 color:right     text:"Lobo Sosa"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:hon       from:27/01/2014 till:27/01/2022 color:right     text:"Hernández"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:mex       from:01/01/2002 till:30/11/2006 color:right     text:"Fox"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:mex       from:01/12/2006 till:30/11/2012 color:right     text:"Calderón"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:mex       from:01/12/2012 till:30/11/2018 color:centerright     text:"Peña Nieto"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:nic       from:10/01/2002 till:10/01/2007 color:centerright     text:"Bolaños"    textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:pan       from:01/01/2002 till:01/09/2004 color:centerright     text:"Moscoso"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:pan       from:01/07/2009 till:01/07/2014 color:centerright     text:"Martinelli"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:pan       from:01/07/2014 till:01/07/2019 color:centerright     text:"Varela"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white) 
 bar:par       from:15/08/2018 till:15/08/2023 color:centerright   text:"Benítez"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:par       from:15/08/2023 till:31/03/2024 color:right   text:"Peña"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:par       from:15/08/2013 till:15/08/2018 color:right   text:"Cartes"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:par       from:01/01/2002 till:15/08/2003 color:right   text:"González Macchi"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:par       from:22/06/2012 till:15/08/2013 color:right   text:"Franco"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:per       from:28/07/2016 till:23/03/2018 color:centerright   text:"Kuczynski"  textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:per       from:10/11/2020 till:15/11/2020 color:right   text:"MM"  textcolor:white 
 bar:uru       from:01/01/2002 till:01/03/2005 color:centerright   text:"Batlle Ibáñez" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)
 bar:uru       from:01/03/2020 till:31/03/2024 color:centerright   text:"Lacalle Pou" textcolor:white  mark:(line,white)

</timeline> AM = Alejandro Maldonado
MM = Manuel Merino
JQ = Jorge Quiroga

See also

References

  1. ↑ Ospina, Jose (28 October 2018). "Is there a right-wing surge in South America?". DW. https://www.dw.com/en/is-there-a-right-wing-surge-in-south-america/a-45874897. 
  2. ↑ "Lasso inaugurated as first right-wing Ecuador president in 14 years". 24 May 2021. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20210524-lasso-inaugurated-as-first-right-wing-ecuador-president-in-14-years. 
  3. ↑ Araujo, Gabriel; Vargas, Carlos; Woodford, Isabel (22 June 2022). "Latin America's new 'pink tide' gains pace as Colombia shifts left; Brazil up next". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-americas-new-pink-tide-gains-pace-colombia-shifts-left-brazil-up-next-2022-06-22/. 
  4. ↑ Garavito, Tatiana; Thanki, Nathan (23 June 2022). "Colombia's shift to the left: A new 'pink tide' in Latin America?". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2022/6/23/colombias-shift-to-the-left-a-new-pink-tide-in-latin-america. 
  5. ↑ Aquino, Marco (2021-06-21). "Another pink tide? Latin America's left galvanized by rising star in Peru" (in en). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/another-pink-tide-latin-americas-left-galvanized-by-rising-star-peru-2021-06-21/. 
  6. ↑ Arsenault, Chris (2021-12-14). "How left-wing forces are regaining ground in Latin America". Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/12/14/how-left-wing-forces-are-regaining-ground-in-latin-america. 
  7. ↑ "Leftist Gustavo Petro wins Colombian presidency". Financial Times. 19 June 2022. https://www.ft.com/content/33d30a93-0f48-41ee-9847-4503c79ca7d9. 
  8. ↑ Bocanegra, Nelson; Griffin, Oliver; Vargas, Carlos (19 June 2022). "Colombia elects former guerrilla Petro as first leftist president". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/colombians-head-polls-tightest-election-recent-memory-2022-06-19/. 
  9. ↑ Grattan, Steven (31 October 2022). "Latin America's 'pink tide' leaders congratulate Brazil's Lula on election win". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/latin-americas-pink-tide-leaders-congratulate-brazils-lula-election-win-2022-10-31/. 
  10. ↑ Rocha, Camilo (30 October 2022). "Lula da Silva will return to Brazil's presidency in stunning comeback". https://www.cnn.com/2022/10/30/americas/brazil-election-lula-da-silva-wins-intl/index.html. 
