Earth:Santa Cruz Formation

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Short description: Geological formation in Patagonia
Santa Cruz Formation
Stratigraphic range: Burdigalian-Langhian
(Santacrucian-Friasian)
~18–15.2 Ma
↓
Santa Cruz Formation strata.jpg
TypeGeological formation
Sub-unitsEstancia La Costa Member, Estancia La Angelina Member (coastal section)
UnderliesCerro Boleadoras Formation
OverliesMonte Léon Formation
ThicknessOver 295 metres
Lithology
Primary
  • Tuff, claystone, mudstone (Estancia La Costa Member)
  • Claystone, mudstone, sandstone (Estancia La Angelina Member)
Location
CountryArgentina , Chile
ExtentAustral Basin
Type section
Named byFurque & Camacho
Locationnear Lago Argentino
Year defined1972
Santa Cruz in Argentina (+Falkland hatched).svg
Santa Cruz Province in Argentina, where the majority of the formation of exposed

The Santa Cruz Formation is a geological formation in the Magallanes/Austral Basin in southern Patagonia in Argentina and in adjacent areas of Chile. It dates to the late Early Miocene epoch, and is contemporaneous with eponymous Santacrucian SALMA.[1][2] The formation extends from the Andes to the Atlantic coast. In its coastal section it is divided into two members, the lower, fossil rich Estancia La Costa Member, which has a lithology predominantly consisting of tuffaceous deposits and fine grained sedimentary claystone and mudstone, and the upper fossil-poor Estancia La Angelina Member, which consists of sedimentary rock, primarily claystone, mudstone, and sandstone. The environment of deposition is interpreted to have been mostly fluvial, with the lowermost part of the Estancia La Costa Member being transitional between fluvial and marine conditions. The environment of the Estancia La Costa Member is thought to have been relatively warm and humid, but likely became somewhat cooler and drier towards the end of the sequence.[1] The Santa Cruz Formation is known for its abundance of South American native ungulates (astrapotheres, litopterns, notoungulates),[3] as well as an abundance of rodents, xenarthrans (armadillos, sloths, anteaters), and metatherians.

Stratigraphy

The Santa Cruz Formation is exposed in isolated outcrops across the Magallanes/Austral Basin extending from the Atlantic coast to the Andes, especially along the Santa Cruz River, as well as along the southern coastline of Santa Cruz Province.[4] While primarily located in Argentina, small outcrops are also present in adjacent areas of Chile.[5] The base of the formation is defined by a marine regression event transitioning from the marine environment of the underlying Monte Léon Formation, during which time large areas of Patagonia were submerged as a part of the Patagoniense Transgression. The main source of sediment input to the basin was from the Andean orogeny to the west. The formation reaches a maximum thickness at any one locality of over 295 metres, though the total thickness of the formation is strongly controlled by subsequent erosion and the 295 metres likely does not represent a complete sequence. The formation primarily consists of floodplain deposits. The lower parts of the formation have an abundance of tuffs and tuffaceous sediments. These likely originated from distant eruptions that were transported into the basin by aerial fallout, wind or river transport. The formation is suggested to span an approximately 3 million year interval in the late Early Miocene around 18 to 15.2 million years ago, during the Burdigalian and Langhian stages.[4]

Paleoenvironment

The environment of the Santa Cruz Formation is thought to have been relatively warm and humid, to have included a mix of open savannah, gallery forests and semi-deciduous forests. Permanent bodies of water such as lakes, ponds and streams are likely to have been present in some areas.[6]

Paleoflora

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Nothofagus[7] Indeterminate Rincón del Buque, Punta Sur Leaves, wood
Araucaria[7] Indeterminate Punta Sur Twig Morphologically similar to A. marensii from the Eocene of Antarctica
Lauraceae[7] Indeterminate Punta Sur Wood Assigned to form genus Laurinoxylon
Myrceugenia[7] M. chubutense Punta Sur Wood A member of the family Myrtaceae
Eucryphiaceoxylon[7] E. eucryphioides Punta Sur Wood Wood probably belonging to the genus Eucryphia
Faboideae[7] Indeterminate Punta Sur Wood Possible affinities to Sophora (Fabaceae)
Doroteoxylon[7] D. vicenti-perezii Punta Sur Wood Wood with affinities to the subfamily Caesalpinioideae
Akanioxylon[8] A. santacrucensis Punta Sur Wood A member of the family Akaniaceae
Chloridoideae[7] Indeterminate Phytoliths Grass
Panicoideae[7]
Danthonioideae[7]
Pooideae[7]

Paleofauna

Invertebrates

Name Species Material Notes Image
Crassostrea[9] C. orbignyi Numerous individuals in large beds at the base of the formation A marine true oyster
Diplodon[10] D. cf. colhuapiensis A freshwater bivalve belonging to Hyriidae
Stephadiscus[11] Indeterminate A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Charopidae
Gastrocopta[12] G.patagonica A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Vertiginidae
?Scolodonta [12] Indeterminate A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Scolodontidae
Punctum[12] P. patagonicum A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Punctidae
Zilchogyra[12] Z. miocenica A terrestrial gastropod belonging to Charopidae
Patagocharopa[12] P. enigmatica A terrestrial gastropod of uncertain affinities, possibly a member of Charopidae
Porifera[7] Unspecified Spicules Freshwater sponge
Bacillariophyceae[7] Unspecified Frustules Freshwater diatoms
Chrysophyceae[7] Unspecified Freshwater algae

