Social:Google+

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Short description: Social network owned and operated by Google
Google+
Google+ logo.svg
Type of site
Social networking service
Identity service
Available inMultilingual
OwnerGoogle LLC
Created byVic Gundotra, Bradley Horowitz
Websiteplus.google.com
CommercialYes
RegistrationRequired
Users111 million active users[1] (2015)
LaunchedJune 28, 2011; 13 years ago (2011-06-28),[2] replaced Google Buzz
Current statusScheduled for shutdown for consumers in August 2019
Written inJava and JavaScript[3]

Google Plus (stylized as Google+) is an Internet-based social network that is owned and operated by Google.

The service, Google's fourth foray into social networking, experienced strong growth in its initial years, although usage statistics have varied, depending on how the service is defined. Three Google executives have overseen the service, which has undergone substantial changes leading to a redesign in November 2015.

On October 8, 2018, Google announced that it was shutting down Google+ for consumers, citing low user engagement and a software error, first reported by The Wall Street Journal , that potentially exposed the data of hundreds of thousands of users.[4] Google indicated that Google+ would operate until August 2019, allowing users to download and migrate their information.[5]

History

Creation

Google+ is the company's fourth foray into social networking, following Google Buzz (launched 2010, retired in 2011), Google Friend Connect (launched 2008, retired by March 1, 2012), and Orkut (launched in 2004, (As of 2013 ) operated entirely by subsidiary Google Brazil – retired in September 2014[6]).

Google+ launched in June 2011. Features included the ability to post photos and status updates to the stream or interest-based communities, group different types of relationships (rather than simply "friends") into Circles, a multi-person instant messaging, text and video chat called Hangouts, events, location tagging, and the ability to edit and upload photos to private cloud-based albums.[7][8]

According to a 2016 book by a former Facebook employee, some leaders at Facebook saw Google's foray into social networking as a serious threat to the company. Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg instituted a company-wide "lockdown", signaling that employees were supposed to dedicate time to bringing Facebook's features into line with Google+.[9]

Growth

Assessments of Google+ growth have varied widely because Google first defined the service as a social network,[7] then later as "a social layer across all of Google's services", allowing them to share a user's identity and interests.[10] According to Ars Technica, Google+ signups were "often just an incidental byproduct of signing up for other Google services."[11][12][13] Consequently, the reported number of active users on Google+ grew significantly, but the average time those users spent on the site was a small fraction of that on comparable social media services.

In 2011 Google+ reached 10 million users just two weeks after the launch.[14] In a month, it reached 25 million.[15] In October 2011, the service reached 40 million users, according to Larry Page.[16] Based on ComScore, the biggest market was the United States followed by India .[17] By the end of the year Google+ had 90 million users.[18] In October 2013, approximately 540 million monthly active users made use of the social layer by interacting with Google+'s enhanced properties, like Gmail, +1 button, and YouTube comments.[19] Some 300 million monthly active users participated in the social network by interacting with the Google+ social networking stream.[20][21][22]

User engagement on Google+ was low compared with its competitors; ComScore estimated that users averaged just 3.3 minutes on the site in January 2012, versus 7.5 hours for Facebook.[23][24] In March 2013, average time spent on the site remained low: roughly 7 minutes, according to Nielsen, not including traffic via apps.[25] In February 2014, The New York Times likened Google+ to a ghost town, citing Google stats of 540 million "monthly active users", but noting that almost half don't visit the site. The company replied that the significance of Google+ was less as a Facebook competitor than as a means of gathering and connecting user information from Google's various services.[26]

Changes in management and product direction

In April 2014, Vic Gundotra, the executive in charge of Google+, departed the company[27] with management responsibility going to David Besbris. By March 2015, Google executive Bradley Horowitz, who had co-founded Google Plus with Gundotra, had replaced Besbris, becoming vice president of streams, photos, and sharing.[28]

In an interview with Steven Levy published on May 28, 2015, Horowitz said that Google+ was about to undergo a "huge shift" that would better reflect how the service is actually used. By that time, two core Google+ functions, communications and photos, had become standalone services.[29][30][31] Google Photos, Google's photo and video library, was announced at the May 2015 Google I/O conference.[32] Google Hangouts, Google's communications platform, was announced two years earlier, also at Google I/O. Google subsequently refocused Google+ on shared interests, removing features not supporting "an interest-based social experience". The company also eliminated the Google+ social layer; users no longer needed a Google+ profile to share content and communicate with contacts. The transition began with YouTube, where a Google+ profile was no longer required to create, upload, or comment on a channel, but a Google+ page was instead required. YouTube comments no longer appeared on Google+ or vice versa.[33][34][35][36]

