Software:Django (web framework)

From HandWiki
Short description: Python web framework
Django
Django logo.svg
Django 2.1 landing page.png
Original author(s)Adrian Holovaty, Simon Willison
Developer(s)Django Software Foundation[1]
Initial release21 July 2005; 18 years ago (2005-07-21)[2]
Written inPython[1]
Size8.9 MB[3]
TypeWeb framework[1]
License3-clause BSD[4]

Django (/ˈdʒæŋɡoʊ/ JANG-goh; sometimes stylized as django)[5] is a free and open-source, Python-based web framework that runs on a web server. It follows the model–template–views (MTV) architectural pattern.[6][7] It is maintained by the Django Software Foundation (DSF), an independent organization established in the US as a 501(c)(3) non-profit.

Django's primary goal is to ease the creation of complex, database-driven websites. The framework emphasizes reusability and "pluggability" of components, less code, low coupling, rapid development, and the principle of don't repeat yourself.[8] Python is used throughout, even for settings, files, and data models. Django also provides an optional administrative create, read, update and delete interface that is generated dynamically through introspection and configured via admin models.

Some well-known sites that use Django include Instagram,[9] Mozilla,[10] Disqus,[11] Bitbucket,[12] Nextdoor[13] and Clubhouse.[14]

History

Django was created in the autumn of 2003, when the web programmers at the Lawrence Journal-World newspaper, Adrian Holovaty and Simon Willison, began using Python to build applications. Jacob Kaplan-Moss was hired early in Django's development shortly before Simon Willison's internship ended.[15] It was released publicly under a BSD license in July 2005. The framework was named after guitarist Django Reinhardt.[16] Adrian Holovaty is a Romani jazz guitar player inspired in part by Reinhardt's music.[17]

In June 2008, it was announced that a newly formed Django Software Foundation (DSF) would maintain Django in the future.[18]

Features

Components

Screenshot of the Django admin interface for modifying a user account

Despite having its own nomenclature, such as naming the callable objects generating the HTTP responses "views",[6] the core Django framework can be seen as an MVC architecture.[7] It consists of an object-relational mapper (ORM) that mediates between data models (defined as Python classes) and a relational database ("Model"), a system for processing HTTP requests with a web templating system ("View"), and a regular-expression-based URL dispatcher ("Controller").

Also included in the core framework are:

  • a lightweight and standalone web server for development and testing
  • a form serialization and validation system that can translate between HTML forms and values suitable for storage in the database
  • a template system that utilizes the concept of inheritance borrowed from object-oriented programming
  • a caching framework that can use any of several cache methods
  • support for middleware classes that can intervene at various stages of request processing and carry out custom functions
  • an internal dispatcher system that allows components of an application to communicate events to each other via pre-defined signals
  • an internationalization system, including translations of Django's own components into a variety of languages
  • a serialization system that can produce and read XML and/or JSON representations of Django model instances
  • a system for extending the capabilities of the template engine
  • an interface to Python's built-in unit test framework

Bundled applications

The main Django distribution also bundles a number of applications in its "contrib" package, including:

  • an extensible authentication system
  • the dynamic administrative interface
  • tools for generating RSS and Atom syndication feeds
  • a "Sites" framework that allows one Django installation to run multiple websites, each with their own content and applications
  • tools for generating Google Sitemaps
  • built-in mitigation for cross-site request forgery, cross-site scripting, SQL injection, password cracking and other typical web attacks, most of them turned on by default[19][20]
  • a framework for creating GIS applications

Extensibility

Django's configuration system allows third party code to be plugged into a regular project, provided that it follows the reusable app[21] conventions. More than 5000 packages[22] are available to extend the framework's original behavior, providing solutions to issues the original tool didn't tackle: registration, search, API provision and consumption, CMS, etc.

This extensibility is, however, mitigated by internal components' dependencies. While the Django philosophy implies loose coupling,[23] the template filters and tags assume one engine implementation, and both the auth and admin bundled applications require the use of the internal ORM. None of these filters or bundled apps are mandatory to run a Django project, but reusable apps tend to depend on them, encouraging developers to keep using the official stack in order to benefit fully from the apps ecosystem.