Amphibians

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Calyptocephalella[13][14] C. cf. canqueli Estancia La Costa, Rinconada de los López Skull and jaw fragments A calyptocephalellid frog
Neobatrachia[13] Indeterminate Estancia La Costa Skull fragments and presacral vertebrate A frog originally assigned to "Leptodactylidae", but requires further investigation

Birds

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Anisolornis[15] A. excavatus A bird of uncertain affinities, authors have varyingly suggested affinities to trumpeters or limpkins
Ankonetta[15] A. larriestrai Partial tarsometatarsus A basal member of Anatidae
Badiostes[15] B. patagonicus A member of the family Falconidae
Brontornis[15] B. burmeisteri Controversial taxonomic position, either considered a terror bird or an anserimorph
Brontornis burmeisteri femore sinistro.JPG
Dryornis[16][17] D. pampeanusD. hatcheri Two partial left humerus A New World vulture.
Eutelornis[15] E. patagonicus

E. australis

Limb fragments A member of Anseriformes, relationships of the species to each other or to other Ansiferiformes is uncertain
Liptornis[15] L. hesternus A member of Anhingidae
Macranhinga[15] Indeterminate A member of Anhingidae
Miocariama[15][18] M. santacrucensis Partial cranium and tibiotarsi fragments A seriema
Nothurinae[15] 2 Indeterminate species Tinamou
Opisthodactylus[15] O. patagonicus Limb, vertebra and skull fragments A member of Rheidae
Patagornis [15] P. marshi A terror bird
Patagornis marshi.png
Phorusrhacos[19] P. longissimus Partial skulls A terror bird
Phorusrhacos longissimus skull 824.jpg
Protibis[15] P. cnemialis distal end of tibiotarsus Potentially a spoonbill
Psilopterus[15] P. lemoinei

P. bachmanni

A terror bird
Psilopterus australis - AMNH - DSC06300.JPG
Thegornis[15] T. musculosus

T. debilis

A member of the family Falconidae
Archaeopsophia[20] A. aoni A member of the family Psophiidae (trumpeters)
Chehuenia[20] C. facongrandei A roller
Kaikenia[20] K. mourerchauvirea An anatid belonging to the subfamily Tadorninae
Peioa[20] P. australis A member of Anseriformes.

Reptiles

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Pristidactylus[21] Indeterminate La Cueva Fragmentary jaw bones Originally assigned to the dubious genus "Erichosaurus"
Pleurodonta[13][21]
Tupinambis[13] Monte León Fragmentary dentaries and maxilla A teiid lizard
Colubridae[13][21] Cerro Observatorio Partial trunk vertebrae A snake

Mammals

Meridiungulates

Astrapotheres
Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Astrapotherium[22][23][24][25][26][2][27] A. magnum

A. nanum

A. sp.

An astrapotheriid
Astrapotherium magnum NT.jpg
Litopterns
Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Adianthus[28] A. bucatus An adianthid litoptern
Anisolophus[22][3][23][29][26][2] A. australis

A. floweri

A proterotheriid litoptern
Diadiaphorus[30][3][23][2][29][31][27] D. majusculus

D. sanctaecrucis

D. sp.

A proterotheriid litoptern
Diadiaphorus majusculus NT.jpg
Tetramerorhinus[32][30][3][23][2][26][24][25][29][31][27] T. cingulatum

T. fleaglei

T. mixtum

T. lucarius

T. prosistens

T. sp.

Estancia La Costa Member A proterotheriid litoptern
Tetramerorhinus jaw.png
Theosodon[33][30][3][23][34][2][26][24][25][29][31][27] T. fontanae

T. garretorum

T. gracilis

T. karaikensis

T. lydekkeri

T. patagonicum

Estancia La Costa Member A macraucheniid litoptern
Theosodon NT.jpg
Thoatherium[30] T. minisculum

T. sp.

Estancia La Costa Member A proterotheriid litoptern
Thoatheriumknight.jpg
Notoungulates
Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Adinotherium[3][23][35][26][24][27] A. ovinum

A. robustum

A. sp.

A toxodontid notoungulate
Adinotherium ovinum.jpg
Cochilius[36] C. sp. An interatheriid notoungulate
Cochilius volvens.jpg
Hegetotherium[22][3][23][2][26][24][25][37] H. mirabile

H. sp.

A hegetotheriid notoungulate
Hegetotherium.svg
Homalodotherium[22][3][23][2][26][24][25][27] H. cunninghami A homalodotheriid notoungulate
Homalodotherium FMNH.jpg
Interatherium[38][22][3][23][35][2][26][24][25][27] I. anguliferum

