Biology:Laventan
From HandWiki
Revision as of 16:49, 28 August 2021 by imported>Steve Marsio (simplify)
The Laventan (Spanish: Laventense) age is a period of geologic time (13.8 to 11.8 Ma) within the Miocene epoch of the Neogene, used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages. It follows the Colloncuran and precedes the Mayoan age.[1][2]
Etymology
The age is named after the Miocene Lagerstätte La Venta, where a rich biodiversity from the Middle Miocene has been recovered from the Honda Group.[2]
Formations
Formations | Country | Basin | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Honda Group | ![]() |
Upper Magdalena Valley | |
Honda Group | ![]() |
Quebrada Honda Basin | |
Capadare Formation | ![]() |
Falcón Basin | |
Choquecota Formation | ![]() |
Altiplano Basin | |
Cura-Mallín Formation | ![]() |
Cura-Mallín Basin | |
Ipururo Formation | ![]() |
Ucayali Basin | |
Mariño Formation | ![]() |
Cuyo Basin | |
Mauri Formation | ![]() |
Altiplano Basin | |
Paraná Formation | ![]() |
Paraná Basin | |
Pebas Formation | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Amazon Basin | |
Pisco Formation | ![]() |
Pisco Basin | |
Urumaco Formation | ![]() |
Falcón Basin |
Fossil content
Group | Fossils | Formation | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Mammals | lesser bulldog bat (Noctilio albiventris), LaVal's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera lavali), Spix's disk-winged bat (Thyroptera tricolor), Acarechimys minutissimus, Anachlysictis gracilis, Anadasypus hondanus, Aotus dindensis, Boreostemma acostae, B. gigantea, Brievabradys laventensis, Cebupithecia sarmientoi, Dukecynus magnus, Eodolichotis elachys, E. maddeni, Glossotheriopsis pascuali, Granastrapotherium snorki, Hilarcotherium castanedaii, Hondadelphys fieldsi, Hondathentes cazador, Huilabradys magdaleniensis, Huilatherium pluriplicatum, Kiotomops lopezi, Lagonimico conclucatus, Lycopsis longirostrus, Megadolodus molariformis, Micodon kiotensis, Micoureus laventicus, Microscleromys cribiphilus, M. paradoxalis, Microsteiromys jacobsi, Miocallicebus villaviejai, Miocochilius anomopodus, Mohanamico hershkovitzi, Mormopterus colombiensis, Nanoastegotherium prostatum, Neoglyptatelus originalis, Neonematherium flabellatum, Neoreomys huilensis, Neotamandua borealis, Notonycteris magdalenensis, N. sucharadeus, Nuciruptor rubricae, Pachybiotherium minor, Palynephyllum antimaster, Patasola magdalenae, Pedrolypeutes praecursor, Pericotoxodon platignathus, Pithiculites chenche, Potamops mascahehenes, Potamosiren magdalenensis, Prodolichotis guerreroi, P. pridiana, Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis, Prothoatherium colombianus, Pseudoprepotherium confusum, Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana, R. vucetichae, Ricardomys longidens, Saimiri annectens, S. fieldsi, Scleromys colombianus, S. schurmanni, Scirrotherium hondaensis, Stirtonia tatacoensis, S. victoriae, Thylamys colombianus, Thylamys minutus, Thyroptera robusta, Villarroelia totoyoi, Xenastrapotherium kraglievichi, Cochilius sp., Diclidurus sp., Eumops sp., Hapalops sp., Olenopsis sp., Theosodon sp., ?Steiromys sp., Dolichotinae sp., ?Echimyidae sp., Megalonychidae sp., Megatheriinae sp., Nothrotheriinae sp., Dasypodidae sp., Leontiniidae sp., Proterotheriidae indet., Toxodontidae sp. | Honda Group, Colombia | |
Acyon myctoderos, Guiomys unica, Hapalops angustipalatus, Hemihegetotherium trilobus, Hiskatherium saintandrei, Hondalagus altiplanensis, Mesoprocta hypsodus, Miocochilius federicoi, Propalaehoplophorus andinus, Quebradahondomys potosiensis, Acarechimys sp., cf. Paratrigodon sp., Prolagostomus sp., cf. Prozaedyus sp., Lagostominae indet., Mesotheriinae indet., Borhyaenidae indet., Caenolestidae indet., Capromyidae indet., Caviidae indet., Chinchillidae indet., Echimyidae indet., Euphractinae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Octodontidae indet., Proterotheriidae indet., ? Xenastrapotherium indet. | Honda Group, Bolivia | ||