Redesign

On November 18, 2015, Google Plus underwent a redesign with the stated intent of making the site simpler and faster, making the new features of Communities and Collections more prominent, and removing features such as Hangouts integration, Events and Custom URLs, though Events and Custom URLs were eventually added back.[37][38][39] Until January 24, 2017, users accessing the site using desktop computers could access some of the discontinued features by selecting option "Back to classic G+".

Shutdown of consumer version

In October 2018, Google announced it would shut down the consumer version of Google Plus by the end of August 2019. The company cited two reasons: low user engagement, and difficulties in "creating and maintaining a successful Google+ that meets consumers’ expectations." The company noted that 90% of user sessions on the service last under five seconds. It also acknowledged a design flaw in an API that potentially exposed private user data. Google said it found no evidence that "any developer was aware of this bug, or abusing the API" nor that "any Profile data was misused."[5]

According to the Wall Street Journal, the data exposure was discovered in the spring of 2018 but not reported by the company due to fears of increased regulatory scrutiny. The newspaper said that "the move effectively puts the final nail in the coffin of a product that was launched in 2011 to challenge Facebook, Inc. and is widely seen as one of Google's biggest failures."[4]

User demographics

Google+'s user base was roughly 60% male and 25% female as of November 2013, and 15% "other" or unknown.[40] Early adopters of Google in mid-2011 were mostly male (71.24%), and the dominant age bracket (35%) was between 25 and 34.[41] An August 2011 survey estimated that 13% of U.S. adults had joined Google+.[42]

Features and functions

User profile

A Google+ User profile is a publicly visible account of a user that is attached to many Google properties. It includes basic social networking services like a profile photo, about section, cover photo, previous work and school history, interests, places lived and an area to post status updates.[43] It also includes several identity service sections, such as a contributor and other profiles area that let one link their "properties across the web". These sections optionally link to other social media accounts one has, any blogs one owns or have written or sites one is a contributor to. This area is used for Google Authorship.[44][45] Customized or Vanity URLs were made available to the public starting on October 29, 2013 to any account that is 30+ days old and has a profile photo and at least 10 followers.[46] Google removed author photos from search results in June 2014[47] and in August 2014 Google has stopped showing authorship in search results, both photo and author name.[48][49]

Circles

Circles is a core feature of the Google+ Social Platform. It enables users to organize people into groups or lists for sharing[50] across various Google products and services. Organization of circles was done through a drag-and-drop interface until a site redesign in 2015 reduces it to a simple checkbox interface.[51] Once a circle is created, a Google+ user can share specific private content to only that circle. For example, work themed content can be shared with only colleagues, and one's friends and family could see more personal content and photos. The option to share Public or with Everyone is always available.[52] Users were originally able to create Shared Circles, a one-time share to promote a circle of individuals, but the feature has been removed.

Another function of Circles is to control the content of one's Stream. A user may click on a Circle in the Circle Streams list and the Stream portion of the page (the center) will contain only posts shared by users in that Circle. For the unsegmented Stream (includes content from all of a user's Circles), each Circle has a drop-down configuration item with four options: none, fewer, standard, and more. The none position requires the user to select (click on) the Circle name explicitly to see content from users in that Circle. The remaining positions control the quantity of posts which appear in one's main Stream, but the algorithm controlling what shows has not been disclosed.

Stream

In the "Stream", which occupies the main portion of the page, users see updates from those in their Circles and posts in Communities they have joined. There is a compose button which allows users to create a post. Along with the text entry field there are icons to upload and share photos and videos, and create a poll. The Stream can be filtered to show only posts from specific Circles.