I. brevifrons

I. dentatum

I. interruptum

I. robustum

I. rodens

I. supernum

An interatheriid notoungulate
Interatherium.jpg
Neoicochilus[36] N. undulatus An interatheriid notoungulate
Nesodon[22][3][23][35][2][26][24][25][27] N. imbricatus A toxodontid notoungulate
Nesodon imbricatus skeleton reconstruction.jpg
Notohippus[39] N. toxodontoides A notohippid notoungulate
Pachyrukhos[22][3][23][2][26][24][25][37] P. moyani A hegetotheriid notoungulate
Skeleton-of-Pachyrukhos-from-Sinclair-1909.png
Patriarchus[38][40] P. palmidens An interatheriid notoungulate
Protypotherium[33][38][22][3][23][2][26][24][25][40][27] P. attenuatum

P. australe

P. praerutilum

P. sp.

An interatheriid notoungulate
ProtypotheriumSinclair 1.jpg

Xenarthrans

Pilosa
Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Analcimorphus[41][42] A. giganteus

A. inversus

Estancia La Costa Member A basal megatherioid sloth
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (PLATE XLVII) (6859444178).jpg
A. antarcticum Estancia La Costa Member A scelidotheriid sloth
Eucholoeops[43] E. fronto

E. ingens

E. litoralis

E. titans

Estancia La Costa Member A megalonychid ground sloth
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (PLATE LV) (7005566005).jpg
Hapalops[26] H. longiceps

H. elongatus

H. indifferens

H. angustipalatus

H. platycephalus

H. ponderosus

H. rectangularis

A ground sloth belonging to Megatherioidea
Hapalops skeleton.jpg
Hyperleptus[44] Indeterminate A megatherioid ground sloth of uncertain affinities
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (PLATE LIV) (7005565749).jpg
Megalonychotherium M. atavus A megalonychid ground sloth
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (PLATE XLVI) (7005563487).jpg
Mylodontidae[44] Indeterminate
Nematherium[44] N. angulatum A ground sloth belonging to Mylodontoidea
Nematherium angulatum.JPG
Pelecyodon[44] P. cristatus A ground sloth
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (PLATE LII) (7005565177).jpg
Planops[44] P. magnus A megatheriid ground sloth
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (PLATE LVIII) (7005566787).jpg
Protamandua[44] P. rothi An anteater
Prepotherium[44] P. potens

P. filholi

A ground sloth
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (PLATE LIX) (6859447460).jpg
Megalonychidae Indeterminate A ground sloth
Schismotherium[45][46] S. fractum A ground sloth
Xyophorus[46] X. atlanticus

X. latirostris

A nothrotheriid ground sloth
Cingulata
Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Anantiosodon[47] A. rarus An armadillo
cf. Asterostemma[47] cf. A. depressa A glyptodont
Cochlops[47] C. muricatus A glyptodont
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (PLATE XIX) (6859436306).jpg
Eucinepeltus[47] E. petesatus A glyptodont
Metopotoxus[47] M. laevatus A glyptodont
Parutaetus[47] P. sp. An armadillo
Peltephilus[47] P. ferox

P. giganteus

P. nanus

P. pumilus

P. strepens

A horned armadillo
Peltephilus ferox skull.jpg
Proeutatus[47][26] P. carinatus

P. deleo

P. lagena

P. oenophorus

P. robustus

An armadillo
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (PLATE XI) (7005553277) (cropped).jpg
Propalaehoplophorus[47] P. australis

P. incisivus P. minus

A glyptodont
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (PLATE XXII) (7005556677).jpg
Prozaedyus [47][26] P. exilis

P. proximus

An armadillo
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (PLATE V) (6859432278).jpg
Stenotatus[26] S. patagonicus An armadillo
Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899 (PLATE VII) (6859432828).jpg
Stegotherium[47] S. tauberi

S. tessellatum

An armadillo
Stegotherium tesselatum.jpg
Vetelia[47][48] V. puncta An armadillo
Vetelia.png

Metatherians

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Abderites[49] A. meridionalis A member of Abderitidae (Paucituberculata)
Acdestis[49] A. owenii A. lemairei A member of Palaeothentidae (Paucituberculata)
Acrocyon[50] A. sectorius A borhyaenid sparassodont
Acyon[50] A. tricuspidatus A hathliacynid sparassodont
Arctodictis[50] A. munizi A borhyaenid sparassodont
Borhyaena[50] B. tuberata A borhyaenid sparassodont
Borhyaena tuberata.JPG
Cladosictis[50] C. patagonia A sparassodont
Lycopsis[50] L. torresi A sparassodont
Microbiotherium [49] M. acicula

M. patagonicum

M. gallegosense

M. tehuelchum

A member of Microbiotheriidae (Microbiotheria)
Palaeothentes[49] P. aratae

P. minutus

P. intermedius

P. lemoinei

P. pascuali

A member of Palaeothentidae (Paucituberculata)
Palaeothentes lepidus mandible.jpg
Perathereutes [50] P. pungens A hathliacynid sparassodont
Phonocdromus[49] P. gracilis A member of Pichipilidae (Paucituberculata)
Prothylacinus[50] P. patagonicus A sparassodont
Prothylacinus patagonicus.png
Pseudonotictis[50] P. pusillus A hathliacynid sparassodont
Sipalocyon[50] S. gracilis

