Software:dir (command)

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Short description: Directory information command on various operating systems

dir
SpartaDOS X prompt.png
The SpartaDOS X DIR command
Developer(s)DEC, DR, Intel, Cromemco, MetaComCo, Microsoft, IBM, Datalight, ICD, Inc.
Operating systemCP/M, MP/M, ISIS-II, iRMX 86, CDOS, TRIPOS, DOS, MSX-DOS, SISNE plus, 4690 OS, PC-MOS, OS/2, Windows, Singularity, ReactOS, AROS, VMS, RT-11, RSX-11, OS/8
PlatformCross-platform
TypeCommand
LicenseCP/M, MP/M: BSD-like
MS-DOS: MIT
PC-MOS: GPL-3.0-only
ReactOS: GPL

In computing, dir (directory) is a command in various computer operating systems used for computer file and directory listing.[1] It is one of the basic commands to help navigate the file system. The command is usually implemented as an internal command in the command-line interpreter (shell). On some systems, a more graphical representation of the directory structure can be displayed using the tree command.

Implementations

Screenshot showing the "Abort, Retry, Fail?" prompt on MS-DOS.

The command is available in the command-line interface (CLI) of the operating systems Digital Research CP/M,[2] MP/M,[3] Intel ISIS-II,[4] iRMX 86,[5] Cromemco CDOS,[6] MetaComCo TRIPOS,[7] DOS, IBM/Toshiba 4690 OS,[8] IBM OS/2,[9] Microsoft Windows,[10] Singularity, Datalight ROM-DOS,[11] ReactOS,[12] GNU,[13] AROS[14] and in the DCL command-line interface used on DEC VMS, RT-11 and RSX-11. It is also supplied with OS/8 as a CUSP (Commonly-Used System Program).

The dir command is supported by Tim Paterson's SCP 86-DOS.[15] On MS-DOS, the command is available in versions 1 and later.[16] It is also available in the open source MS-DOS emulator DOSBox. MS-DOS prompts "Abort, Retry, Fail?" after being commanded to list a directory with no diskette in the drive.

The numerical computing environments MATLAB and GNU Octave include a dir function with similar functionality.[17][18]

Examples

CP/M 3.0 directory listing on a Commodore 128 home computer.
Directory listing on SCP running on a robotron PC 1715.
Directory listing on CP/J 2.21 running on an Elwro 804 Junior.
Microsoft Windows Command Prompt showing a directory listing.

DOS, Windows, ReactOS

List all files and directories in the current working directory.

C:\Users>dir

List any text files and batch files (filename extension ".txt" or ".bat").

C:\Users>dir *.txt *.bat

Recursively list all files and directories in the specified directory and any subdirectories, in wide format, pausing after each screen of output. The directory name is enclosed in double-quotes, to prevent it from being interpreted is as two separate command-line options because it contains a whitespace character.

C:\Users>dir /s /w /p "C:\Users\johndoe\My Documents"

List any NTFS junction points:

C:\Users>dir /ash
Volume in drive C is OS.
Volume Serial Number is xxxx-xxxx
Directory of C:\Users
12/07/2019  02:30 AM    <SYMLINKD>     All Users [C:\ProgramData]
12/07/2019  02:30 AM    <JUNCTION>     Default User [C:\Users\Default]
12/07/2019  02:12 AM               174 desktop.ini
              1 File(s)            174 bytes
              2 Dir(s)  332,659,789,824 bytes free

Unices

dir is not a Unix command; Unix has the analogous ls command instead. The GNU operating system, however, has a dir command that "is equivalent to ls -C -b; that is, by default files are listed in columns, sorted vertically, and special characters are represented by backslash escape sequences".[19] Actually, for compatibility reasons, ls produces device-dependent output. The dir instruction, unlike ls -Cb, produces device-independent output.

See also

References

  1. Rügheimer, Hannes; Spanik, Christian (October 22, 1988). AmigaDOS quick reference. Grand Rapids, Mi : Abacus. ISBN 9781557550491. http://archive.org/details/1988-rugheimer-spanik-amigados-quick-reference. 
  2. "Operating manual". cpm.z80.de. http://www.cpm.z80.de/manuals/cpm22-m.pdf. 
  3. Digital Research (1981-09-25). MP/M-86 Operating System - User's Guide (1 ed.). Pacific Grove, CA, USA: Digital Research. http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/pdf/digitalResearch/mpm-86/MPM-86_Users_Guide_Sep81.pdf. Retrieved 2017-01-04. 
  4. ISIS II Users Guide
  5. iRMX™86 INTRODUCTION AND OPERATOR'S REFERENCE MANUAL For Release 6
  6. CDOS USER'S MANUAL
  7. "Introduction to Tripos". https://www.pagetable.com/docs/amigados_tripos/tripos_manuals.pdf. 
  8. [1][|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  9. "JaTomes Help - OS/2 Commands". http://www.jatomes.com/Help/Os2Cmd.php#DIR. 
  10. "MS-DOS and Windows command line dir command". https://www.computerhope.com/dirhlp.htm. 
  11. "Datalight ROM-DOS User's Guide". https://www.datalight.com/assets/files/ROM-DOS_Users_Guide.pdf. 
  12. "GitHub - reactos/reactos: A free Windows-compatible Operating System". October 22, 2019. https://github.com/reactos/reactos. 
  13. "GNU Coreutils Manual". Free Software Foundation. https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/dir. 
  14. "AROS Research Operating System". http://aros.sourceforge.net/documentation/users/shell/index.php. 
  15. 86-DOS - Disk Operating System for the 8086 - User's Manual (Preliminary ed.). Seattle, Washington, USA: Seattle Computer Products, Inc.. 1980. http://www.patersontech.com/Dos/docs/86_Dos_usr_03.pdf. Retrieved 2019-07-14.  (59 pages)
  16. Running MS-DOS Version 6.22 (20th Anniversary Edition), 6th Revised edition. Microsoft Press. 2003. ISBN 0-7356-1812-7. 
  17. "List folder contents - MATLAB dir". https://www.mathworks.com/help/matlab/ref/dir.html. 
  18. "Function Reference: dir". https://octave.sourceforge.io/octave/function/dir.html. 
  19. dir invocation (GNU coreutils) at www.gnu.org

Further reading

External links