  11. ↑ "Lula's leftist triumph: Is this Latin America's second 'pink tide'?". Agence France-Presse. 31 October 2022. https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20221031-lula-s-leftist-triumph-is-this-latin-america-s-second-pink-tide. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Argentina elections: Political outsider Javier Milei wins presidency". November 19, 2023. https://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2023/11/19/Argentina-election-results/7111700432487/. 
  13. ↑ Argentina's Ex-President Wants Everyone to Know She's Not Scared of Corruption Probes – VICE News, 14 April 2016.
  14. ↑ Noel, Andrea (29 December 2015). "The Year the 'Pink Tide' Turned: Latin America in 2015 | VICE News". VICE News. https://news.vice.com/article/the-year-the-pink-tide-turned-latin-america-in-2015. 
  15. ↑ "Macri's coalition sweeps Argentina's mid-term vote". CNBC. 23 October 2017. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/23/macris-coalition-sweeps-argentinas-mid-term-vote.html. 
  16. ↑ "'We're back': Alberto Fernández sworn in as Argentina shifts to the left" (in en). The Guardian (Buenos Aires: Reuters). 2019-12-10. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/10/argentina-alberto-fernandez-inauguration. 
  17. ↑ Boulos, Guilherme. Onda Conservadora. https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:fhDXDYBqEFcJ:scholar.google.com/+onda+conservadora&hl=pt-BR&lr=lang_pt&as_sdt=0,5. Retrieved 11 October 2017. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  18. ↑ Montanha da Silveira Soares, José Manoel (2017). "A onda conservadora: ensaios sobre os atuais tempos sombrios no Brasil". Revista Em Pauta 15 (39). doi:10.12957/rep.2017.30390. ISSN 2238-3786. http://www.e-publicacoes.uerj.br/index.php/revistaempauta/article/view/30390. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Phillips, Don (17 October 2017). "Accused of corruption, popularity near zero – why is Temer still Brazil's president?". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/oct/17/accused-of-graft-popularity-near-zero-so-why-is-brazils-president-still-in-office. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Watson, Kay. "Brazil's President Temer avoids corruption trial". BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-41755666. 
  21. ↑ "Brazil's Senate president ousted over embezzlement charges". The Guardian. 6 December 2016. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/dec/06/brazil-senate-president-ousted-embezzlement-renan-calheiros. 
  22. ↑ "Lula lidera, e Bolsonaro se consolida em 2º, aponta Datafolha". Poder. December 2, 2017. http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2017/12/1940171-lula-lidera-e-bolsonaro-se-consolida-em-2-aponta-datafolha.shtml. 
  23. ↑ Rapoza, Kenneth (21 September 2016). "Lula's 'Clear Conscience' And Brazil's Inability To Explain Petrobras Scandal". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenrapoza/2016/09/21/lulas-clear-conscious-and-brazils-inability-to-explain-petrobras/#26f4b43c3d55. Retrieved 28 September 2016. 
  24. ↑ Fonseca, Alana; Gimenes, Erick; Kaniak, Thais; Dionísio, Bibiana (12 July 2017). "Lula é condenado na Lava Jato no caso do triplex" (in pt). G1. https://g1.globo.com/pr/parana/noticia/lula-e-condenado-na-lava-jato-no-caso-do-triplex.ghtml. 
  25. ↑ "Urgente: Lula É Condenado Por Unanimidade Pelo TRF-4". 24 January 2018. https://www.oantagonista.com/brasil/urgente-lula-e-condenado-por-unanimidade-pelo-trf-4/. 
  26. ↑ "World leaders congratulate Lula on election victory". Deutsche Welle. 30 October 2022. https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-presidential-election-lula-set-to-become-new-president-live-updates/a-63596512. 
  27. ↑ Nugent, Clara (31 October 2022). "Lula Narrowly Wins Brazil's High-Stakes Election, Ending Bolsonaro's Far-Right Presidency". Time. https://time.com/6226302/lula-wins-brazil-election-defeats-bolsonaro/. Retrieved 31 October 2022. 
  28. ↑ "Guillermo Lasso refuses to concede in Ecuador election". https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/guillermo-lasso-ecuador-election-170403214814759.html. 
  29. ↑ Euan McKirdy and Rafael Romo (3 April 2017). "Ruling party candidate claims win in Ecuadorian vote, rival vows challenge". http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/03/americas/ecuador-national-elections/index.html. 