S. obusta

A hathliacynid sparassodont
Stilotherium[49] S. dissimile A member of Caenolestidae (Paucituberculata)

Rodents

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Acarechimys[46] A. minutus

A. minutissmus

A. constans

A. gracilis

A member of Octodontoidea
Acaremys[51][26] A. murinus

A. messor

A member of Acaremyidae (Octodontoidea)
Adelphomys[51] A. candidus A member of Octodontoidea
Dudumus[51] Indeterminate, potentially new species A member of Octodontoidea
Eocardia[51] E. montana

"E". excavata

"E". fissa

A member of Cavioidea
Eocardia.jpg
Neoreomys[51] N. australis A member of Cavioidea
Perimys[51] P. erutus

P. onustus

P. incavatus

A member of Chinchilloidea
Perimys tooth.png
Phanomys[51] P. mixtus

P. vetulus

A member of Cavioidea
Pliolagostomus[51] P. notatus A member of Chinchilloidea
Prolagostomus[51] P. pusilllus A member of Chinchilloidea
Prospaniomys[51] Indeterminate, potentially new species A member of Octodontoidea
Pseudoacaremys[51] P. kramarzi A member of the family Acaremyidae (Octodontoidea)
Schistomys[51] S. erro A member of Cavioidea
Sciamys[51] S. principalis

S. varians

S. latidens

A member of the family Acaremyidae (Octodontoidea)
Scleromys[51] S. angustus A member of Chinchilloidea
Spaniomys[51] S. riparius

S. regularis

A member of Octodontoidea
Steiromys[51] S. dentatus

S. duplicatus

A member of Erethizontoidea

Primates

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Homunculus[52][53][54] H. patagonicus, H. vizcainoi A New World monkey
Killikaike[55] K. blakei A New World monkey, some authors regard the taxon as a synonym of Homunculus patagonicus, while others regard them as distinct.
Killikaike blakei.png

Meridiolestida

Name Species Locality Material Notes Image
Necrolestes[56] N. patagonicus Skull and postcranial remains A mole-like meridiolestidan, youngest known member of the group
Necrolestes.svg