Identity services

Starting in November 2011, Google+ profiles are used as the background account for many Google services including YouTube, Gmail, Google Maps, Android, Google Play, Google Music, Google Voice, Google Wallet, Google Local and more.[11][12] As of January 10, Google Search is customized with a feature called Search Plus Your World, which inserts content shared on Google+ profiles and brand pages under Web Search results, if one is logged into their Google+ account while using it.[53] The feature, which is opt-in, was received with controversy over the emphasis of Google+ profiles over other social networking services. The feature builds upon the earlier "Social Search" feature which indexes content shared or published by authors; "Social Search", however, relied partly upon returns from non-Google services, such as Twitter and Flickr. Google and Twitter had a contract that expired in July 2011 which is the reason Tweets are no longer shown.[54]

Privacy

The privacy setting allows users to disclose certain information to the circles of their choice. Users can also see their profile visitors.[55]

+1 button

Google+ has a "+1 button" to allow people to recommend sites and posts, similar in use to Facebook's Like button.[56]

Google+ Pages

Google+ Pages was released on November 7, 2011 to all users, which allows businesses to connect with fans.[57][58][59] It allows entities which are not individuals (such as organizations, companies, and publications) to set up profiles, or "pages", for the posting and syndication of posts. It is similar to Facebook Pages.

Google+ Badges was quietly introduced to select enterprises beginning November 9, 2011 and officially released to the public on November 16.[60] Badges are sidebar widgets which embed "Add to Circles" buttons and drop-down lists into off-site websites and blogs, similar to Facebook's Like Box widgets. This was officially treated by Google as a replacement for the older Google Friend Connect and its widgets, and GFC was announced by Senior Vice President of Operations Urs Hölzle on November 23, 2011, as scheduled to be retired by March 12, 2012 on all non-Blogger sites in favor of Google+ Page Badges.[61]

Google+ Views was introduced on April 1, 2014. It features a "view counter", which is displayed on every user’s profile page. The view counter shows the number of times the user's content has been seen by others, including photos, posts, and profile page.[62] This feature was later removed in favor of an insights feature.[63]

Communities

Google+ Communities was released on December 6, 2012. This allows users to create ongoing conversations about particular topics.[64] Google+ Communities can also be created and managed under Google+ Page accounts.

Events

Events allow users to invite users to share photos and media in real time. This was removed from Google+ as part of the November 2015 redesign, but later added back in a different location. Events can now be found from the user's profile.[39]

Discover

The Discover page shows trending posts and articles on Google+ and around the web.[65] It is similar to the What's Hot page that was removed as part of the November 2015 redesign.

Google Local

On June 11, 2014, Google combined Google Places and Google+ Local Business Pages with the Google My Business product. The product uses the interface of Google+ but has many more features including insights and analytics.[66] On May 30, 2012, Google Places was replaced by Google+ Local, which now integrates directly with the Google+ service to allow users to post photos and reviews of locations directly to its page on the service. Additionally, Google+ Local and Maps also now feature detailed reviews and ratings from Zagat, which was acquired by Google in September 2011.[67]

Photography

Original (left) and with Auto Enhance applied (right)
An animated gif created by Auto Awesome.
  • Google+ Creative Kit was an online photo editor integrated to Google+ on October 27, 2011,[68] similar to Picnik, integrated earlier to Picasa Web Albums. This feature was removed from Google+ in 2015.[69]
  • Auto Awesome: Released at Google I/O in 2013, the feature applied special effects, manually (with Android) or automatically, often using multiple sequential shots. Effects included composite motion in a single image, short animation, photo booth style, and high-dynamic range rendering (HDR).[70] This feature was moved to Google Photos in 2015.[69]
  • Auto Enhance: With Auto Enhance, Google+ made subtle adjustments to hypothetically improve photos.[71] This feature was moved to Google Photos in 2015.[69]
  • Google+ Auto-Backup: A desktop utility that imported a large collection of photos and videos.[72] This feature was moved to Google Photos in 2015.[69]

Additional features

  • Google Takeout provides the ability to download one's content from Google+.[73]
  • Hashtags, where "#" is written before a word or CamelCase, are hyperlinked to the most recent or highest-trending search results within Google+ containing the term. This, a feature which gained notoriety as a microblogging practice on Twitter, was implemented as a Google+ feature on October 12, 2011. Autocompletion came on January 17, 2012.[74]
  • "New Features for Google+ Mobile" Since the launch of Google+, Google has been adding and making changes to many features. On September 30, 2011, the company released a list of changes and additions to Google+ mobile which include:[75]
    • They have made it easier to +mention someone from a mobile device. Now, to +mention another user, one simply writes +[their name] inside a post or comment. In order to +1 comments more easily, users are now able to +1 them directly from their iOS devices. They also introduced this feature to the Android app in December 2011.
  • Selected public figures have verified names. Google determines whether a particular profile warrants verification. The purpose is to indicate to site visitors whether a particular profile belongs to who one would generally expect the name to be, and not someone who coincidentally has the same name as a public figure. Verified identity profiles have a checkmark logo after their name. Examples of profiles bearing the verified name badge include Linus Torvalds, William Shatner, Leo Laporte, Mark Zuckerberg, Larry Page, and Sergey Brin.[76]

