Social:Right-wing dictatorship
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Short description: Authoritarian regime
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A right-wing dictatorship, sometimes also referred to as a rightist dictatorship is an authoritarian or sometimes totalitarian regime following right-wing policies. Right-wing dictatorships are typically characterized by appeals to traditionalism, the protection of law and order and often the advocacy of nationalism, and justify their rise to power based on a need to uphold a conservative status quo. Examples of right-wing dictatorships may include anti-communist (including pro-Western) ones, such as Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy, Estado Novo, Francoist Spain, the Chilean Junta, the Greek Junta, the Brazilian military dictatorship, the Argentine Junta (or National Reorganization Process), Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek, Indonesia's New Order regime by Suharto, Cuba under Fulgencio Batista, in South Korea when it was led by Syngman Rhee, Park Chung Hee, and Chun Doo-hwan, a number of military dictatorships in Latin America during the Cold War,[1] and those that agitate anti-Western sentiments, such as Russia under Vladimir Putin.
Characteristics of a right-wing dictatorship
Military dictatorship
In the most common Western view, the perfect example of a right-wing dictatorship is any of those that once ruled in South America.[according to whom?] Those regimes were predominantly military juntas and most of them collapsed in the 1980s. Communist countries, which were very cautious about not revealing their authoritarian methods of rule to the public, were usually led by civilian governments and officers taking power were not much welcomed there. Few exceptions include the Burmese Way to Socialism (Burma, 1966–1988), the Military Council of National Salvation (People's Republic of Poland, 1981–1983) or the North Korean regime's evolution throughout the rule of Kim Il Sung.
Religion and the government
Many right-wing regimes kept strong ties with local clerical establishments. This policy of a strong Church-state alliance is often referred to as Clerical fascism. Pro-Catholic dictatorships included the Estado Novo (1933–1974) and the Federal State of Austria (1934–1938). Many of those are/were led by spiritual leaders, such as the Slovak Republic under the Reverend Josef Tiso. Some right-wing dictatorships, like Nazi Germany, were openly hostile to certain religions.[2]
Right-wing dictatorships by region
The authoritarian politics of several countries can range from parties and movements on the center-right to the far-right, including some that are difficult to define. The degree of authoritarianism can also vary.
Cases supported by various sources and definitions will be presented below:
Europe
The existence of right-wing dictatorships in Europe are largely associated with the rise of fascism. The conditions created by World War I and its aftermath gave way both to revolutionary socialism and reactionary politics. Fascism arose as part of the reaction to the socialist movement, in attempt to recreate a perceived status quo ante bellum.[3] Right-wing dictatorships in Europe were mostly destroyed with the Allied victory in World War II, although some continued to exist in Southern Europe until the 1970s.
- List of European right-wing dictatorships
| Country | Historical name(s) | Movement(s) | Years of rule | Dictator(s) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Albania |
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Ahmed Zogu / Zog I[4] | |||||||||
 Austria |
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Fatherland Front |
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 Bulgaria |
Kingdom of Bulgaria |
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 Estonia |
Republic of Estonia[9] |
Patriotic League | 1934–1940 | Konstantin Päts | |||||||||
 France |
French State[10][11][12] |
Révolution nationale | 1940–1944 | ||||||||||
 Germany |
[need quotation to verify][15][16][17] | [18][19] |
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 Greece |
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 Hungary |
 Kingdom of Hungary |
Unity Party | 1920–1944 | Miklós Horthy[31] | |||||||||
 Italy |
Template:Country data Fascist Italy (1922–1943)Kingdom of Italy[32][33] | National Fascist Party[34][35] | 1922–1943 | Benito Mussolini[36][37] | |||||||||
 Latvia |
Republic of Latvia |
Latvian Farmers' Union[citation needed] (disbanded after coup) al|url=http://www.lituanus.org/1971/71_3_03.htm%7Ctitle=The Emergence of an Authoritarian Regime in Latvia, 1932-1934|first=Janis|last=Rogainis|journal=Lithuanian Quarterly Journal of Arts and Sciences|volume=17|issue=3|date=Fall 1971|access-date=2021-01-12|archive-date=2020-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724094833/http://www.lituanus.org/1971/71_3_03.htm%7Curl-status=dead}}</ref> | |||||||||||
 Lithuania |
Republic of Lithuania[38] |
Lithuanian Nationalist Union[39] | 1926–1940 | Antanas Smetona[40][41] | |||||||||