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matheos, Sergio D.; Raigemborn, M. Sol (2012-10-11). Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana. eds. Sedimentology and paleoenvironment of the Santa Cruz Formation (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–82. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.005. ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511667381%23c19461-4-1/type/book_part. Retrieved 2022-11-06. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 Cuitiño, José I.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Aramendía, Inés (2019-05-31). "Sedimentology and fossil vertebrates of the Santa Cruz Formation (early Miocene) in Lago Posadas, southwestern Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). Andean Geology 46 (2): 383–420. doi:10.5027/andgeoV46n2-3128. ISSN 0718-7106. http://www.andeangeology.cl/index.php/revista1/article/view/V46n2-3128. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 Cassini, Guillermo H.; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Villafañe, Amalia L.; Muñoz, Nahuel A. (2012). "Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation". in Bargo, M. Susana; Kay, Richard F.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.. Paleobiology of Santacrucian native ungulates (Meridiungulata: Astrapotheria, Litopterna and Notoungulata). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 243–286. ISBN 978-0-521-19461-7. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/early-miocene-paleobiology-in-patagonia/paleobiology-of-santacrucian-native-ungulates-meridiungulata-astrapotheria-litopterna-and-notoungulata/85776FBE33085A8959D44D7331D5900E. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cuitiño, José I.; Sol Raigemborn, M.; Susana Bargo, M.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Muñoz, Nahuel A.; Kohn, Matthew J.; Kay, Richard F. (2021-04-07). "Insights on the controls on floodplain-dominated fluvial successions: a perspective from the Early–Middle Miocene Santa Cruz Formation in Río Chalía (Patagonia, Argentina)". Journal of the Geological Society 178 (4). doi:10.1144/jgs2020-188. ISSN 0016-7649. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/jgs/article-abstract/178/4/jgs2020-188/595176/Insights-on-the-controls-on-floodplain-dominated. 
  5. ↑ Raúl Ugalde , Enrique Bostelmann , Karina E. Buldrini , and José Luis Oyarzún Lithofacies, architecture, and depositional environments of the Santa Cruz Formation in Chilean Patagonia (2015) XIV Congreso Geológico Chileno
  6. ↑ Kay, Richard F.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Spradley, Jackson P.; Cuitiño, José I. (August 2021). "Paleoenvironments and paleoecology of the Santa Cruz Formation (early-middle Miocene) along the Río Santa Cruz, Patagonia (Argentina)" (in en). Journal of South American Earth Sciences 109: 103296. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2021.103296. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 Brea, Mariana; Zucol, Alejandro F.; Iglesias, Ari (2012). Bargo, M. Susana; Kay, Richard F.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.. eds. Fossil plant studies from late Early Miocene of the Santa Cruz Formation: paleoecology and paleoclimatology at the passive margin of Patagonia, Argentina. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–128. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.008. ISBN 978-0-521-19461-7. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/early-miocene-paleobiology-in-patagonia/fossil-plant-studies-from-late-early-miocene-of-the-santa-cruz-formation-paleoecology-and-paleoclimatology-at-the-passive-margin-of-patagonia-argentina/1D6B321AD2197B4F284B4C7EBE485B1D. 
  8. ↑ Brea, Mariana; Zucol, Alejandro F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Fernicola, Juan Carlos; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2017-03-01). "First Miocene record of Akaniaceae in Patagonia (Argentina): a fossil wood from the early Miocene Santa Cruz formation and its palaeobiogeographical implications" (in en). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 183 (3): 334–347. doi:10.1093/botlinnean/bow014. ISSN 0024-4074. http://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/183/3/334/3092409. 
  9. ↑ Griffin, Miguel; Parras, Ana (2012-10-11). Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana. eds. Oysters from the base of the Santa Cruz Formation (late Early Miocene) of Patagonia (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–90. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.006. ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511667381%23c19461-5-1/type/book_part. Retrieved 2022-11-22. 
  10. ↑ Pérez, Leandro; Cuitiño, José; Varela, Augusto; Muñoz, Nahuel (2020). "DIPLODON CF. COLHUAPIENSIS (BIVALVIA - HYRIIDAE) IN THE SANTA CRUZ FORMATION (EARLY-MIDDLE MIOCENE), AT THE RÍO SANTA CRUZ, PATAGONIA, ARGENTINA. STRATIGRAPHIC AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.16.07.2019.283. http://www.peapaleontologica.org.ar/index.php/peapa/article/view/283. 
  11. ↑ Rodriguez, Pablo E.; Miquel, Sergio E.; Tauber, Adán A.; Krapovickas, Jerónimo M. (2012-06-01). "First record of land gastropods of the family Charopidae in the Early to Middle Miocene from Santa Cruz Province, Southern Patagonia, Argentina (Gastropoda Pulmonata: Stylommatophora: Charopidae)" (in en). Archiv für Molluskenkunde International Journal of Malacology 141 (1): 57–66. doi:10.1127/arch.moll/1869-0963/141/057-066. ISSN 1869-0963. http://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/archmoll/detail/141/78208/First_record_of_land_gastropods_of_the_family_Char?af=crossref. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Miquel, Sergio E.; Rodriguez, Pablo E. (September 2015). "A novel late Early Miocene assemblage of terrestrial gastropods from Santa Cruz (Patagonia, Argentina)" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 89 (5): 748–761. doi:10.1017/jpa.2015.66. ISSN 0022-3360. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0022336015000669/type/journal_article. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Fernicola, Juan C.; Albino, Adriana (2012-10-11), Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana, eds., "Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the Santa Cruz Formation (late Early Miocene), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina: paleoenvironmental and paleobiological considerations", Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia (Cambridge University Press): pp. 129–137, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.009, ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1, https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511667381%23c19461-8-1/type/book_part, retrieved 2022-11-22 
