Biology:MYH10

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A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

Myosin-10 also known as myosin heavy chain 10 or non-muscle myosin IIB (NM-IIB) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MYH10 gene.[1][2] Non-muscle myosins are expressed in a wide variety of tissues, but NM-IIB is the only non-muscle myosin II isoform expressed in cardiac muscle, where it localizes to adherens junctions within intercalated discs. NM-IIB is essential for normal development of cardiac muscle and for integrity of intercalated discs. Mutations in MYH10 have been identified in patients with left atrial enlargement.

Structure

NM-IIB is 228.9 kDa protein composed of 1976 amino acids.[3] NM-IIB has an N-terminal globular head that harbors the catalytically active, magnesium(Mg)-ATPase. The C-terminal rod domain is an alpha helical coiled-coil that can multimerize with other myosin molecules to form a filament. Bound to the neck region of NM-IIB are two light chains; first, MLC17 stabilizes the molecule, while the second light chain, MLC20, modulates contraction.[4] The exception to this rule is the alternatively spliced NM-IIB2 isoform, which has a 21 amino acid inserted into loop 2, near the actin-binding domain; actomyosin MgATPase activity of this isoform is not enhanced by phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain MLC20.[5]

NM-IIB is part of the larger myosin II subfamily of proteins, which also includes skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle myosins. NM-IIB, and non-muscle myosins in general, are widely expressed in every tissue in humans.

Function

NM-IIB has many properties that are similar to those of smooth muscle myosins, such as the permissive nature of phosphorylation of the 20 kDa regulatory light chain for contraction. In skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle myosins, contraction is activated through thin filament proteins troponin and tropomyosin, whereas in NM-IIB and smooth muscle myosin, contraction initiates via regulatory light chain (MLC20) phosphorylation.[6]

Various functions of NM-IIB require the phosphorylation of the regulatory light chain MLC20, including cell migration and cell adhesion. The two primary kinases catalyzing this reaction are the calcium-calmodulin-dependent, myosin light chain kinase and the Rho-GTP dependent, Rho kinase (ROCK). NM-IIB is dephosphorylated by a myosin phosphatase.[7]

Detailed kinetic studies on NM-IIB show that this isoform of non-muscle myosin II has a slower actomyosin ATPase cycle relative to other myosin II isoforms, and that the markedly high affinity of NM-IIB head for ADP as well as the slow rate of ADP release can mechanistically explain affinity this finding. These data indicate that NM-IIB spends a large amount of its kinetic cycle in a configuration where it is strongly attached to actin.[8]

NM-IIB, along with the other non-muscle myosin isoforms IIA and IIC, play a role in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, cell migration, cell polarity, and embryonic stem cell apoptosis.[9][10] Insights into the function of NM-IIB specifically have come from studies employing transgenic animals. NM-IIB is clearly required for normal development of cardiac muscle. Targeted gene disruption of NM-IIB resulted in approximately 65% embryonic lethality, and those that survived suffered from congestive heart failure and died day 1 following birth. Feature observed in NM-IIB knockouts was an increase in the transverse diameters of cardiomyocytes, ventricular septal defects, as well as other muscular abnormalities.[11] NM-IIB is expressed early during embryonic development in cardiomyocytes,[12] and appears to play a role in karyokinesis; ablation of NM-IIB caused defects in chromatid segregation and mitotic spindle formation, as well as abnormal structure of centrosomes.[13][14]

In adult cardiomyocytes, NM-IIB redistributes from a diffuse cytoplasmic pattern in development to a localized Z-disc and intercalated disc distribution, where it colocalizes with alpha-actinin. NM-IIB is the only non-muscle myosin II isoform expressed in adult cardiac muscle (both IIa and IIB are expressed in skeletal muscle Z-discs, suggesting a specific function of NM-IIB in this cell type.[15] NM-IIB may play a role in formation of mature sarcomeres in myofibrils.[16] It appears that NM-IIB plays an essential role in maintaining normal adherens junction integrity and structure. A cardiac muscle-specific knockout of NM-IIB using the alpha-myosin heavy chain promoter-driven cre-recombinase develop enlarged cardiomyocytes, consistent with the defects previously observed with cytokinesis; widened adherens junctions; and progressive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy at 6 months.[17] These data indicate that NM-IIB functions in ensuring the proper maintenance of intercalated disc structures.[18]

Clinical Significance

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in MYH10 were detected in patients with left atrial enlargement. MYH10 was identified to be a susceptibility gene using non-biased genome-wide linkage and peak-wide association analysis.[19]