 Ottoman Empire |
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 Poland |
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Country | Historical name(s) | Movement(s) | Years of rule | Dictator(s) Afghanistan Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
 Azerbaijan Republic of Azerbaijan
 Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh
 Cambodia
 China Empire of China[79] CyprusRepublic of Cyprus Indonesia Republic of Indonesia Iran
 Iraq
 Kazakhstan Republic of Kazakhstan[91][92][93] South Korea
 Laos Kingdom of Laos[104]
 Malaysia Malaysia[105][106] Manchuria, China Manchukuo Myanmar
 Pakistan
 Philippines
 Singapore Republic of Singapore[120] Syria Syrian Republic[121][122] Tajikistan Republic of Tajikistan Thailand Kingdom of Thailand[126][127]
 Turkey
 Turkmenistan Turkmenistan[137]
 Uzbekistan Republic of Uzbekistan[139][140][141]
 Southern Vietnam Republic of Vietnam[142][143][144]
Latin America and the CaribbeanRight-wing dictatorships largely emerged in Central America and the Caribbean during the early 20th century. Sometimes they arose in order to provide concessions to American corporations such as the United Fruit Company, forming regimes that have been described as "banana republics".[145] North American right-wing dictatorships were instrumental in suppressing their countries' labour movements and instituting corporatist economies. During the Cold War, these right-wing dictatorships were characterized by a distinct anti-communist ideology, and often rose to power through US-backed coups. Many of the right-wing dictatorships that existed in South America started a campaign of political repression known as Operation Condor which involved intelligence operations, coups, and assassinations of left-wing sympathizers in South America. Operation Condor formally existed from 1975 to 1983 and it was supported by the United States.
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Country | Historical name(s) | Movement(s) | Years of rule | Dictator(s) Northern Argentina
Argentina
 Bolivia
 Brazil
 Chile
 Colombia Republic of Colombia[170][171]
 Costa Rica Ecuador
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| Template:GRN |  Grenada[179][180][181] |
Grenada United Labour Party | 1974–1979 | Eric Gairy | |||||||||
 Guatemala |
Republic of Guatemala |
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[185][186]
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 Honduras |
Republic of Honduras |
Military with the National Party |
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 Mexico |
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 Panama |
Republic of Panama[192] |
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 Paraguay |
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 Peru |
[194] |
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 Uruguay |
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 Venezuela |
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Military |
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Africa
Africa has experienced several military dictatorships which makes up the majority of right-wing dictatorships that have existed. [211] Dictatorships like the hereditary dictatorship in Togo (especially under Gnassingbé Eyadéma) had strong anti-communist and pro-Western stances which are in contrast to left-wing governments that existed in other African nations around the time.[citation needed]</ref> Regimes like Zaire and Rwanda under Habyarimana have sometimes been called fascist. Zaire featured what their dictator called a "neither right nor left" position but was recognized by historians as a right-wing regime and its state ideology of Mobutism has sometimes been seen as a Third Position ideology.[212][213][214][215][216] Rwanda under Habyarimana has been compared to fascist regimes such as Nazi Germany for their Hutu supremacist policies against the Tutsi's as well as the Rwandan genocide that occurred after the assassination of Habyarimana sometimes being compared to the Holocaust. [citation needed] [217]
- List of African right-wing dictatorships
| Country | Historical name(s) | Movement(s) | Years of rule | Dictator(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Burkina Faso |
Template:Country data Upper Volta Republic of Upper Volta[218] | Military | 1966–1980 | Sangoulé Lamizana |
 Burundi |
Republic of Burundi[219][220] |
National Council for the Defense of Democracy – Forces for the Defense of Democracy |
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 Chad |
Republic of Chad[221][222][223][224] |
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| Template:DRC |  Republic of Zaire[225] |
Military with the Popular Movement of the Revolution | 1965–1997 | Mobutu Sese Seko |
 Egypt |
Arab Republic of Egypt[226][227] |
Nation's Future Party | 2014–present | Abdel Fattah el-Sisi |
 Gabon |
Gabonese Republic[228] |
Gabonese Democratic Party |
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 Gambia |
Republic of the Gambia[231] |