Heteropsomyinae (aff. Acarechimys) sp., Dasyproctidae (aff. Alloiomys) sp., Prolagostomus sp., Caviomorpha indet., Dasypodidae indet., Typotheria indet. | Cura-Mallín | ||
Drytomomys cf. aequatorialis, Granastrapotherium cf. snorki, Miocochilius anomopodus, Neoglyptatelus originalis, Parapropalaehoplophorus septentrionalis, Pericotoxodon cf. platignathus, Potamarchus murinus, cf. Theosodon sp., Acarechimys sp., Boreostemma sp., Megathericulus sp., cf. Tetramerorhinus sp., Urumacotherium sp., Xenastrapotherium sp., Borhyaenoidea indet., Delphinida indet., Glyptodontidae indet., Macraucheniidae indet., Megalonychidae indet., Mylodontidae indet., Octodontoidea indet., Potamarchinae indet., Uruguaytheriinae indet. | Ipururo | ||
Pontistes rectifrons, Prionodelphis rovereti, Properiptychus argentinus, Protautoga longidens, cf. Balaenoptera sp., Chrysophrys sp., Dioplotherium sp., Balaenidae indet., Physeteridae indet., Sciaenidae indet., ?Sparidae indet. | Paraná | ||
Dinomyidae indet., ? Octodontoidea indet. | Pebas | ||
cf. Olenopsis sp., Mylodontidae indet. | Urumaco | ||
Birds | Aramus paludigrus, Galbula hylochoreutes, Hoazinoides magdalenae | Honda Group, Colombia | |
Pygoscelis calderensis, Spheniscus megaramphus, S. urbinai, Pelagornis sp., aff. Thalassarche sp. | Bahía Inglesa |
||
Pelagornis cf. chilensis | Capadare | ||
Reptiles & amphibians |
cane toad (Bufo marinus), Chelus colombiana, Chelonoidis hesterna, Colombophis portai, Dracaena colombiana, ?Eunectes stirtoni, Podocnemis medemi, Gryposuchus colombianus, Langstonia huilensis, Purussaurus neivensis, Balanerodus logimus, Charactosuchus fieldsi, Mourasuchus atopus, Eocaiman sp., Gavialis sp., Sebecus sp., Alligatoridae indet. | Honda Group, Colombia | |
Barinasuchus arveloi | Ipururo | ||
Caiman wannlangstoni, Gnatusuchus pebasensis, Gryposuchus pachakamue, Purussaurus neivensis, Kuttanacaiman iquitosensis, Mourasuchus atopus, Paleosuchus sp., Podocnemis sp., Gavialoidea indet. | Pebas | ||
Globidentosuchus cf. brachyrostris, Caiman sp., Mourasuchus sp., Purussaurus sp. | Urumaco | ||
Fishes & crustaceans |
Colossoma macropomum, Lepidosiren paradoxa, cf. Acanthicus, Arapaima sp., Brachyplatystoma cf. B. vaillanti, Brachyplatystoma promagdalena, Sylviocarcinus piriformis, cf. Corydoras sp., Hoplias sp., cf. Hoplosternum sp., Hydrolycus sp., Phractocephalus hemioliopterus, Serrasalmus sp., Pygocentrus sp., or Pristobrycon sp. (cf. Myletes sp.), Ariidae indet., Characidae cf. Tetragonopterinae, Cichlidae indet., Doradidae indet., Loricariidae indet., Potamotrygonidae indet. | Honda Group, Colombia | |
Megalodon, Carcharias acutissima, Carcharodon hastalis, Galeocerdo aduncus, Hemipristis serra, Carcharhinus sp., Heterodontus sp., Squalus sp., Squatina sp., Dasyatidae indet., Myliobatoidea indet., Potamotrygonidae indet. | Paraná | ||
cf. Hydrolycus sp., Leporinus sp., Potamotrygon sp., Pristis sp., Anostomidae indet. | Pebas | ||
Insects | Macroteleia yaguarum, Sycorax peruensis | Pebas | |
Flora | cf. Calliandra jancocatana, Berberis sp., Polylepis sp., Magnoliopsida indet. | Mauri | |
Astroniumxylon parabalansae, Piptadenioxylon paraexcelsa, Solanumxylon paranensis | Paraná |
See also
References
- ↑ Paleo Database: Laventan
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Madden, R. H., Guerrero J., Kay R. F., Flynn, J.J., Swisher III C. C., Walton A. H. (1997). The Laventan Stage and Age, in Kay, R.F., Madden, R.H., Cifelli, R.L., Flynn, J.J. (eds.), Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics. The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia: Washington D.C., Smithsonian Institution Press, 499–519.