Collections

In May 2015, Google+ launched “Collections” feature which was inspired by Pinterest. It allows users to "build content collections based on topics and interests".[77]

Deprecated features

  • "Search in Google+" allowed users to search for content within Google+ and around the web. Users type what they're looking for into the Google+ search box, and Google will return relevant people and posts, as well as popular content from around the web.[78] A search feature has been re-implemented to Google+ but it only turns up content within Google+ instead of including popular content from around the web.
  • "Messenger" (formerly: Huddle) is a feature available to Android, iPhone, and SMS devices for communicating through instant messaging within Circles. Additionally, users can share photos in Messenger between their Circles.[50] This feature was removed in August 2013 since it is superseded by Hangouts.[79]
  • "Sparks" is a front-end to Google Search, enabling users to identify topics they might be interested in sharing with others. "Featured interests" sparks are also available, based on topics others globally are finding interesting.[50] Sparks is accessed as a pull-down from search results and helps to keep users informed of the latest updates on the topics of their interest. Sparks was removed sometime in November 2012.[80]
  • "Games" had 16 games when G+ launched on August 11, 2011,[81] which expanded to 44 a few months later, but by April 2013 there were 38 since some games were removed by the owner.[82] Unlike Facebook games, Google+ games are located under a games tab, which gives games less visibility,[83] and had separate notifications from the rest of a user's notifications.[83] All games were removed from Google+ in June 2013.[84]
  • Ripples, introduced on October 27, 2011, was a visualization tool, showing how re-sharing activity happens regarding a public post. One could replay the public share's activity, zoom in on certain events, identify top contributors, view statistics about average chain length, the most influential people in the chain, the language of the sharers, etc.[68] The feature was removed in May 2015.[85]
  • Google Hangouts, the feature that enabled users to chat, voice, and video conference between users, was removed from Google+ as part of the November 2015 redesign and made accessible through its own Hangouts homepage and mobile applications.[39]
  • Hangouts on Air, introduced in Sept 2011, the live streaming service was moved to YouTube Live starting September 12, 2016.[86]
  • Location, Locations was mostly the service that was Latitude. It allowed the account holder to share their location with a person, circle or circles. The location could be as accurate as the GPS on the mobile device or set to only show city. "Location sharing has moved to Google Maps" appeared in Plus on March 27, 2017.
  • What's Hot, "What's hot" Stream, introduced on October 27, 2011, is a stream showing what Google+ users have commented, shared and interacted with the most. It is similar to "Trending Topics" On Twitter.[68] The page was removed in late 2015, but a new "discover" stream introduced in 2017 provides similar functionality.[65]
  • Google+ Photos, a suite of features which provided photo backup and editing, removed in 2015 and replaced with a separate product called Google Photos.[69]
  • Mentions, a separate stream that showed posts and images you were +mentioned in. This page was removed in the November 2015 redesign.[39]

Google+ Create

In early 2016, the program "G+ Create" which highlights artists, was launched by Google. The intention was to bring content curators around the world in a community that brings them several benefits, such as access to resources under test and obtaining a verified badge in the profile. There is currently a form to attend, and the google team is looking for maximum creativity and quality. [87]

Technologies

According to Joseph Smarr, one of the Google+ team's technical leads, Google+ is a typical Google web application: it uses Java servlets for the server code and JavaScript for the browser-side of the UI, largely built with Google's Closure framework, including the JavaScript compiler and the template system. They use the HTML5 History API to maintain good-looking URLs in modern browsers despite the AJAX app. To achieve fast response times Google often renders the Closure templates on the server side before any JavaScript is loaded; then the JavaScript finds the right DOM nodes, hooks up event handlers, etc. The back ends are built mostly on top of Bigtable and Colossus/GFS, and other common Google technologies such as MapReduce.[3]