  30. ↑ Zapata, Belen (18 April 2021). "Ángel Polibio Córdova: En el exit poll de las elecciones de 2017 Cedatos no se equivocó" (in Spanish). El Universo. https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/politica/angel-polibio-cordova-en-el-exit-poll-de-las-elecciones-de-2017-cedatos-no-se-equivoco-nota/. 
  31. ↑ "Desgaste institucional en el ocaso de las funciones". https://www.expreso.ec/actualidad/desgaste-institucional-ocaso-funciones-100942.html. 
  32. ↑ "Leftist Arauz, conservative Lasso advance to Ecuador presidential run-off". Buenos Aires Times. 22 February 2021. https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/latin-america/eftist-arauz-conservative-lasso-advance-to-ecuador-presidential-run-off.phtml. 
  33. ↑ "Who Is Andrés Arauz, Rafael Correa's Pick to Lead Ecuador?". Americas Quarterly. 26 October 2020. https://www.americasquarterly.org/article/andres-arauz-correa-proxy-or-new-leadership-for-ecuador/. 
  34. ↑ "Ecuador's Likely Next President, Andrés Arauz, Talks to Jacobin". Jacobin Magazine. 20 February 2021. https://www.jacobinmag.com/2021/02/andres-arauz-ecuador-elections. 
  35. ↑ "According to 14 of 17 polls, Arauz will beat Lasso in the ballot next Sunday in Ecuador". Grupo La Provincia. https://www.grupolaprovincia.com/internacionales/segun-14-de-17-sondeos-arauz-vencera-a-lasso-en-el-balotaje-del-proximo-domingo-en-ecuador-692359. 
  36. ↑ Dube, Ryan (11 April 2021). "Ecuador's Guillermo Lasso Wins Presidential Election". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/ecuadors-guillermo-lasso-wins-presidential-election-11618195085. 
  37. ↑ "Ecuador goes with conservative banker in presidential vote". Associated Press. 11 April 2021. https://apnews.com/article/public-health-rafael-correa-health-south-america-coronavirus-pandemic-fb947b78c70ac225c0982a76d44063f3. 
  38. ↑ "Ecuador elects centre-right business heir Daniel Noboa as president". Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/f4c3f997-2c4c-44f3-b656-57af3a5ac308. Retrieved 16 October 2023. 
  39. ↑ "Daniel Noboa, candidato presidencial: Se pueden hacer las reformas base el primer año, y luego la persona que esté sentada ahí, que seguro seré yo, puede buscar la reelección" (in es). El Universo. 8 June 2023. https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/politica/daniel-noboa-candidato-presidencial-se-pueden-hacer-las-reformas-base-el-primer-ano-y-luego-la-persona-que-este-sentada-ahi-que-seguro-sere-yo-puede-buscar-la-reeleccion-nota/. Retrieved 21 August 2023. 
  40. ↑ Malkin, Elisabeth; Ahmed, Azam (1 September 2015). "President Otto Pérez Molina Is Stripped of Immunity in Guatemala". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/09/02/world/americas/guatemala-votes-to-strip-its-president-of-immunity.html. 
  41. ↑ "Guatemala President Resigns Amid Corruption Probe". The New York Times. Associated Press. 3 September 2015. https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/09/03/world/americas/ap-lt-guatemala-political-crisis.html. 
  42. ↑ Romo, Rafael; Botelho, Greg (3 September 2015). "Otto Pérez Molina out as Guatemala's President, jailed". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2015/09/03/americas/guatemala-president-arrest-warrant/index.html. 
  43. ↑ "Presidente de Guatemala llega a la mitad de su mandato acechado por la corrupción". La Nación. https://www.nacion.com/el-mundo/politica/presidente-de-guatemala-llega-a-la-mitad-de-su/IJHCFTAHYJEQLK5BRQKEEBKGMA/story/. 
  44. ↑ Luzzani, Telma (22 May 2017). "La restauración conservadora comenzó con mi derrocamiento" (in es). Página/12. https://www.pagina12.com.ar/39228-la-restauracion-conservadora-comenzo-con-mi-derrocamiento. 
  45. ↑ Galeana, Fernando (2017). "Honduran Elections and the Resurfacing Of Authoritarianism". Committee on US-Latin America relations. https://cuslar.org/2017/10/25/honduran-elections-and-the-resurfacing-of-authoritarianism/. 