Server arrangements

Django can be run in conjunction with Apache, Nginx using WSGI, Gunicorn, or Cherokee using flup (a Python module).[24][25] Django also includes the ability to launch a FastCGI server, enabling use behind any web server which supports FastCGI, such as Lighttpd or Hiawatha. It is also possible to use other WSGI-compliant web servers.[26] Django officially supports five database backends: PostgreSQL, MySQL, MariaDB, SQLite, and Oracle.[27] Microsoft SQL Server can be used with django-mssql while similarly external backends exist for IBM Db2,[28] SQL Anywhere[29] and Firebird.[30] There is a fork named django-nonrel, which supports NoSQL databases, such as MongoDB and Google App Engine's Datastore.[31]

Django may also be run in conjunction with Jython on any Java EE application server such as GlassFish or JBoss. In this case django-jython must be installed in order to provide JDBC drivers for database connectivity, which also can provide functionality to compile Django in to a .war suitable for deployment.[32]

Version history

The Django team will occasionally designate certain releases to be "long-term support" (LTS) releases.[33] LTS releases will get security and data loss fixes applied for a guaranteed period of time, typically 3+ years, regardless of the pace of releases afterwards.


Version Release Date[34] End of mainstream support End of extended support Notes[35]
scope="row" 0.90[36] 2005
scope="row" 0.91[37] 2006 "new-admin"
scope="row" 0.95[38] 2006 "magic removal"
scope="row" 0.96[39] 2007 "newforms", testing tools
scope="row" 1.0[40] 2008 API stability, decoupled admin, unicode
scope="row" 1.1[41] 2009 Aggregates, transaction based tests
scope="row" 1.2[42] 2010 Multiple db connections, CSRF, model validation
scope="row" 1.3[43] 2011 2012 2013 Class based views, staticfiles
scope="row" 1.4 LTS[44] 2012 2013 2015 Time zones, in browser testing, app templates.
scope="row" 1.5[45] 2013 2013 2014 Python 3 Support, configurable user model
scope="row" 1.6[46] 2013 2014 2015 Dedicated to Malcolm Tredinnick, db transaction management, connection pooling.
scope="row" 1.7[47] 2014 2015 2015 Migrations, application loading and configuration.
scope="row" 1.8 LTS[48] 2015 2015 2018 Native support for multiple template engines. Support ended on 1 April 2018
scope="row" 1.9[49] 2015 2016 2017 Automatic password validation. New styling for admin interface.
scope="row" 1.10[50] 2016 2017 2017 Full text search for PostgreSQL. New-style middleware.
scope="row" 1.11 LTS[51] 2017 2017 2020 Last version to support Python 2.7. Support ended on 1 April 2020
scope="row" 2.0[52] 2017 2018 2019 First Python 3-only release, Simplified URL routing syntax, Mobile friendly admin.
scope="row" 2.1[53] 2018 2019 2019 Model "view" permission.
scope="row" 2.2 LTS[54] 2019 2019 2022 Security release.
scope="row" 3.0[55] 2019 2020 2020 ASGI support
scope="row" 3.1[56] 2020 2020 2021 Asynchronous views and middleware
scope="row" 3.2 LTS[57] 2021 2021 April 2024 Tracking many to many relationships, added support for Python 3.11
scope="row" 4.0[58] 2021 2022 April 2023 Support for pytz is now deprecated and will be removed in Django 5.0.
scope="row" 4.1[59] 2022 April 2023 December 2023 Asynchronous ORM interface, CSRF_COOKIE_MASKED setting, outputting a form, like {{ form }}
scope="row" 4.2 LTS[60] 2023 December 2023 April 2026 Psycopg 3 support, ENGINE as django.db.backends.postgresql supports both libraries.
scope="row" 5.0 2023 August 2024 April 2025
{{{2}}}

DjangoCon

There is a semiannual conference for Django developers and users, named "DjangoCon", that has been held since September 2008. DjangoCon is held annually in Europe, in May or June;[61] while another is held in the United States in August or September, in various cities.[62] The 2012 DjangoCon took place in Washington, D.C., from 3 to 8 September. 2013 DjangoCon was held in Chicago at the Hyatt Regency Hotel and the post-conference Sprints were hosted at Digital Bootcamp, computer training center.[63] The 2014 DjangoCon US returned to Portland, Oregon , OR from 30 August to 6 September. The 2015 DjangoCon US was held in Austin, Texas , TX from 6 to 11 September at the AT&T Executive Center. The 2016 DjangoCon US was held in Philadelphia, PA at The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania from 17 to 22 July.[64] The 2017 DjangoCon US was held in Spokane, WA;[65] in 2018 DjangoCon US was held in San Diego, CA.[66] DjangoCon US 2019 was held again in San Diego, CA from Sept 22–27. DjangoCon 2021 took place virtually and in 2022, DjangoCon US returned to San Diego from October 16th to the 21st.

Django mini-conferences are usually held every year as part of the Australian Python Conference 'PyCon AU'.[67] Previously, these mini-conferences have been held in:

  • Hobart, Australia, in July 2013,
  • Brisbane, Australia, in August 2014 and 2015,
  • Melbourne, Australia in August 2016 and 2017, and
  • Sydney, Australia, in August 2018 and 2019.

