Social:Pontic Scythian language
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Short description: Extinct Scythian language
| Pontic Scythian | |
|---|---|
| Old Scythian[1] | |
| Native to | Scythia, Scythia Minor |
| Region | Central Asia, West Asia, Eastern Europe |
| Ethnicity | Scythians |
| Era | 6th-1st centuries BC?[1] |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | xsc |
xsc | |
| Glottolog | None |
.png) The approximate distribution of Eastern Iranic languages and peoples in 100 BC appears in green. | |
Template:Contain special characters Pontic Scythian was a Scythian language formerly spoken in western Asia and eastern Europe between the 6th and 1st centuries BC by the Scythians.
Phonology
The Pontic Scythian language possessed the following phonemes:[2]
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | iː | u | uː |
| Mid | eː | oː | ||
| Open | a | aː | ||
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | Glottal | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | b | t | d (earliest) | k | ɡ | ||||||||||
| Affricate | t͡s | t͡ʃ | d͡ʒ | |||||||||||||
| Fricative | f | θ | ð (earlier) | s | z | ʃ | ʒ | x | xʷ | h | ||||||
| Sonorant | m | l (later) | n | r | j | (ŋ) | w | |||||||||
This article uses cursive theta ⟨ϑ⟩ to denote the Scythian voiceless dental fricative (IPA /θ/), and regular theta ⟨θ⟩ to denote the Greek aspirated, voiceless dental plosive (IPA /tʰ/).
The western dialects of the Scythian languages had experienced an evolution of the Proto-Iranic sound /d/ into the Proto-Scythian sound /ð/, which in the Cimmerian and Pontic dialects of Scythian became the sound /l/. Scythian shares the evolution of Proto-Iranic sound /d/ into /ð/ with all Eastern Iranic languages with the exception of Ossetian, Yaghnobi, and Ishkashimi; and the later evolution of /ð/ into /l/ is also present in several Eastern Iranic languages such as Bactrian, Pashto, Munjani, and Yidgha.[3][2]
Corpus
Personal names
The primary sources for Scythian words remain the Scythian toponyms, tribal names, and numerous personal names in the ancient Greek texts and in the Greek inscriptions found in the Greek colonies on the Northern Black Sea Coast. These names suggest that the Sarmatian language had close similarities to modern Ossetian.[4]
Recorded Scythian personal names include:
| Name | Attested forms | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| *Aryapaiϑah | Ancient Greek: Ἀριαπείθης, romanized: Ariapeíthēs | Composed of:[5][6][7][8][9][10]
|
| *Hiϑāmϑrauša | Ancient Greek: Ἰδάνθυρσος, romanized: Idánthursos | Meaning "prospering the ally." Composed of:[11]
|
| *Hupāyā | Ancient Greek: Ὀποίη, romanized: Opoíē | Composed of:[6]
|
| *Pālaka | Ancient Greek: Πάλακος, romanized: Pálakos | From an earlier form *Pāδaka after the evolution of Proto-Iranic /d/ to Proto-Scythian /δ/ to Scythian /l/. Means "tall-legged" and "long-legged." Composed of:[12][13]
|
| *Pr̥tatavah | Akkadian: 𒁹𒁇𒋫𒌅𒀀, romanized: Bartatua or Partatua[14] Ancient Greek: Προτοθύες, romanized: Protothúes |
Means "who is mighty in battle." Composed of:[15][16][17]
|
*Pr̥ϑutavah
| ||
| *Skilura | Ancient Greek: Σκίλουρος, romanized: Skílouros | From an earlier form *Skiδura after the evolution of Proto-Iranic /d/ to Proto-Scythian /δ/ to Scythian /l/. Means "sharp" and "victorious."[12] |
| *Skula | Ancient Greek: Σκύλης, romanized: Skúlēs | From the Scythian endonym *Skula, itself a later dialectal form of *Skuδa resulting from a sound change from /δ/ to /l/.[18] |