  14. ↑ Muzzopappa, Paula (2020). "CALYPTOCEPHALELLA (ANURA, AUSTRALOBATRACHIA) REMAINS FROM THE RíO SANTA CRUZ (EARLY-MIDDLE MIOCENE, SANTA CRUZ FORMATION), SANTA CRUZ PROVINCE, ARGENTINA". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.27.06.2019.282. http://www.peapaleontologica.org.ar/index.php/peapa/article/view/282. 
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 Degrange, Federico J.; Noriega, Jorge I.; Areta, Juan I. (2012-10-11), Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana, eds., "Diversity and paleobiology of the Santacrucian birds", Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia (Cambridge University Press): pp. 138–155, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.010, ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1, https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511667381%23c19461-9-1/type/book_part, retrieved 2022-11-22 
  16. ↑ Degrange, Federico J. (2022-03-30). "A new species of Dryornis (Aves, Cathartiformes) from the Santa Cruz Formation (lower Miocene), Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41 (5): e2008411. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.2008411. ISSN 0272-4634. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2021.2008411. 
  17. ↑ "A new species of Dryornis (Aves, Cathartiformes) from the Santa Cruz Formation (lower Miocene), Patagonia, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41 (5): e2008411. 2022. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.2008411. 
  18. ↑ Jorge I. Noriega; Gerald Mayr (2017). "The systematic affinities of the putative seriema Noriegavis santacrucensis (Noriega et al., 2009) from the Miocene of Argentina". Contribuciones del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia". 7: 133–139.
  19. ↑ Degrange, Federico J.; Eddy, Drew; Puerta, Pablo; Clarke, Julia (2019). "New skull remains of Phorusrhacos longissimus (Aves, Cariamiformes) from the Miocene of Argentina: implications for the morphology of Phorusrhacidae" (in en). Journal of Paleontology 93 (6): 1221–1233. doi:10.1017/jpa.2019.53. ISSN 0022-3360. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Agnolín, Federico L. (2022). "New fossil birds from the Miocene of Patagonia, Argentina". Poeyana 513: 1–43. ISSN 2410-7492. https://www.revistasgeotech.com/index.php/poey/article/view/428. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Albino, Adriana; Brizuela, Santiago; Vizcaíno, Sergio (2017). "The southernmost fossil record of Squamates". Amphibia-Reptilia 38 (1): 15–30. doi:10.1163/15685381-00003078. ISSN 0173-5373. https://brill.com/view/journals/amre/38/1/article-p15_2.xml. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Kay, Richard F.; Fariña, Richard A.; Di Giacomo, Mariana; Perry, Jonathan M. G.; Prevosti, Francisco J.; Toledo, Néstor et al. (2010-06-15). "A baseline paleoecological study for the Santa Cruz Formation (late–early Miocene) at the Atlantic coast of Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 292 (3): 507–519. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.04.022. ISSN 0031-0182. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018210002312. 
  23. ↑ 23.00 23.01 23.02 23.03 23.04 23.05 23.06 23.07 23.08 23.09 23.10 23.11 Cassini, Guillermo H. (2013). "Skull Geometric Morphometrics and Paleoecology of Santacrucian (Late Early Miocene; Patagonia) Native Ungulates (Astrapotheria, Litopterna, and Notoungulata)". Ameghiniana 50 (2): 193–216. doi:10.5710/AMGH.7.04.2013.606. ISSN 0002-7014. https://bioone.org/journals/ameghiniana/volume-50/issue-2/AMGH.7.04.2013.606/Skull-Geometric-Morphometrics-and-Paleoecology-of-Santacrucian-Late-Early-Miocene/10.5710/AMGH.7.04.2013.606.full. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 24.9 Fernández, Mercedes; Muñoz, Nahuel Antu (2019-12-20). "Notoungulata and Astrapotheria (Mammalia, Meridiungulata) of the Santa Cruz Formation (Early-Middle Miocene) along the Río Santa Cruz, Argentine Patagonia." (in en). Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.19.09.2019.288. ISSN 2469-0228. https://www.peapaleontologica.org.ar/index.php/peapa/article/view/288. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 25.5 25.6 25.7 25.8 Fernicola, Juan Carlos; Vizcaíno, Sergio Fabián; Bargo, M. Susana; Kay, Richard Frederick; Cuitiño, Jose Ignacio (2019-12-20). "Analysis of the Early–Middle Miocene mammal associations at the Río Santa Cruz (Patagonia, Argentina)" (in en). Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.01.11.2019.309. ISSN 2469-0228. https://www.peapaleontologica.org.ar/index.php/peapa/article/view/309. 
  26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 26.12 26.13 26.14 26.15 Zurita-Altamirano, Daniel; Buffetaut, Eric; Forasiepi, Analía M.; Kramarz, Alejandro; Carrillo, Juan D.; Aguirre-Fernández, Gabriel; Carlini, Alfredo A.; Scheyer, Torsten M. et al. (2019). "The Allemann collection from the Santa Cruz Formation (late early Miocene), Argentina, in Zurich, Switzerland" (in en). Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 138 (2): 259–275. doi:10.1007/s13358-019-00185-5. ISSN 1664-2384. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 27.7 27.8 MacPhee, R. D. E.; Pino, Santiago Hernández Del; Kramarz, Alejandro; Forasiepi, Analía M.; Bond, Mariano; Sulser, R. Benjamin (2021-04-19). "Cranial Morphology and Phylogenetic Relationships of Trigonostylops wortmani, an Eocene South American Native Ungulate". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 449 (1): 1–183. doi:10.1206/0003-0090.449.1.1. ISSN 0003-0090. 