Django has spawned user groups and meetups around the world, the most notable group is the Django Girls organization, which began in Poland but now has had events in 91 countries.[68][69][70]

Ports to other languages

Programmers have ported Django's template engine design from Python to other languages, providing decent cross-platform support. Some of these options are more direct ports; others, though inspired by Django and retaining its concepts, take the liberty to deviate from Django's design:

CMSs based on Django Framework

Django as a framework is capable of building a complete CMS, however there are dedicated CMS projects which are built upon and extend the Django framework. Below is a list of a few of the more popular Django-based CMSs:

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "django/README". https://github.com/django/django/blob/master/README.rst. 
  2. ↑ "Django FAQ". https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/stable/faq/general/#why-does-this-project-exist. 
  3. ↑ "Django Download". https://www.djangoproject.com/download/3.1/tarball/. 
  4. ↑ "django/LICENSE". https://github.com/django/django/blob/master/LICENSE. 
  5. ↑ "FAQ: General - Django documentation - Django". http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/faq/general/#what-does-django-mean-and-how-do-you-pronounce-it. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "FAQ: General - Django documentation - Django". http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/faq/general/#django-appears-to-be-a-mvc-framework-but-you-call-the-controller-the-view-and-the-view-the-template-how-come-you-don-t-use-the-standard-names. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Adrian Holovaty, Jacob Kaplan-Moss. The Django Book. http://www.djangobook.com/en/2.0/chapter05.html#the-mtv-or-mvc-development-pattern. Retrieved 3 September 2013. "Django follows this MVC pattern closely enough that it can be called an MVC framework" 
  8. ↑ "Design Philosophies". Django. https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/misc/design-philosophies/. 
  9. ↑ "What Powers Instagram: Hundreds of Instances, Dozens of Technologies". https://instagram-engineering.tumblr.com/post/13649370142/what-powers-instagram-hundreds-of-instances. 
  10. ↑ "Python". Mozilla Developer Network. https://developer.mozilla.org/en/Python#Use_of_Python_at_Mozilla. 
  11. ↑ Robenolt, Matt. "Scaling Django to 8 Billion Page Views". https://blog.disqus.com/scaling-django-to-8-billion-page-views. 
  12. ↑ "DjangoSuccessStoryBitbucket – Django". https://code.djangoproject.com/wiki/DjangoSuccessStoryBitbucket. 
  13. ↑ "The anti-Facebook: one in four American neighborhoods are now using this private social network". 18 August 2014. https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/18/6030393/nextdoor-private-social-network-40000-neighborhoods. 
  14. ↑ Demi, Luke (15 August 2021). "Reining in the thundering herd ⛈ Getting to 80% CPU utilization with Django" (in en). https://blog.clubhouse.com/reining-in-the-thundering-herd-with-django-and-gunicorn/. 
  15. ↑ Willison, Simon. "What is the history of the Django web framework? Why has it been described as "developed in a newsroom"?". https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-history-of-the-Django-web-framework-Why-has-it-been-described-as-developed-in-a-newsroom/answer/Simon-Willison. 
  16. ↑ "Introducing Django". The Django Book. https://djangobook.com/introducing-django/. 
  17. ↑ "Review: Adrian Holovaty’s Playful and Precise ‘Melodic Guitar Music’". Acoustic Guitar. https://acousticguitar.com/review-adrian-holovatys-playful-and-precise-melodic-guitar-music/. 
  18. ↑ "Announcing the Django Software Foundation - Weblog - Django". http://www.djangoproject.com/weblog/2008/jun/17/foundation/. 
  19. ↑ "Security in Django". Django Project. https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/topics/security/. 
  20. ↑ Socol, James (2012). "Best Basic Security Practices (Especially with Django)". http://coffeeonthekeyboard.com/best-basic-security-practices-especially-with-django-697/. 
  21. ↑ "What is a reusable app? — django-reusable-app-docs 0.1.0 documentation". https://django-reusable-app-docs.readthedocs.org/en/latest/. 
  22. ↑ "Django Packages API packages list". https://djangopackages.org/api/v3/packages/. 
  23. ↑ "Design philosophies - Django documentation - Django". https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.7/misc/design-philosophies/. 
  24. ↑ "Django documentation of deployment". Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120111101846/https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/howto/deployment/fastcgi/#cherokee-setup. 
  25. ↑ "Cherokee Web Server - Cookbook Setting up Django - Cherokee Documentation". http://www.cherokee-project.com/doc/cookbook_django.html. 
  26. ↑ How to use Django with Apache and mod_wsgi . Official Django documentation.
  27. ↑ "Django documentation". https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.2/ref/databases/. 
  28. ↑ ibmdb. "GitHub - ibmdb/python-ibmdb: Automatically exported from code.google.com/p/ibm-db". GitHub. https://code.google.com/p/ibm-db/. 