Alliance for Patriotic Reorientation and Construction | 1996–2017 | Yahya Jammeh |
 Guinea |
Republic of Guinea[232][233] |
Military with the Unity and Progress Party | 1984–2008 | Lansana Conté |
 Equatorial Guinea |
Republic of Equatorial Guinea[234] |
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Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo |
 Ivory Coast |
First Republic of Ivory Coast[235] |
Democratic Party of Ivory Coast – African Democratic Rally |
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 Kenya |
Republic of Kenya[236][237] |
Kenya African National Union |
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 Lesotho |
Kingdom of Lesotho[238] |
Basotho National Party | 1970–1986 | Leabua Jonathan |
 Liberia |
Republic of Liberia[239] |
Military with the National Democratic Party of Liberia | 1986–1990 | Samuel Doe |
 Malawi |
Republic of Malawi[240] |
Malawi Congress Party | 1966–1994 | Hastings Banda |
 Mauritania |
Islamic Republic of Mauritania[241][242] |
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 Niger |
Republic of the Niger[243] |
Military with the National Movement for the Society of Development | 1987–1993 | Ali Saibou |
 Rwanda |
 Rwandese Republic[244][245][246] |
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| Template:SAF |  Union of South Africa[248][249] |
National Party | 1948–1994 |
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 Sudan |
Republic of the Sudan[250] |
Military with the National Congress Party | 1989–2019 | Omar al-Bashir |
 Togo |
Togolese Republic[251][252][253][254] |
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 Transkei |
Republic of Transkei[255] |
Transkei National Independence Party | 1979–1986 | Kaiser Matanzima |
 Uganda |
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 Zimbabwe |
 Republic of Rhodesia[259] |
Rhodesian Front | 1964–1979 | Ian Smith |
See also
- Authoritarian capitalism
- Authoritarian conservatism
- Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships
- Military government
- Neoauthoritarianism in China
- Police state
- Operation Condor
Notes
References
- ↑ Bailey, Diane (2 September 2014). Colton, Timothy J.. ed. Dictatorship. Major Forms of World Government. Broomall, Pennsylvania: Mason Crest. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-4222-9455-0. OCLC 1088312521. https://books.google.com/books?id=u2-XDAAAQBAJ.
- ↑ Gottfried, Ted (2001). Heroes of the Holocaust. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 24–25. ISBN 9780761317173. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761317173. Retrieved 14 January 2017. "Some groups that are known to have helped Jews were religious in nature. One of these was the Confessing Church, a Protestant denomination formed in May 1934, the year after Hitler became chancellor of Germany. One of its goals was to repeal the Nazi law "which required that the civil service would be purged of all those who were either Jewish or of partly Jewish descent." Another was to help those "who suffered through repressive laws, or violence". About 7,000 of the 17,000 Protestant clergy in Germany joined the Confessing Church. Much of their work has one unrecognized, but two who will never forget them are Max Krakauer and his wife. Sheltered in sixty-six houses and helped by more than eighty individuals who belonged to the Confessing Church, they owe them their lives. German Catholic churches went out of their way to protect Catholics of Jewish ancestry. More inclusive was the principled stand taken by Catholic Bishop Clemens Count von Galen of Munster. He publicly denounced the Nazi slaughter of Jews and actually succeeded in having the problem halted for a short time. ... Members of the Society of Friends--German Quakers working with organizations of Friends from other countries--were particularly successful in rescuing Jews. ... Jehovah's Witnesses, themselves targeted for concentration camps, also provided help to Jews."
- ↑ The New Fontaena Dictionary of Modern Thought Third Edition, (1999) p. 729.
- ↑ Template:Csref
- ↑ Sygkelos, Yanis (2011). Nationalism from the Left. BRILL. p. 254.
- ↑ S.G. Evans, A Short History of Bulgaria, London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1960, p. 161-170
- ↑ Tsar's Coup Time, 4 February 1935. retrieved 10 August 2008.
- ↑ Balkans and World War I SofiaEcho.com
- ↑ "President Konstantin Päts: How loudly do past memories and emotions speak?". https://eestielu.ca/president-konstantin-pats-how-loudly-do-past-memories-and-emotions-speak/.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Extreme_Right_in_France/EV2KAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT74
- ↑ Stanley G. Payne (1983). Fascism: A Comparative Approach Toward a Definition. U. of Wisconsin Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0-299-08064-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=HvqRDWVyIcEC&pg=PA137. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
- ↑ Kevin Passmore (2013). The Right in France from the Third Republic to Vichy. OUP Oxford. pp. 350–351. ISBN 9780199658206.