Interactions

MYH10 has been shown to interact with:

References

  1. ↑ "Human nonmuscle myosin heavy chains are encoded by two genes located on different chromosomes". Circulation Research 69 (2): 530–9. Aug 1991. doi:10.1161/01.res.69.2.530. PMID 1860190. 
  2. ↑ "Entrez Gene: MYH10 myosin, heavy chain 10, non-muscle". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=4628. 
  3. ↑ "Protein sequence of human MYH10 (Uniprot ID: P35580)". http://www.heartproteome.org/copa/ProteinInfo.aspx?QType=Protein%20ID&QValue=P35580. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Nonmuscle myosin II moves in new directions". Journal of Cell Science 121 (Pt 1): 11–8. Jan 2008. doi:10.1242/jcs.007112. PMID 18096687. 
  5. ↑ "The B2 alternatively spliced isoform of nonmuscle myosin II-B lacks actin-activated MgATPase activity and in vitro motility". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 369 (1): 124–34. Apr 2008. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.11.108. PMID 18060863. 
  6. ↑ "Phosphorylation of platelet myosin increases actin-activated myosin ATPase activity". Nature 256 (5518): 597–8. Aug 1975. doi:10.1038/256597a0. PMID 170529. Bibcode: 1975Natur.256..597A. 
  7. ↑ "Myosin phosphatase: structure, regulation and function". Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 259 (1–2): 197–209. Apr 2004. doi:10.1023/b:mcbi.0000021373.14288.00. PMID 15124925. 
  8. ↑ "Kinetic mechanism of non-muscle myosin IIB: functional adaptations for tension generation and maintenance". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 (30): 27439–48. Jul 2003. doi:10.1074/jbc.M302510200. PMID 12704189. 
  9. ↑ "Non-muscle myosin II takes centre stage in cell adhesion and migration". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 10 (11): 778–90. Nov 2009. doi:10.1038/nrm2786. PMID 19851336. 
  10. ↑ "Non-muscle myosin II regulates survival threshold of pluripotent stem cells". Nature Communications 1 (6): 71. 7 September 2010. doi:10.1038/ncomms1074. PMID 20842192. Bibcode: 2010NatCo...1...71W. 
  11. ↑ "Nonmuscle myosin II-B is required for normal development of the mouse heart". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 94 (23): 12407–12. Nov 1997. doi:10.1073/pnas.94.23.12407. PMID 9356462. Bibcode: 1997PNAS...9412407T. 
  12. ↑ "Nonmuscle myosin II isoform and domain specificity during early mouse development". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 107 (33): 14645–50. Aug 2010. doi:10.1073/pnas.1004023107. PMID 20679233. Bibcode: 2010PNAS..10714645W. 
  13. ↑ "Ablation and mutation of nonmuscle myosin heavy chain II-B results in a defect in cardiac myocyte cytokinesis". Circulation Research 93 (4): 330–7. Aug 2003. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000089256.00309.CB. PMID 12893741. 
  14. ↑ "Ablation of nonmuscle myosin II-B and II-C reveals a role for nonmuscle myosin II in cardiac myocyte karyokinesis". Molecular Biology of the Cell 21 (22): 3952–62. Nov 2010. doi:10.1091/mbc.E10-04-0293. PMID 20861308. 
  15. ↑ "Nonmuscle myosin II localizes to the Z-lines and intercalated discs of cardiac muscle and to the Z-lines of skeletal muscle". Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton 46 (1): 59–68. May 2000. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0169(200005)46:1<59::AID-CM6>3.0.CO;2-Q. PMID 10842333. 
  16. ↑ "How to build a myofibril". Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility 26 (6–8): 343–54. 2005. doi:10.1007/s10974-005-9016-7. PMID 16465476. 
  17. ↑ "Conditional ablation of nonmuscle myosin II-B delineates heart defects in adult mice". Circulation Research 105 (11): 1102–9. Nov 2009. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.109.200303. PMID 19815823. 
  18. ↑ "In vivo studies on nonmuscle myosin II expression and function in heart development". Frontiers in Bioscience 17 (2): 545–55. 1 January 2012. doi:10.2741/3942. PMID 22201759. 
  19. ↑ "A comprehensive genetic study on left atrium size in Caribbean Hispanics identifies potential candidate genes in 17p10". Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics 3 (4): 386–92. Aug 2010. doi:10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.110.938381. PMID 20562446. 

Further reading

External links




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