  29. ↑ "Google Code Archive - Long-term storage for Google Code Project Hosting.". https://code.google.com/p/sqlany-django/. 
  30. ↑ maxirobaina. "GitHub - maxirobaina/django-firebird: Firebird SQL backend for django". GitHub. https://github.com/maxirobaina/django-firebird. 
  31. ↑ "Django non-rel". http://django-nonrel.org/. 
  32. ↑ beachmachine. "GitHub - beachmachine/django-jython: Database backends and extensions for Django development on top of Jython.". GitHub. https://code.google.com/p/django-jython/. 
  33. ↑ "Django's release process - Django documentation - Django". https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.2/internals/release-process/#long-term-support-lts-releases. 
  34. ↑ "Download Django - Django". https://www.djangoproject.com/download/#supported-versions. 
  35. ↑ "FAQ: Installation - Django documentation - Django". https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/faq/install/#what-python-version-can-i-use-with-django. 
  36. ↑ "Introducing Django 0.90". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  37. ↑ "Django 0.91 released". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  38. ↑ "Introducing Django 0.95". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  39. ↑ "Announcing Django 0.96!". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  40. ↑ "Django 1.0 released!". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  41. ↑ "Django 1.1 released". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  42. ↑ "Django 1.2 released". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  43. ↑ "Django 1.3 released". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  44. ↑ "Django 1.4 released". Django weblog. Retrieved 2 February 2013.
  45. ↑ "Django 1.5 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 27 February 2013.
  46. ↑ "Django 1.6 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 6 November 2013.
  47. ↑ "Django 1.7 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 4 September 2014.
  48. ↑ "Django 1.8 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
  49. ↑ "Django 1.9 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
  50. ↑ "Django 1.10 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 1 August 2016.
  51. ↑ "Django 1.11 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
  52. ↑ "Django 2.0 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  53. ↑ "Django 2.1 released" Django weblog. Retrieved 2 August 2018.
  54. ↑ Django 2.2 release notes. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
  55. ↑ Django 3.0 release notes. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  56. ↑ Django 3.1 release notes. Retrieved 5 August 2020.
  57. ↑ "Django 3.2 release notes". 6 April 2021. https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/3.2/releases/3.2/. 
  58. ↑ "Django 4.0 release notes". 7 December 2021. https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.0/releases/4.0/. 
  59. ↑ "Django 4.1 release notes". 3 August 2022. https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.1/releases/4.1/. 
  60. ↑ "Django 4.2 release notes". https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/releases/4.2/. 
  61. ↑ DjangoCon EU series , Lanyrd.com
  62. ↑ DjangoCon US series , Lanyrd.com
  63. ↑ "DjangoCon". DjangoCon. http://www.djangocon.us/. 
  64. ↑ "DjangoCon". DjangoCon. http://2016.djangocon.us/. 
  65. ↑ "DjangoCon". DjangoCon. http://2017.djangocon.us/. 
  66. ↑ "DjangoCon". DjangoCon. http://2018.djangocon.us/. 
  67. ↑ DjangoCon AU. Djangocon.com.au. Retrieved on 2019-12-16.
  68. ↑ "Lawrence-born Django, which revolutionized website construction, celebrating its 10th anniversary". Lawrence Journal-World. 9 July 2015. https://www2.ljworld.com/news/2015/jul/09/happy-birthday-django/. 
  69. ↑ "Django Girls - start your journey with programming". https://djangogirls.org/. 
  70. ↑ "Django groups". https://www.meetup.com/topics/django/. 
  71. ↑ Shopify. "– Liquid template language". http://liquidmarkup.org. 
  72. ↑ "Template::Swig - Perl interface to Django-inspired Swig templating engine. - metacpan.org". https://metacpan.org/pod/Template::Swig. 
  73. ↑ Symfony. "Home - Twig - The flexible, fast, and secure PHP template engine". http://twig.sensiolabs.org. 
  74. ↑ "twigjs/twig.js". https://github.com/twigjs/twig.js/wiki. 
  75. ↑ "Welcome - Jinja2 (The Python Template Engine)". http://jinja.pocoo.org. 
  76. ↑ "erlydtl/erlydtl". https://github.com/erlydtl/erlydtl/wiki. 
  77. ↑ "django CMS - Enterprise Content Management with Django - django CMS". https://www.django-cms.org/en/. 

Bibliography

External links

      Please be cautious about adding more external links.

Wikipedia is not a collection of links and should not be used for advertising. 

    Excessive or inappropriate links will be removed.

See Wikipedia:External links and Wikipedia:Spam for details.

If there are already suitable links, propose additions or replacements on the article's talk page.

-->



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Software:Django_(web_framework)&oldid=3448926"