| *Spakayah | Akkadian: 𒁹𒅖𒉺𒅗𒀀𒀀, romanized: Išpakāya[19] | Hypocoristic derivation from the word *spakah, meaning "dog."[20][21][9] |
| *Spargapaiϑah | Ancient Greek: Σπαργαπείθης, romanized: Spargapeíthēs | Composed of:[6][22][9][10]
|
| *Tigratavā | Ancient Greek: Τιργαταὼ, romanized: Tirgataṑ
| |
| *Uxtamazatā | Ancient Greek: Ὀκταμασάδης, romanized: Oktamasádēs | Means "possessing greatness through his words." Composed of:[6]
|
| *Varika | Ancient Greek: Ὄρικος, romanized: Órikos | Hypocorostic derivation from the word *vari-, meaning "chest armour, armour." Compare with Avestan Template:Script/Avestan (vaⁱri-), Template:Script/Avestan (uuari-) "chest armour."[6] |
Tribal names
Recorded Scythian tribal names include:
| Name | Attested forms | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| *Haxāϑrauša | Ancient Greek: Ἀγάθυρσοι, romanized: Agáthursoi | Means "prospering the friend/socius." Composed of:[11]
|
| *Skuδa[23][24] | Akkadian: 𒅖𒆪𒍝𒀀𒀀, romanized: Iškuzaya
Ancient Greek: Σκύθαι, romanized: Skúthai |
*Skuδa, the Scythian endonym,[23][24]
From the Proto-Indo-European root *skewd-, itself meaning lit. shooter, archer, whence also English "shoot".[25] |
| *Skula | Ancient Greek: Σκόλοτοι, romanized: Skólotoi[26][2] | Later form of *Skuδa resulting from the evolution of Proto-Scythian /δ/ into Scythian /l/.[23] |
| *Paralāta | Ancient Greek: Παραλάται, romanized: Paralátai[26][2] | Cognate with Young Avestan Template:Script/Avestan (Paraδāta), meaning "placed at the front."[9] |
Place names
Some scholars believe that many toponyms and hydronyms of the Russian and Ukrainian steppe have Scythian links. For example, Vasmer associates the name of the river Don with an assumed/reconstructed unattested Scythian word *dānu "water, river", and with Avestan dānu-, Pashto dand and Ossetian don.[27] The river names Don, Donets, Dnieper, Danube, and Dniester, and lake Donuzlav (the deepest one in Crimea) may also belong with the same word-group.[28]
Recorded Scythian place names include:
| Name | Attested forms | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| *Baurustāna | Ancient Greek: Βορυσθένης, romanized: Borusthénēs | Means "place of beavers." Composed of:[29]
|
| *Pantikapa | Ancient Greek: Παντικάπαιον, romanized: Pantikápaion
| |
| *Rahā | Ancient Greek: Ῥᾶ, romanized: Rhâ | Means "wetness." Compare with Avestan Template:Script/Avestan (raŋhā) and Vedic Sanskrit रसा (rasā́).[30] |
| *Varu | Ancient Greek: Ὄαρος, romanized: Óaros | Means "broad."[31] |
Herodotus' Scythian etymologies
The Greek historian Herodotus provides another source of Scythian; he reports that the Scythians called the Amazons Oiorpata, and explains the name as a compound of oior, meaning "man", and pata, meaning "to kill" (Hist. 4,110).
- Most scholars associate oior "man" with Avestan vīra- "man, hero", Sanskrit vīra-, Latin vir (gen. virī) "man, hero, husband",[32] PIE *wiHrós. Various explanations account for pata "kill":
- Persian pat- "(to) kill", patxuste "killed";[33]
- Sogdian pt- "(to) kill", ptgawsty "killed";[34]
- Ossetian fædyn "cleave", Sanskrit pātayati "fell", PIE *peth₂- "fall".[35]
- Avestan paiti- "lord", Sanskrit páti, PIE *pótis, cf. Lat. potestate (i.e. "man-ruler");[36]
- Ossetian maryn "kill", Pashto mrəl, Sanskrit mārayati, PIE *mer- "die" (confusion of Greek Μ and Π);[37]
- Alternatively, one scholar suggests Iranic aiwa- "one" + warah- "breast",[38] the Amazons believed to have removed a breast to aid drawing a bow, according to some ancient folklorists, and as reflected in Greek folk-etymology: a- (privative) + mazos, "without breast".