- ↑ Jackson, Julian (15 October 2011). "7. The Republic and Vichy". in Edward G. Berenson. The French Republic: History, Values, Debates. Cornell University Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-0801-46064-7. OCLC 940719314. https://books.google.com/books?id=n_eDj7dNMfwC&pg=PA67. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
- ↑ Beigbeder, Yves (29 August 2006). Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions (1940-2005). Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff/Brill. p. 140. ISBN 978-90-474-1070-6. OCLC 1058436580. https://books.google.com/books?id=JEywCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
- ↑ "German Empire | Facts, History, Flag, & Map | Britannica". https://www.britannica.com/place/German-Empire.
- ↑ "German Fatherland Party / 1.0 / Encyclopedic". https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/german_fatherland_party.
- ↑ Shirer 1960, pp. 199–201.
- ↑ Davidson, Eugene (1997). The Making of Adolf Hitler: The Birth and Rise of Nazism. University of Missouri Press. p. 241. ISBN 978-0826211170. https://books.google.com/books?id=JagUZcri3s8C&q=241. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
- ↑ Orlow, Dietrich (2010). The Nazi Party 1919–1945: A Complete History. Enigma Books. p. 29. ISBN 978-0982491195. https://books.google.com/books?id=9a9MRnxtdJgC&q=far+right. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
- ↑ Shirer 1960, pp. 226–227.
- ↑ Overy, Richard (2005). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. London: Penguin Books. p. 63. ISBN 978-0-393-02030-4. https://archive.org/details/dictators00rich.
- ↑ Payne, Stanley G (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–45. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-299-14874-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NLiFIEdI1V4C&q=A+History+of+Fascism+payne.
- ↑ Lee, Stephen J. 2000. European Dictatorships, 1918-1945 Routledge; 2 edition (22 Jun 2000). ISBN 0415230462.
- ↑ Clogg, Richard "The Ideology of the "revolution of 21 April 1967'" p.36-58 from Greece Under Military Rule edited by Richard Clogg & George Yannopoloulos; London: Secker & Warburg, 1971 p.41.
- ↑ Template:Great Military and Naval Encyclopaedia
- ↑ Petrakis, Marina (2006). The Metaxas myth: dictatorship and propaganda in Greece. I.B.Tauris. p. 39. ISBN 1-84511-037-4.
- ↑ Brewer, David (2016). Greece The Decade of War, Occupation, Resistance, and Civil War. I.B. Tauris. p. 49. ISBN 978-1-78076-854-0.
- ↑ Mazower, Mark (1994) [1993]: Inside Hitler's Greece: The Experience of Occupation, 1941-44 (2nd Edition). Alexandria Editions, Athens. ISBN 978-960-221-096-3, p. 45
- ↑ Mark Mazower, Inside Hitler's Greece. The Experience of Occupation, 1941-44.(Greek translation), Athens: Αλεξάνδρεια, 1994(1993),125.
- ↑ Ομάδα Εκπαιδευτικών (14 July 2014). Λεξικό Σύγχρονο της Νεοελληνικής Γλώσσας. Pelekanos Books. p. 141. GGKEY:QD0C0PRDU6Z. https://books.google.com/books?id=Od8CBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA141. "απριλιανοί: οι δικτατορες του 1974"
- ↑ "Hungary declares war on Germany | December 28, 1944". 16 November 2009. https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hungary-declares-war-on-germany.
- ↑ Pauley, Bruce F (2003) Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy, Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc., p. 107.
- ↑ Pauley, Bruce F (2003) Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy, Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc., p. 228.
- ↑ Aristotle A. Kallis, Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945. London, England, UK; New York City, USA: Routledge, 2000. Pp. 41.
- ↑ John Pollard (22 July 2005). The Fascist Experience in Italy. Routledge. p. 116. ISBN 978-1-134-81904-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=mXuJAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116.
- ↑ Lyttelton, Adrian (2009). The Seizure of Power: Fascism in Italy, 1919–1929. New York: Routledge. pp. 75–77. ISBN 978-0-415-55394-0.
- ↑ Moseley, Ray (2004). Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. Taylor Trade. ISBN 978-1-58979-095-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=UmxaWvOL_IgC&pg=PA7. Retrieved 3 June 2020.