  28. ↑ Cifelli, Richard; Soria, Miguel Fernando (1983). "Systematics of the Adianthidae (Litopterna, Mammalia)." (in en-US). American Museum Novitates (2771): 1–25. https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/5255. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Schmidt, Gabriela Ines; Pino, Santiago Hernández Del; Muñoz, Nahuel Antú; Fernández, Mercedes (2019-12-20). "Litopterna (Mammalia) From the Santa Cruz Formation (Early-Middle Miocene) At the Río Santa Cruz, Southern Argentina." (in en). Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.13.08.2019.290. ISSN 2469-0228. https://www.peapaleontologica.org.ar/index.php/peapa/article/view/290. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Kramarz, Alejandro G.; Bond, Mariano (2005). "Los Litopterna (Mammalia) de la Formación Pinturas, Mioceno Temprano-Medio de Patagonia" (in es). Ameghiniana 42 (3): 611–625. ISSN 1851-8044. https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/article/view/928. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Chimento, Nicolás R.; Agnolin, Federico L. (2020). "Phylogenetic tree of Litopterna and Perissodactyla indicates a complex early history of hoofed mammals". Scientific Reports 10 (1): 13280. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-70287-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMID 32764723. 
  32. ↑ Ameghino, Florentino (1894). "Énumération synoptique des espèces de mammifères fossiles des formations éocènes de Patagonie". Boletin de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias en Cordoba (Republica Argentina) (Buenos Aires: Imp. de P.E. Coni é hijos) 13: 259–452. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.77348. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/77348. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Ameghino, Florentino (1891). "Nuevos restos de mamíferos fósiles descubiertos por Carlos Ameghino en el Eoceno inferior de la Patagonia austral. — Especies nuevas, adiciones y correcciones". Revista argentina de historia natural 1: 289–328. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/76088. 
  34. ↑ Schmidt, Gabriela I.; Ferrero, Brenda S. (September 2014). "Taxonomic Reinterpretation of Theosodon hystatus Cabrera and Kraglievich, 1931 (Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) and Phylogenetic Relationships of the Family". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 34 (5): 1231–1238. doi:10.1080/02724634.2014.837393. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.2014.837393. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Cassini, Guillermo H.; Pino, Santiago Hernández Del; Muñoz, Nahuel A.; Acosta, M. V. Walter G.; Fernández, Mercedes; Bargo, M. Susana; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2017). "Teeth complexity, hypsodonty and body mass in Santacrucian (Early Miocene) notoungulates (Mammalia)" (in en). Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 106 (4): 303–313. doi:10.1017/S1755691016000153. ISSN 1755-6910. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Fernández, Mercedes; Fernicola, Juan C.; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2021-07-04). "A new genus of Interatheriinae (Interatheriidae, Notoungulata) from the Santa Cruz Formation (early–middle Miocene), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, and the revision of the genus Cochilius Ameghino, 1902". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 41 (4): e1956940. doi:10.1080/02724634.2021.1956940. ISSN 0272-4634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1956940. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Bargo, M. Susana; Kay, Richard F.; Raigemborn, M. Sol (2021-07-07). "The record of the typothere Pachyrukhos (Mammalia, Notoungulata) and the Chinchillid Prolagostomus (Mammalia, Rodentia) in the Santa Cruz Formation (early–middle Miocene) south to the Río Coyle, Patagonia, Argentina" (in en). Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina 21 (2): 1–15. doi:10.5710/PEAPA.26.05.2021.385. ISSN 2469-0228. https://www.peapaleontologica.org.ar/index.php/peapa/article/view/385. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Sinclair, William John (1909). "Reports of the Princeton University Expeditions to Patagonia, 1896-1899.". Mammalia of the Santa Cruz Beds, part 1: Typotheria of the Santa Cruz Beds.. 7. Princeton: The University. pp. 1–110. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.12486. https://archive.org/details/reportsofp61319091912prin/mode/2up. 
  39. ↑ Hernández Del Pino, Santiago; Fernández, Mercedes; Cerdeño, Esperanza; Fernicola, Juan C. (2019-01-02). "Anatomy and systematics of Notohippus toxodontoides Ameghino, 1891 (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Miocene of Santa Cruz Province, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (1): e1577870. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1577870. ISSN 0272-4634. https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2019.1577870. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Fernández, Mercedes; Fernicola, Juan C.; Cerdeño, Esperanza (2019-03-04). "The genus Patriarchus Ameghino, 1889 (Mammalia, Notoungulata, Typotheria), from the Santa Cruz Formation, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 39 (2): e1613416. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1613416. ISSN 0272-4634. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334077616. 
  41. ↑ Toledo, Néstor; Cassini, Guillermo Hernán; Vizcaíno, Sergio Fabián; Bargo, M. Susana (2014). "Mass Estimation of Santacrucian Sloths from the Early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation of Patagonia, Argentina". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 59 (2): 267–280. doi:10.4202/app.2012.0009. ISSN 0567-7920. 
  42. ↑ Bargo, M. Susana; Iuliis, Gerardo De; Toledo, Néstor (2019-12-20). "Early Miocene Sloths (Xenarthra, Folivora) From the Río Santa Cruz Valley (Southern Patagonia, Argentina), Ameghino, 1887 Revisited" (in en). Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.06.08.2019.297. ISSN 2469-0228. https://www.peapaleontologica.org.ar/index.php/peapa/article/view/297. 