- ↑ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.54
- ↑ Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.635
- ↑ Penín & Villarroel, 2005, p.138
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Marshall & Sempere, 1991, p.636
- ↑ Utgé et al., 2009
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Antoine et al., 2016, p.56
- ↑ Cerdeño & Guiomar, 2007, p.201
- ↑ Martín Pérez, 2013, p.51
- ↑ Wesselingh et al., 2006, p.304
- ↑ Brand et al., 2011
- ↑ Linares, 2004, p.16
- ↑ Croft, 2007, p.299
- ↑ Croft, 2007, p.300
- ↑ Croft, 2007, p.301
- ↑ Croft, 2007, p.302
- ↑ Croft, 2007, p.303
- ↑ Meldrum & Kay, 1997
- ↑ Organ & Lemelin, 2011
- ↑ Rosenberger et al., 1991
- ↑ Setoguchi & Rosenberger, 1988
- ↑ Setoguchi, 1985
- ↑ Takai et al., 2001
- ↑ Tejedor, 2013, p.22
- ↑ Defler, 2004, p.32
- ↑ Cebupithecia sarmientoi at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Miocallicebus villaviejai at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Neosaimiri annectens at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Stirtonia tatacoensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Stirtonia victoriae at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Vallejo Pareja et al., 2015
- ↑ Pardo Jaramillo, 2010
- ↑ Granastrapotherium snorki, Sebecus sp. at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Villarroel, 2000, p.118
- ↑ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.171
- ↑ Neonematherium flabellatum at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Brievabradys laventensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Huilabradys magdaleniensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Czaplewski et al., 2003, p.278
- ↑ Neotamandua borealis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Pseudoprepotherium confusum at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Anadasypus hondanus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Boreostemma acostae at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Boreostemma gigantea at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Neoglyptatelus originalis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Pedrolypeutes praecursor at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Scirrotherium hondaensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Prolicaphrium sanalfolsensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Prothoatherium colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Duke Locality 33 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Villarroelia totoyoi at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Villarroel, 1997
- ↑ Villarroel et al., 1996, p.63
- ↑ Hoffstetter, 1971, p.40
- ↑ Suárez et al., 2015
- ↑ Marshall, 1976
- ↑ Hondadelphys fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Pachybiotherium minor at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Thylamys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Thylamys minutus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Hondathentes cazador at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Pithiculites chenche at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Neoreomys huilensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Rhodanodolichotis antepridiana at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Scleromys colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Scleromys schurmanni at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Prodolichotis guerreroi at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ UCMP V4936 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Eodolichotis elachys at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Eodolichotis maddeni at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Rhodanodolichotis vucetichae at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Takai et al., 1991
- ↑ Kiotomops lopezi at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Potamops mascahehenes at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Thyroptera robusta at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Hondalagus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Quebrada Honda at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cerro los Pinos at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 IN-DTC-20 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ IN-DTC-28 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ IN-DTC-32 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Río Sepa at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ SEP 005 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ IN 008 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 Pueblo Brugo to Diamante at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 CTA-45 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Biozona 1 Loc 44-FU at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Rasmussen, 1997