  46. ↑ "Eight years after a coup, a heated election in Honduras". The Economist. Apr 12, 2017. https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21720653-presidents-bid-second-term-alarms-democrats-eight-years-after-coup-heated. 
  47. ↑ Frank, Dana (January 25, 2014). "Frank: Hernández's election was built on corruption". Chron. http://www.chron.com/opinion/outlook/article/Frank-Hern-ndez-s-election-was-built-on-5174987.php. 
  48. ↑ "Juan Orlando Hernández – the man who should resign". New Internationalist. 6 July 2015. https://newint.org/features/web-exclusive/2015/07/06/juan-orlando-hernandez-should-resign. 
  49. ↑ Camila Parodi, Nadia Fink, Julieta Lopresto, and Laura Salomé Canteros (2 December 2017). "Honduras: Mesa Nacional de Derechos Humanos denuncia asesinatos y detenciones tras protestas por fraude electoral" (in es). El Ciudadano. http://www.elciudadano.cl/portada/honduras-mesa-nacional-de-derechos-humanos-denuncia-asesinatos-y-detenciones/12/02/. 
  50. ↑ "Honduras: posible fraude, muertos y mucha tensión" (in es). EFE. Tegucigalpa: ABC Color. 2 December 2017. http://www.abc.com.py/internacionales/honduras-posible-fraude-muertos-y-mucha-tension-1654877.html. 
  51. ↑ Main, Alexander; McCurdy, Daniel. "The U.S. Double Standard on Elections in Latin America and the Caribbean". NACLA. https://nacla.org/news/2011/12/22/us-double-standard-elections-latin-america-and-caribbean. 
  52. ↑ Malkin, Elisabeth (17 December 2017). "Honduran President Declared Winner, but O.A.S. Calls for New Election". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/17/world/americas/honduran-presidential-election.html. 
  53. ↑ Gómez, Carlos Eduardo (2017). "OAS: "SERIOUS QUESTIONS REMAIN OVER HONDURAS ELECTION"". Latin American Post. http://www.latinamericanpost.com/index.php/politics-latam/18645-oas-serious-questions-remain-over-honduras-election. 
  54. ↑ "Clashes in Honduras after OAS says president vote win is illegitimate". Reuters. 2017. http://www.carswelllegalsolutions.com/news/news-id-50414. 
  55. ↑ "Xiomara Castro Edges Closer to Honduran Presidency as Opponent Concedes". The New York Times. The Associated Press. 1 December 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/30/world/americas/honduras-election-castro.html. 
  56. ↑ Brigida, Anna Catherine; Sieff, Kevin; Sheridan, Mary Beth; Chaoul, Alejandra Ibarra (21 April 2022). "Honduras ex-president Juan Orlando Hernández extradited to U.S.". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/04/21/honduras-president-hernandez-extradited/. 
  57. ↑ Stanley, Ruth (2006). "Predatory States. Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America/When States Kill. Latin America, the U.S., and Technologies of Terror". Journal of Third World Studies. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200610/ai_n17195860. 
  58. ↑ Hogg, Jonas (11 October 2006). "Exiled professor advocates equality, democracy". http://www.kstatecollegian.com/2006/10/11/exiled-professor-advocates-equality-democracy/. 
  59. ↑ http://www.rabobank.com/content/images/Paraguay-201101_tcm43-105909.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  60. ↑ "PARAGUAY: Mixed Results for Lugo's First 100 Days – IPS". Ipsnews.net. 25 November 2008. http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=44857. 
  61. ↑ "2012: Transformationsindex". http://www.bti-project.org/countryreports/lac/pry/2012/#chap10. 
  62. ↑ "The boy and the bishop". The Economist. 30 April 2009. http://www.economist.com/node/13579202?story_id=13579202. 
  63. ↑ "The Bishop of the Poor: Paraguay's New President Fernando Lugo Ends 62 Years of Conservative Rule". Democracynow.org. http://www.democracynow.org/2008/8/19/inauguration_of_paraguays_new_president_fernando. 
  64. ↑ IACHR, 23 June 2012, IACHR Expresses Concern over the Ousting of the Paraguayan President
  65. ↑ "Argentina "no convalidará el golpe en Paraguay" mientras que Brasil sugirió que quedaría fuera de la Unasur y el Mercosur" (in es). La Nación. 22 June 2012. http://www.lanacion.com.ar/1484357-unasur-y-mercosur-tomaria-medidas-severas-ante-la-remocion-de-lugo. 