Elsewhere Herodotus explains the name of the mythical one-eyed tribe Arimaspoi as a compound of the Scythian words arima, meaning "one", and spu, meaning "eye" (Hist. 4,27).
- Some scholars connect arima "one" with Ossetian ærmæst "only", Avestic airime "quiet", Greek erēmos "empty", PIE *h₁(e)rh₁mo-?, and spu "eye" with Avestic spas- "foretell", Sanskrit spaś-, PIE *speḱ- "see".[39]
- However, Iranic usually expresses "one" and "eye" with words like aiwa- and čašman- (Ossetian īw and cæst).
- Other scholars reject Herodotus' etymology and derive the ethnonym Arimaspoi from Iranic aspa- "horse" instead.[40]
- Or the first part of the name may reflect something like Iranic raiwant- "rich", cf. Ossetian riwæ "rich".[41]
Scythian theonyms
| Name | Attested forms | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| *Tapatī́ | Ancient Greek: Ταβιτί, romanized: Tabití
| |
| *Api | Ancient Greek: Ἀπί, romanized: Apí
|
Related to Avestan Template:Script/Avestan (api), "water."[43] |
| *Targī̆tavah | Ancient Greek: Ταργιτάος, romanized: Targitáos | Means "possessing the might of the goddess Tarkā." Composed of:[45]
|
| Ancient Greek: Ἀρτίμπασα, romanized: Artímpasa | Composed of:[43]
| |
| *Apatura | Ancient Greek: Ἀπάτουρος, romanized: Apátouros | Means "swift water." Composed of:[46]
|
| *Gaiϑāsūra | Ancient Greek: Γοιτόσυρος, romanized: Goitósuros | Composed of:[9]
|
Ancient Greek: Θαγιμασάδας, romanized: Thagimasádas
|
Composed of:
| |
| *Lipoxšayah | Ancient Greek: Λιπόξαϊς, romanized: Lipóxaïs | From an earlier form [*Δipoxšayah] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 2: Δ) (help) after the evolution of Proto-Iranic /d/ to Proto-Scythian /δ/ to Scythian /l/. Means "king of radiance" and "king of heaven." Composed of:[48]
|
| *R̥buxšayah | Ancient Greek: Ἀρπόξαϊς, romanized: Arpóxaïs | Means "king of the airspace." Composed of:[49]
|
| *Kolaxšayah | Ancient Greek: Κολάξαϊς, romanized: Koláxaïs Latin: Colaxes |
From an earlier form *Kauδaxšayah after the evolution of Proto-Iranic /d/ to Proto-Scythian /δ/ to Scythian /l/. Means "axe-wielding king," where the axe also has the meaning of "sceptre," as well as "blacksmith king," in the sense of "ruling king of the lower world." Composed of:[50]
|
Pliny the Elder
Pliny the Elder's Natural History (AD 77–79) derives the name of the Caucasus from the Scythian kroy-khasis = ice-shining, white with snow (cf. Greek cryos = ice-cold).
Aristophanes
In the comedy works of Aristophanes, the dialects of various Greek people are accurately imitated. In his Thesmophoriazusae, a Scythian archer (a member of a police force in Athens) speaks broken Greek, consistently omitting the final -s (-ς) and -n (ν), using the lenis in place of the aspirate, and once using ks (ξ) in place of s (sigma); these may be used to elucidate the Scythian languages.[51]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Scythian". LINGUIST List. http://www.multitree.org/codes/xsc.html.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Novák 2013, p. 10.
- ↑ Ivantchik 1999a, p. 156-158.
- ↑ Lincoln, Bruce (2014). "Once again 'the Scythian' myth of origins (Herodotus 4.5–10)". Nordlit 33: 19–34. doi:10.7557/13.3188.
- ↑ Hinz 1975, p. 40.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Schmitt 2003.
- ↑ Tokhtasyev 2005b, p. 306, Footnote 118..
- ↑ Kullanda & Raevskiy 2004, p. 92.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Schmitt 2018a.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Schmitt 2011.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Schwartz & Manaster Ramer 2019, p. 359-360.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kullanda & Raevskiy 2004, p. 93.
- ↑ Tokhtasyev 2005a, p. 88.