- ↑ Miller, 1953
- ↑ Los Dedos at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Zumbador Cave at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Estes & Wassersug, 1963
- ↑ Gryposuchus colombianus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Sebecus huiensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Dracaena colombiana at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Purussaurus neivensis at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Charactosuchus fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Mourasuchus atopus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ UCMP Locality V4524 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Balanerodus logimus at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Eocaiman at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Cadena et al., 2008, p.1206
- ↑ De la Fuente et al., 2013, p.102
- ↑ Geochelone hesterna at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Hsiou et al., 2010
- ↑ (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - serpientes
- ↑ IQ114 at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Sur Quebrada Bejucal at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ (in Spanish) Fauna de La Venta - flora, cangrejos y peces
- ↑ Kay & Madden, 1997, p.185
- ↑ Lundberg & Chernoff, 1992, p.5
- ↑ Brachyplatystoma promagdalena at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Amazonian amber at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Jakokkota flora at Fossilworks.org
- ↑ Toma Vieja at Fossilworks.org
Bibliography
- Aisol Formation
- Forasiepi, Analía M.; Agustín G. Martinelli; Marcelo S. De la Fuente; Sergio Dieguez, and Mariano Bond. 2011. Paleontology and stratigraphy of the Aisol Formation (Neogene), San Rafael, Mendoza, 135–154. Cenozoic Geology of the Central Andes of Argentina, SCS Publisher, Salta. Accessed 2017-10-01.
- Capadare Formation
- Penín Cendón, José Antonio, and Vanessa Ilia Villarroel Estaba. 2005. Integracrón y actualización geológica del área de Jacura y Capadare, Estado Falcón, 1–199. Universidad Central de Venezuela. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Cura-Mallín Formation
- Utgé, Silvana; Andrés Folguera; Vanesa Litvak, and Víctor A. Ramos. 2009. Geología del sector norte de la Cuenca de Cura Mallín en las Lagunas de Epulaufquen, Neuquén. Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina 64. 231–248. Accessed 2017-10-01.
- Honda Group, Bolivia
- Croft, Darin A. 2007. The Middle Miocene (Laventan) Quebrada Honda Fauna, southern Bolivia and a description of its Notoungulates. Palaeontology 50. 277–303. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Marshall, Larry G., and Thierry Sempere. 1991. The Eocene to Pleistocene vertebrates of Bolivia and their stratigraphic context: A review. Revista técnica de YPFB 12. 631–652. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Honda Group, Colombia
- Cadena, Edwin; Carlos Jaramillo, and María E. Páramo. 2008. New material of Chelus colombiana (Testudines; Pleurodira) from the Lower Miocene of Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28. 1206–1212. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Czaplewski, Nicolas J.; Masanaru Takai; Tiffany M. Naeher; Nobuo Shigehara, and Takeshi Setoguchi. 2003. Additional bats from the middle Miocene La Venta fauna of Colombia. Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales XXVII. 263–282. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Defler, Thomas. 2004. Historia natural de los primates colombianos, 1–613. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Estes, Richard, and Richard Wassersug. 1963. A Miocene toad from Colombia, South America. Breviora 193. 1–13. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- De la Fuente, Marcelo; Juliana Sterli, and Ignacio Maniel. 2013. Origin, Evolution and Biogeographic History of South American Turtles, 1–168. Springer Science & Business Media. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Hoffstetter, Robert. 1971. Los vertebrados cenozóicos de Colombia: yacimientos, faunas, problemas planteados, 37–62. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Hsiou, Annie S.; Adriana M. Albino, and Jorge Ferigolo. 2010. Reappraisal of the south American Miocene snakes of the genus Colombophis, with description of a new species. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 55. 365–379.