  66. ↑ Orsi, Peter (24 June 2012). "Does Paraguay risk pariah status with president's ouster?". Associated Press. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2012/0624/Does-Paraguay-risk-pariah-status-with-president-s-ouster. 
  67. ↑ "Paraguay suspended from Mercosur". The Guardian. 29 June 2012. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jun/30/paraguay-suspended-mercosur. 
  68. ↑ "Federico Franco: un médico liberal 'enemigo' de Chávez al frente de Paraguay" (in es). 20 minutos. EFE. 23 June 2012. https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1519229/0/franco/nuevo-presidente-paraguay/perfil/. 
  69. ↑ "Un médico y conservador asciende a la presidencia" (in es). La Nación. AFP. 23 June 2012. https://www.nacion.com/el-mundo/un-medico-y-conservador-asciende-a-la-presidencia/AQN4V5PD2BCCPDHSIYGWQVZT44/story/. 
  70. ↑ "Horacio Cartes: Millionaire. Criminal. Business titan. Homophobe. The next president of Paraguay?". The Independent. 19 April 2013. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/horacio-cartes-millionaire-criminal-business-titan-homophobe-the-next-president-of-paraguay-8580851.html. 
  71. ↑ Romero, Simon (31 March 2017). "Protests Erupt in Paraguay Over Efforts to Extend President's Term". The New York Times: p. A9. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/31/world/americas/paraguay-protests-horacio-cartes.html. 
  72. ↑ "'A coup has been carried out': Paraguay's congress set alight after vote to let president run again". The Guardian (London). 1 April 2017. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/01/paraguays-congress-set-on-fire-after-vote-to-let-president-run-again. 
  73. ↑ Desantis, Daniela (1 April 2017). "A protester was killed in Paraguay after a secret Senate vote for a constitutional amendment". The Independent (London). https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/protester-killed-paraguay-rodrigo-quintana-asuncion-horacio-cartes-a7662106.html. 
  74. ↑ "Mario Abdo Benítez wins Paraguay's presidential election". BBC News. 23 April 2018. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-43861104. 
  75. ↑ Oliver Stuenkel (June 8, 2016). "Peru: Kuczynski victory is part of a broader political shift in the region". Post Western World. http://www.postwesternworld.com/2016/06/08/kuczynski-broader-political/. 
  76. ↑ "ONPE – ELECCIONES GENERALES 2016: RESULTADOS PRESIDENCIALES". https://resultadoselecciones2016.onpe.gob.pe/PRPCP2016/Resumen-GeneralPresidencial.html#posicion. 
  77. ↑ "Peru's Congress prepares to oust President Kuczynski" (in en-US). The Japan Times. 2017-12-17. ISSN 0447-5763. https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2017/12/17/world/politics-diplomacy-world/perus-congress-prepares-oust-president-kuczynski/. 
  78. ↑ "Peru Odebrecht scandal: President Kuczynski faces impeachment". BBC. 15 December 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42374771. 
  79. ↑ "Lawmakers who helped Peru president survive impeachment bid say democracy won". https://www.efe.com/efe/english/world/lawmakers-who-helped-peru-president-survive-impeachment-bid-say-democracy-won/50000262-3474525. 
  80. ↑ Aquino, Marco; Rochabrun, Marcelo (6 June 2021). "Peru's Castillo says there is 'hope' as razor-thin margin keeps country on edge". Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/peruvians-head-polls-elect-president-divided-by-class-geography-2021-06-06/. 
  81. ↑ "Pedro Castillo declared president-elect of Peru". BBC. 19 July 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-57897402. 
  82. ↑ "A onda conservadora". Livraria Cultura. https://www.livrariacultura.com.br/p/livros/historia/a-onda-conservadora-46284567. 
  83. ↑ "Brasil levará ao menos 50 anos para se livrar da massificação que o PT criou na educação universitária". Jornal Opção. 24 September 2016. https://www.jornalopcao.com.br/entrevistas/brasil-levara-ao-menos-50-anos-para-se-livrar-da-massificacao-que-o-pt-criou-na-educacao-universitaria-75943/. 



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Social:Conservative_wave&oldid=3303980"