- ↑ Ivantchik 1999b, pp. 508–509: "Though Madyes himself is not mentioned in Akkadian texts, his father, the Scythian king Par-ta-tu-a, whose identification with Προτοθύης of Herodotus is certain."
- ↑ Bukharin 2011, p. 63.
- ↑ Kullanda & Raevskiy 2004, p. 94.
- ↑ Melikov 2016, p. 78-80.
- ↑ Ivantchik 2018.
- ↑ "Išpakaia [CHIEFTAIN OF THE SCYTHIANS (RN)"]. University of Pennsylvania. http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/riao/cbd/qpn/x00033830.html.
- ↑ Ivantchik 2005, p. 188.
- ↑ Schmitt 2009, p. 93–94.
- ↑ Schmitt 2018b.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Tokhtasyev 2005a, p. 68-84.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Tokhtasyev 2005b, p. 296.
- ↑ Szemerényi 1980, p. 20-21.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Witczak 1999, p. 52-53.
- ↑ M. Vasmer, Untersuchungen über die ältesten Wohnsitze der Slaven. Die Iranier in Südrußland, Leipzig 1923, 74.
- ↑ Kretschmer, Paul (1935). "Zum Balkan-Skythischen". Glotta 24 (1–2): 1–56 [7–56].
- ↑ Kullanda 2013, p. 39-41.
- ↑ Brunner, C. J. (1986). "ARANG". https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/arang-river. "Middle Persian Arang/Arag renders Avestan Raŋhā, which is cognate with the Scythian name Rhâ (*Rahā) transmitted by Ptolemy"
- ↑ Harmatta 1999, p. 129.
- ↑ "Vir – the Latin Dictionary". http://latindictionary.wikidot.com/noun:vir.
- ↑ Gharib, B. (1995). Sogdian Dictionary, Sogdian-Persian-English. Tehran, Iran: Farhangan Publications. p. 376. ISBN 964-5558-06-9.
- ↑ Gharib, B. (1995). Sogdian Dictionary, Sogdian-Persian-English. Tehran, Iran: Farhangan Publications. p. 376. ISBN 964-5558-06-9.
- ↑ L. Zgusta, "Skythisch οἰόρπατα «ἀνδροκτόνοι»", Annali dell’Istituto Universario Orientale di Napoli 1 (1959) pp. 151–156.
- ↑ Vasmer, Die Iranier in Südrußland, 1923, 15.
- ↑ V.I. Abaev, Osetinskij jazyk i fol’klor, Moscow / Leningrad 1949, vol. 1, 172, 176, 188.
- ↑ Hinge 2005, pp. 94–98
- ↑ J. Marquart, Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Eran, Göttingen 1905, 90–92; Vasmer, Die Iranier in Südrußland, 1923, 12; H.H. Schaeder, Iranica. I: Das Auge des Königs, Berlin 1934, 16–19.
- ↑ W. Tomaschek, "Kritik der ältesten Nachrichten über den skythischen Norden", Sitzungsberichte der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften 116 (1888), 715–780, here: 761; K. Müllenhoff, Deutsche Altertumskunde, Berlin 1893, vol. 3, 305–306; R. Grousset, L’empire des steppes, Paris 1941, 37 n. 3; I. Lebedensky, Les Scythes. La civilisation des steppes (VIIe-IIIe siècles av. J.-C.), Paris 2001, 93.
- ↑ Hinge 2005, pp. 89–94
- ↑ Cheung, Johnny (2007). Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 378–379. ISBN 978-9-004-15496-4.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Ustinova 1999, p. 67-128.
- ↑ Raevskiy 1993, p. 17-18.
- ↑ Tokhtasyev 2013.
- ↑ Ustinova 1999, p. 29-66.
- ↑ Herzfeld, Ernst (1947). Zoroaster and His World. 2. Princeton University Press. p. 516. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56772.
- ↑ Bukharin 2013, p. 29-31.
- ↑ Bukharin 2013, p. 31-32.
- ↑ Bukharin 2013, p. 48-52.
- ↑ Donaldson, John William (1844) (in en). Varronianus: A Critical and Historical Introduction to the Philological Study of the Latin Language. J. and J. J. Deighton. p. 32. https://archive.org/details/varronianusacri00donagoog.
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