- Kay, Richard F., and Richard H. Madden. 1997. Mammals and rainfall: paleoecology of the middle Miocene at La Venta (Colombia, South America). Journal of Human Evolution 32. 161–199. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Lundberg, John G., and Barry Chernoff. 1992. A Miocene Fossil of the Amazonian Fish Arapaima (Teleostei, Arampaimidae) from the Magdalena River Region of Colombia - Biogeographic and Evolutionary Implications. Biotropica 24. 2–16. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Marshall, Larry G. 1976. New Didelphine Marsupials from the La Venta Fauna (Miocene) of Colombia, South America. Journal of Paleontology 50. 402–418. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Meldrum, D.J., and R.F. Kay. 1997. Nuciruptor rubricae, a new pitheciin seed predator from the Miocene of Colombia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 102. 407–427. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Miller, Alden H. 1953. A fossil Hoatzin from the Miocene of Colombia. Auk 70. 484–495. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Organ, Jason M., and Pierre Lemelin. 2011. Tail Architecture and Function of Cebupithecia sarmientoi, a Middle Miocene Platyrrhine from La Venta, Colombia. The Anatomical Record 294.12. 2013–2023.
- Pardo Jaramillo, Mauricio. 2010. Reporte de un nuevo ejemplar de Granastrapotherium snorki en el Valle Superior del Magdalena, Desierto de la Tatacoa, Huila. Colombia. Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales 34. 253–256. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Rasmussen, Tab. 1997. Vertebrate paleontology in the neotropics - the Miocene fauna of La Venta, Colombia, _. Smithsonian Institution Press.
- Rosenberger, A.L.; T. Setoguchi, and W.C. Hartwig. 1991. Laventiana annectens, new genus and species: fossil evidence for the origins of callitrichine New World monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88. 2137–2140.
- Setoguchi, Takeshi, and Alfred L. Rosenberger. 1988. A fossil owl monkey from La Venta, Colombia. Kyoto University overseas research reports of New World monkeys 6. 1–6. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Setoguchi, T. 1985. Kondous laventicus, a new ceboid primate from the Miocene of the La Venta, Colombia, South America. Folia Primatol 44. 96–101. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Suárez, Catalina; Analía M. Forasiepi; Franciso J. Goin, and Carlos Jaramillo. 2015. Insights into the Neotropics prior to the Great American Biotic Interchange: new evidence of mammalian predators from the Miocene of Northern Colombia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology e1029581. 1–10. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Takai, Masanaru; Federico Anaya; Hisashi Suzuki; Nobuo Shigehara, and Takeshi Setoguchi. 2001. A New Platyrrhine from the Middle Miocene of La Venta, Colombia, and the Phyletic Position of Callicebinae. Anthropological Science, Tokyo 109.4. 289.
- Takai, Masanaru; Takeshi Setoguchi; Carlos Villarroel A.; Alberto Cadena G., and Nobuo Shigehara. 1991. A New Miocene Molossid Bat from La Venta, Colombia, South America. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of geology and mineralogy 56. 1–9. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Tejedor, Marcelo F. 2013. Sistemática, evolución y paleobiogeografía de los primates Platyrrhini. Revista del Museo de La Plata 20. 20–39. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Vallejo Pareja, M.C.; J.D. Carrillo; J.W. Moreno Bernal; M. Pardo Jaramillo; D.F. Rodríguez González, and J. Muñoz Duran. 2015. Hilarcotherium castanedaii, gen. et sp. nov., a new Miocene astrapothere (Mammalia, Astrapotheriidae) from the Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia. Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich _. 1–14. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Villarroel A., Carlos S. 2000. Un nuevo Mylodontinae (Xenarthra, Tardigrada) en la Fauna de La Venta, Mioceno de Colombia: el estado actual de la Familia Orophodontidae. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales 24. 117–127. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Villarroel A., Carlos S. 1997. La Estructura de la Dentición Caduca de Huilatherium pluriplicatum, Leontiniidae (Notoungulata) del Mioceno de Colombia. Geología Colombiana 22. 139–149. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Villarroel A., Carlos; Takeshi Setoguchi; Jorge Brieva, and Carlos Macia. 1996. Geology of the La Tatacoa "Desert" (Huila, Colombia): Precisions on the Stratigraphy of the Honda Group, the Evolution of the "Pata High" and the Presence of the La Venta Fauna. Memoirs of the Faculty of Science, Kyoto University. Series of geology and mineralogy 58. 41–66. Accessed 2017-05-04.
- Wheeler, Brandon. 2010. Community ecology of the Middle Miocene primates of La Venta, Colombia: the relationship between ecological diversity, divergence time, and phylogenetic richness. Primates 51.2. 131–138.