- ↑ Vardys, Vytas Stanley; Judith B. Sedaitis (1997). Lithuania: The Rebel Nation. Westview Series on the Post-Soviet Republics. WestviewPress. pp. 34–36. ISBN 0-8133-1839-4. https://archive.org/details/lithuaniarebelna00vard/page/34.
- ↑ Tamošaitis, Mindaugas (27 May 2019). "Lietuvių tautininkų ir respublikonų sąjunga". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija. Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/Lietuviu-tautininku-ir-respublikonu-sajunga-15466.
- ↑ Eidintas, Alfonsas; Žalys, Vytautas; Senn, Alfred Erich (1999). Tuskenis, Edvardas. ed. Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918–1940 (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 117–125. ISBN 0-312-22458-3.
- ↑ Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015). Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940). On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Brill Rodopi. ISBN 9789004302037.
- ↑ Wandycz, Piotr S. (2009). "The Second Republic, 1921-1939". The Polish Review 54 (2): 159–171. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25779809.
- ↑ Crises in Authoritarian Regimes: Fragile Orders and Contested Power. Campus Verlag. 2022. p. 219. ISBN 9783593449685. "... politically, the May Coup was directed against the liberal democracy as the political system that made possible the rule and de facto hegemony of the well-organized nationalist right."
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Women, Communism, and Industrialization in Postwar Poland. Cambridge University Press. 21 June 2010. ISBN 978-0-521-19687-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=RlT4A7xvIA0C&pg=PA30.
- ↑ E. Garrison Walters (1988). The Other Europe: Eastern Europe to 1945. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 9780815624400. "...Piłsudski's domestic policies can be described as conservative and improvisational."
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 The Age of Catastrophe: A History of the West 1914–1945. Yale University Press. 28 September 2015. ISBN 978-0-300-21309-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=0RuDCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA263.
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Decades of Crisis: Central and Eastern Europe before World War II. University of California Press. 15 November 2023. ISBN 978-0-520-92701-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=l2DhEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA316.
- ↑ https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fascism_and_the_Right_in_Europe_1919_194/sGUSBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54
- ↑ Kenez, Peter (1980). "The Ideology of the White Movement". Soviet Studies 32 (32): 58–83. doi:10.1080/09668138008411280.
- ↑ "В Кремле рассказали о правом сдвиге "Единой России"" (in ru). RBK Group. https://www.rbc.ru/politics/23/12/2015/567af0bd9a7947294f286206.
- ↑ Jon Smele (2006) Civil War in Siberia: The Anti-Bolshevik Government of Admiral Kolchak, 1918–1920, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521029074. p.77
- ↑ Mahdawi, Arwa (2 March 2022). "Why does Putin have superfans among the US right wing?". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/mar/01/why-does-putin-have-superfans-among-the-us-right-wing.
- ↑ Kolesnikov, Andrei (19 April 2022). "Authoritarianism to Hybrid Totalitarianism". https://carnegieendowment.org/posts/2022/04/putins-war-has-moved-russia-from-authoritarianism-to-hybrid-totalitarianism?lang=en.
- ↑ "The Fascist, the Axis, and the Communist: The Story of the Forgotten History of San Marino". 3 February 2019. https://onepagestories.home.blog/2019/02/03/the-fascist-the-axis-and-the-communist-the-story-of-the-forgotten-history-of-san-marino/.
- ↑ Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States: 1999, Routledge, 1999, ISBN 1857430581 (page 849)
- ↑ Nielsen, Christian Axboe (2009). "Policing Yugoslavism: Surveillance, Denunciations, and Ideology during King Aleksandar's Dictatorship, 1929–1934". East European Politics and Societies 23 (1): 34–62. doi:10.1177/0888325408326789.
- ↑ Payne, Stanley G. (1996). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 325. ISBN 0299148742. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780299148744.
- ↑ Farley, Brigit, "King Aleksandar and the Royal Dictatorship in Yugoslavia," in Bernd J. Fischer (ed), Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and Authoritarian Rulers of Southeastern Europe (West Lafayette, IN, 2007) (Central European Studies), 51-86.
- ↑ Djokić, Dejan (2011). "'Leader' or 'Devil'? Milan Stojadinović, Prime Minister of Yugoslavia, and his Ideology". in Haynes, Rebecca; Rady, Martyn. In the Shadow of Hitler: Personalities of the Right in Central and Eastern Europe. London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 153–167. ISBN 978-1-84511-697-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=ILRJ2ChennYC.