  43. ↑ Iuliis, Gerardo De; Pujos, François; Toledo, Nestor; Bargo, M. Susana; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2014). "Eucholoeops Ameghino, 1887 (Xenarthra, Tardigrada, Megalonychidae) from the Santa Cruz Formation, Argentine Patagonia: implications for the systematics of Santacrucian sloths". Geodiversitas 36 (2): 209–255. doi:10.5252/g2014n2a2. ISSN 1280-9659. https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/fr/periodiques/geodiversitas/36/2/eucholoeops-ameghino-1887-xenarthra-tardigrada-megalonychidae-de-la-formation-santa-cruz-de-patagonie-argentine-implications-pour-la-systematique-des-paresseux-santacruziens. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 44.4 44.5 44.6 Bargo, M. Susana; Toledo, Néstor; Vizcaíno, Sergio F. (2012-10-11). Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana. eds. Paleobiology of the Santacrucian sloths and anteaters (Xenarthra, Pilosa) (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 216–242. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.014. ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511667381%23c19461-13-1/type/book_part. 
  45. ↑ Racco, Augusto; Fernicola, Juan C.; Bargo, M. Susana; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Iuliis, Gerardo De (2017). "On the Type of Schismotherium fractum Ameghino, 1887 (Xenarthra, Folivora, Megatherioidea) from the Early Miocene Santa Cruz Formation (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina)". Ameghiniana 55 (1): 117–125. doi:10.5710/AMGH.18.07.2017.3109. ISSN 0002-7014. https://bioone.org/journals/ameghiniana/volume-55/issue-1/AMGH.18.07.2017.3109/On-the-Type-of-Schismotherium-fractum-Ameghino-1887-Xenarthra-Folivora/10.5710/AMGH.18.07.2017.3109.full. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 Fernicola, J.C; Bargo, M.S.; Vizcaíno, S.F.; Kay, R.F (2019). "Early–Middle Miocene Paleontology in the Río Santa Cruz, Southern Patagonia, Argentina. 130 years since Ameghino, 1887". Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina: 257–259. https://archive.org/details/311-article-text-2439-1-10-20191220/mode/2up. 
  47. ↑ 47.00 47.01 47.02 47.03 47.04 47.05 47.06 47.07 47.08 47.09 47.10 47.11 Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Fernicola, Juan C.; Bargo, M. Susana (2012). "Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation". in Bargo, M. Susana; Kay, Richard F.; Vizcaíno, Sergio F.. Paleobiology of Santacrucian glyptodonts and armadillos (Xenarthra, Cingulata). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 194–215. ISBN 978-0-521-19461-7. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/early-miocene-paleobiology-in-patagonia/paleobiology-of-santacrucian-glyptodonts-and-armadillos-xenarthra-cingulata/58CB0068C890DBBD5F3E7AA03E423905. 
  48. ↑ Barasoain, Daniel; González Ruiz, Laureano; Tomassini, Rodrigo; Zurita, Alfredo; Contreras, Víctor; Montalvo, Claudia (2021). "First phylogenetic analysis of the Miocene armadillo Vetelia reveals novel affinities with Tolypeutinae". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 66 (3). doi:10.4202/app.00829.2020. http://www.app.pan.pl/article/item/app008292020.html. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 Alejandra Abello, María; Ortiz-Jaureguizar, Edgardo; Candela, Adriana M. (2012-10-11). Vizcaíno, Sergio F.. ed. Paleoecology of the Paucituberculata and Microbiotheria (Mammalia, Marsupialia) from the late Early Miocene of Patagonia (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 156–172. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.011. ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511667381%23c19461-10-1/type/book_part. Retrieved 2022-11-22. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 50.4 50.5 50.6 50.7 50.8 50.9 Prevosti, Francisco J.; Forasiepi, Analía M.; Ercoli, Marcos D.; Turazzini, Guillermo F. (2012-10-11). Vizcaíno, Sergio F.. ed. Paleoecology of the mammalian carnivores (Metatheria, Sparassodonta) of the Santa Cruz Formation (late Early Miocene) (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 173–193. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.012. ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511667381%23c19461-11-1/type/book_part. 
  51. ↑ 51.00 51.01 51.02 51.03 51.04 51.05 51.06 51.07 51.08 51.09 51.10 51.11 51.12 51.13 51.14 51.15 Arnal, Michelle; Pérez, María Encarnación; Deschamps, Cecilia (2019-12-20). "Revision of the Miocene caviomorph rodents from the Río Santa Cruz (Argentinean Patagonia)." (in en). Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.25.09.2019.299. ISSN 2469-0228. https://www.peapaleontologica.org.ar/index.php/peapa/article/view/299. 
  52. ↑ Kay, Richard F.; Perry, Jonathan M. G.; Malinzak, Michael; Allen, Kari L.; Kirk, E. Christopher; Plavcan, J. Michael; Fleagle, John G. (2012-10-11). Vizcaíno, Sergio F.; Kay, Richard F.; Bargo, M. Susana. eds. Paleobiology of Santacrucian primates (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 306–330. doi:10.1017/cbo9780511667381.017. ISBN 978-0-511-66738-1. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511667381%23c19461-16-1/type/book_part. Retrieved 2022-11-22. 
  53. ↑ Fleagle, John G.; Gladman, Justin T.; Kay, Richard F. (2022). "A New Humerus of Homunculus patagonicus, a Stem Platyrrhine from the Santa Cruz Formation (Late Early Miocene), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina". Ameghiniana 59 (1): 78–96. doi:10.5710/AMGH.29.09.2021.3447. ISSN 0002-7014. https://bioone.org/journals/ameghiniana/volume-59/issue-1/AMGH.29.09.2021.3447/A-New-Humerus-of-Homunculus-patagonicus-a-Stem-Platyrrhine-from/10.5710/AMGH.29.09.2021.3447.full. 
  54. ↑ Kay, Richard Frederick; Perry, Jonathan Marcus G. (2019-12-20). "New primates from the Río Santa Cruz and Río Bote (Early-Mid Miocene), Santa Cruz Province, Argentina" (in en). Publicación Electrónica de la Asociación Paleontológica Argentina 19 (2). doi:10.5710/PEAPA.24.08.2019.289. ISSN 2469-0228. https://www.peapaleontologica.org.ar/index.php/peapa/article/view/289. 
  55. ↑ Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Adán A. Tauber; Alfred L. Rosenberger; Carl C. Swisher III; María E. Palacios (2006-03-27). "New primate genus from the Miocene of Argentina". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (14): 5437–41. doi:10.1073/pnas.0506126103. PMID 16567649. Bibcode: 2006PNAS..103.5437T. 
  56. ↑ "Fossilworks: Necrolestes patagonensis". http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=244538. 



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