- Mariño Formation
- Cerdeño, Esperanza, and M. Guiomar Vucetich. 2007. The first rodent from the Mariño Formation (Miocene) at Divisadero Largo (Mendoza, Argentina) and its biochronological implications. Andean Geology 34. 199–207. Accessed 2017-10-23.
- Paraná Formation
- Cione, Alberto Luis; Daniel Alfredo Cabrera, and María Julia Barla. 2012. Oldest record of the Great White Shark (Lamnidae, Carcharodon; Miocene) in the Southern Atlantic. Geobios 45. 167–172. Accessed 2017-10-22.
- Martín Pérez, Leandro. 2013. Sistemática, tafonomía y paleoecología de los invertebrados de la Formación Paraná (Mioceno), Provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina (PhD thesis), 1–398. Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Pebas Formation
- Antoine, Pierre-Olivier; M. Alejandra Abello; Sylvain Adnet; Ali J. Altamirano Sierra; Patrice Baby; Guillaume Billet; Myriam Boivin; Ysabel Calderón, and Adriana Candela, Jules Chabain, Fernando Corfu, Darin A. Croft, Morgan Ganerød, Carlos Jaramillo, Sebastian Klaus, Laurent Marivaux, Rosa E. Navarrete, Maëva J. Orliac, Francisco Parra, María Encarnación Pérez, François Pujos, Jean-Claude Rage, Anthony Ravel, Céline Robinet, Martin Roddaz, Julia Victoria Tejada Lara, Jorge Vélez Juarbe, Frank P. Wesselingh, Rodolfo Salas Gismondi. 2016. A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru. Gondwana Research 31. 30–59. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Wesselingh, F.P.; M.C. Hoorn; J. Guerrero; M.E. Räsänen; L. Romero Pittmann, and J. Salo. 2006. The stratigraphy and regional structure of Miocene deposits in western Amazonia (Peru, Colombia and Brazil), with implications for late Neogene landscape evolution. Scripta Geologica 133. 291–322. Accessed 2017-08-15.
- Pisco Formation
- Brand, Leonard; Mario Urbina; Arthur Chadwick; Thomas J. DeVries, and Raul Esperante. 2011. A high resolution stratigraphic framework for the remarkable fossil cetacean assemblage of the Miocene/Pliocene Pisco Formation, Peru. Journal of South American Earth Sciences 31. 414–425. Accessed 2017-10-01.
- Urumaco Formation
- Linares, Omar J. 2004. Bioestratigrafía de la fauna de mamíferos de las formaciones Socorro, Urumaco y Codore (Mioceno Medio-Plioceno Temprano) de la región de Urumaco, Falcón, Venezuela. Paleobiología Neotropical 1. 1–26. Accessed 2017-08-15.
Further reading
- Croft, Darin A. 2016. Horned Armadillos and Rafting Monkeys: The Fascinating Fossil Mammals of South America, 1–320. Indiana University Press ISBN:9780253020949. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Fleagle, John G., and Alfred L. Rosenberger. 2013. The Platyrrhine Fossil Record, 1–256. Elsevier ISBN:9781483267074. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Sánchez Villagra, Marcelo R.; Orangel A. Aguilera, and Alfredo A. Carlini. 2010. Urumaco and Venezuelan Paleontology: The Fossil Record of the Northern Neotropics, 1–304. Indiana University Press ISBN:9780253002006. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Hartwig, W.C., and D.J. Meldrum. 2002. The Primate Fossil Record - Miocene platyrrhines of the northern Neotropics, 175–188. Cambridge University Press , ISBN:978-0-521-08141-2. Accessed 2017-09-24.
- Kay, Richard F.; Richard H. Madden; John J. Flynn, and Richard L. Cifelli. 1997. Vertebrate Paleontology in the Neotropics: The Miocene Fauna of La Venta, Colombia, 1–608. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press ISBN:9781935623854. Accessed 2017-10-21.
- Simpson, George Gaylord. 1996. Splendid Isolation: The Curious History of South American Mammals, 1–275. UMI ISBN:9780783733111. Accessed 2017-10-21.