- ↑ Thomas David DuBois (25 April 2011), Religion and the Making of Modern East Asia, Cambridge University Press, pp. 176–, ISBN 978-1-139-49946-0, https://books.google.com/books?id=7NH4Jeh5QG4C&pg=PA176
- ↑ Berger, Miriam; Basij-Rasikh, Shabana; Pannett, Rachel; Horton, Alex (2021-09-01). "Who is Taliban Supreme Leader Haibatullah Akhundzada?" (in en-US). The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/09/01/taliban-supreme-leader-haibatullah-akhundzada/.
- ↑ George, Susannah (2023-01-10). "Taliban hard-liners consolidate control with crackdown on women" (in en-US). The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/01/10/taliban-hardliners-women-work-universities/.
- ↑ Noack, Rick (2024-09-15). "Taliban begins enforcing new draconian laws, and Afghan women despair". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/09/15/taliban-afghanistan-laws-women-rights/.
- ↑ "Opinion | the Right-Wingers Who Admire the Taliban (Published 2021)". 27 August 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/27/opinion/alt-right-taliban.html.
- ↑ "How the Dictators of Azerbaijan and Turkey Undermine Armenian Democracy". https://hrf.org/latest/how-the-dictators-of-azerbaijan-and-turkey-undermine-armenian-democracy/.
- ↑ "Another Strongman? Masculine Governmentality, Neoliberalism, and Authoritarian Traditionalism in Aliyev's Azerbaijan | Feminism and Gender Democracy" (in en). https://feminism-boell.org/en/2024/11/21/another-strongman-masculine-governmentality-neoliberalism-and-authoritarian. ""Aliyev's authoritarian strategies are a sour blend of anti-feminist and anti-democratic policies, aligning with the prevalent trend of right-wing authoritarianism embodied by the global emergence of "strongmen" like Putin, Erdoğan, Modi, and many others...Since late 2023, the Azerbaijani government has intensified its crackdowns against civil society by arresting a number of journalists, scholars, labour rights and anti-war activists, continuing its periodic repressions. Consequently, today, the number of political prisoners in Azerbaijan is up to 300, the highest it has been since the early 2000s.""
- ↑ "Azerbaijan: Nations in Transit 2023 Country Report" (in en). https://freedomhouse.org/country/azerbaijan/nations-transit/2023. "In 2022, the government of Azerbaijan continued to scale up the authoritarian measures deployed in previous years. The executive branch maintained its consolidated power and demonstrated an unwillingness to conduct real democratic reforms. The national legislature and local municipalities remained powerless and incompetent institutions as they carried out their activities under the directives of the presidential office."
- ↑ "Free, Fair & Regular Elections: Azerbaijan | Democracy Web". https://www.democracyweb.org/study-guide/free-elections/azerbaijan. "While Heydar Aliyev, the ex-Soviet communist party and KGB chief, put in place the basic features of Azerbaijan’s dictatorship, his son Ilham has successfully institutionalized and extended its repressive features."
- ↑ "Azerbaijan's Aliyev lines up with Russia and Trump, admits Georgia interference" (in en). 2024-12-19. https://www.intellinews.com/azerbaijan-s-aliyev-lines-up-with-russia-and-trump-admits-georgia-interference-359218/. ""The interview signalled Aliyev’s alignment with rightwing, illiberal leaders such as Putin and Trump...Aliyev gave a clear nod to emerging global right-wing narratives, underscoring the importance of “traditional values” as a cornerstone of Azerbaijan’s identity and a point of alignment with Russia.""
- ↑ Heitzman, James; Worden, Robert, eds (1989). "Mujib coup". Bangladesh: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 32–36. http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/19.htm.
- ↑ Islam, Syed Serajul (May 1984). "The State in Bangladesh under Zia (1975–81)". Asian Survey (University of California Press) 24 (5): 556–573. doi:10.2307/2644413.
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- ↑ "Ten Years After Coup, the U.S. Still Supports Tyranny in Egypt". https://www.cato.org/commentary/ten-years-after-coup-us-still-supports-tyranny-egypt#.
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- ↑ "Dictator's fall clouds Gabon's future". 5 July 2009. https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-jul-05-adfg-gabon-dictator5-story.html.
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- ↑ Wharton, Barrie (2006). "The Impact and Legacy of Twentieth-century Spanish Colonial Policy on the Socio-political Development of Guinea Ecuatorial". Gefame. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/g/gefame/4761563.0003.102/--impact-and-legacy-of-twentieth-century-spanish-colonial?rgn=main;view=fulltext.
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- ↑ Berman, Bruce J.; Lonsdale, John M. (1998). "The Labors of "Muigwithania:" Jomo Kenyatta as Author, 1928-45". Research in African Literatures 29 (1): 16–42. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3820530.
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- ↑ Liberia under Samuel Doe, 1980–1985: The Politics of Personal Rule. https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781793617873/Liberia-under-Samuel-Doe-1980%E2%80%931985-The-Politics-of-Personal-Rule.
- ↑ Gabay, Clive (2017). "The Radical and Reactionary Politics of Malawi's Hastings Banda". Journal of Southern African Studies 43 (6): 1119–1135. doi:10.1080/03057070.2017.1365525. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26804506.
- ↑ ""Forgotten" black Mauritanian refugees call for justice - Mauritania | ReliefWeb". 27 July 2007. https://reliefweb.int/report/mauritania/forgotten-black-mauritanian-refugees-call-justice.
- ↑ Call, Charles T. (2012). "Mauritania (2008-2010)". Un Mediation and the Politics of Transition After Constitutional Crises: 10–13. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep09640.7.
- ↑ Kisangani, Emizet F. (2012). "The Tuaregs' Rebellions in Mali and Niger and the U.S. Global War on Terror". International Journal on World Peace 29 (1): 59–97. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23266590.
- ↑ Miller, Donald E.; Miller, Lorna Touryan; Miller, Arpi Misha (2020). Becoming Human Again: An Oral History of the Rwanda Genocide against the Tutsi. University of California Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvw1d5vv. ISBN 978-0-520-34378-8. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvw1d5vv.
- ↑ "Development Ideology, the Peasantry and Genocide: Rwanda represented in Habyarimana's speeches". https://gsp.yale.edu/sites/default/files/gs13_-_development_ideology_the_peasantry_and_genocoide_rwanda_represented_in_habyarimanas_speeches.pdf.
- ↑ Ndahiro, Tom (7 August 2024). "Rwanda: The Persistence of the Hutu-Power Movement and Its Implications for Rwanda". The New Times. https://allafrica.com/stories/202408070034.html.
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- ↑ Peter Davies, Derek Lynch (2000). Taylor & Francis. ed. The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right. Taylor & Francis. p. 39,79. ISBN 9781134609529. https://books.google.com/books?id=1-iXGKN1AK4C&dq=South+africa+apartheid+right+wing+dictatorship&pg=PA79.
- ↑ "Omar al-Bashir brutalised Sudan – how his 30-year legacy is playing out today". 25 April 2023. https://theconversation.com/omar-al-bashir-brutalised-sudan-how-his-30-year-legacy-is-playing-out-today-204391.
- ↑ "Togo Slides Toward Authoritarianism with Upcoming Elections". https://www.cfr.org/blog/togo-slides-toward-authoritarianism.
- ↑ "It is confirmed and proven: Togo is a dictatorship". 25 March 2020. https://blogging.africa/democracy/it-is-confirmed-and-proven-togo-is-a-dictatorship.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedadst.org - ↑ "Togo's longtime leader signs a new constitution that eliminates presidential elections". 7 May 2024. https://apnews.com/article/togo-constitution-lawmakers-elections-c13a4d2b5976443a6e493fb5ff21d077.
- ↑ "The Transkei Puppet Show - TIME". http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,918444,00.html.
- ↑ Bhagat, H. (1983). "Rise and Fall of Idi Amin". Economic and Political Weekly 18 (38): 1614–1616. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4372504.
- ↑ Gupta, Anirudha (1972). "African 'Fascism' in Perspective". Economic and Political Weekly 7 (44): 2203–2206. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4361984.
- ↑ "Uganda's Yoweri Museveni, from liberator to dictator – DW – 08/19/2018". https://www.dw.com/en/opinion-ugandas-yoweri-museveni-from-liberator-to-dictator/a-45130141.
- ↑ Unlike many of her second-rate white colleagues on the faculty who have not only buckled under the weight of the Ian Smith fascist dictatorship but also joined it in treason.. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4185496.
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