Controversies and criticism

Gender disclosure

When joining the service, new users are asked for real-name and gender disclosure, which at launch was shared as public information.[88] The gender selector has options for "Male", "Female", and "Other". The mandatory public gender exposure led to criticism for making older Google profiles public.[89] In response, Google made changes to the service that allows users to control the privacy settings of their gender information.[90] Google's justification for requiring gender information is that it uses that information to inform its usage of the terms "he", "she", and "they" in their delivery of information to users of the service. If a user decides to make the gender portion of the profile private, the language used to convey information becomes gender-neutral, using the singular they in place of gender-specific pronouns.[91]

Censorship by governments

Within a day of the website's launch, various news agencies reported that Google+ was blocked by the People's Republic of China.[92] This is part of a wider policy of censorship in mainland China.[93] The Iranian government has also blocked access to Google+ from July 11, 2011,[94] as part of Internet censorship in Iran.[95] Despite experiencing high growth in the United States and European markets, Google+ still remains unavailable in mainland China. While it is not technically "blocked", it was made impossible to use by slowing it down to a crawl.[96]

"Occupy Obama's G+"

On February 20, 2012, Internet users from the People's Republic of China realized that state restrictions on Google+ had been relaxed for unknown reasons, allowing them to post on Google+ pages.[97] In particular, Chinese users began to inundate the official election campaign pages of U.S. president Barack Obama on Google+ with often off-topic comments in simplified Chinese characters.[98]

Nymwars

Main page: Nymwars

In July 2011, Google+ required users to identify themselves using their real names and some accounts were suspended when this requirement was not met.[99][100] Google VP Bradley Horowitz stated that a violation of the terms of service will only affect offenders' access to Google+ and not any of the other services that Google provides.[101] However, there were early reports of account holders being temporarily locked out of all of Google services.[102]

On October 19, 2011, at the Web 2.0 Summit, Google executive Vic Gundotra revealed that Google+ would begin supporting pseudonyms and other types of identity "within a few months".[103] As of January 23, 2012, Google+ allows the use of established pseudonyms.[104] In July 2014, Google Plus policy was changed to allow any name to be used.[105]

Commenting on YouTube

An image of the ascii-art comment featuring "Bob" used in the then new Google+/YouTube comment section to protest the forced adoption of Google+ for commenting.

On November 6, 2013, YouTube, Google's popular video hosting site began requiring that commenting on its videos be done via a Google+ account, making pre-Google+ integrated comments unable to be replied to. YouTube said that their new commenting system featured improved tools for moderation, and comments would no longer be shown chronologically, but would be featured according to "relevance" and popularity, determined by the commenters' community engagement, reputation, and up-votes for a particular comment.[106]

The decision led hundreds of thousands of usersCite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag

In October 2016, YouTube made it possible to reply to pre-Google+ integrated comments once more with or without a Google+ account.[citation needed]

In popular culture

  • The 2013 film The Internship makes many references to Google+. Set at Google, the comedy was directed by Shawn Levy and stars Owen Wilson and Vince Vaughn.[107]
  • American talk show hosts Conan O'Brien,[108] Stephen Colbert,[109] and Jimmy Fallon[110] have mentioned Google+ in sketches and monologues.
  • Various well-known people and organizations have used Google+ Hangouts including former U.S. President Barack Obama,[111] NASA,[112] Steven Spielberg,[113] The Black Eyed Peas,[114] Tyra Banks,[115] and Paris Hilton.[116]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Has Google+ Really Died?". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/2015/04/23/has-google-really-died/001665134807778346. 
  2. ↑ "Introducing the Google+ project: Real-life sharing, rethought for the web". https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/06/introducing-google-project-real-life.html. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Joseph Smarr (2011). "I'm a technical lead on the Google+ team. Ask me anything.". http://anyasq.com/79-im-a-technical-lead-on-the-google+-team. Retrieved August 17, 2011. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 MacMillan, Douglas; McMillan, Robert (Oct 8, 2018). "Google Exposed User Data, Feared Repercussions of Disclosing to Public" (in en-US). The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/google-exposed-user-data-feared-repercussions-of-disclosing-to-public-1539017194?mod=e2tw. Retrieved October 8, 2018. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Smith, Ben (October 8, 2018). "Project Strobe: Protecting your data, improving our third-party APIs, and sunsetting consumer Google+". Google. https://www.blog.google/technology/safety-security/project-strobe/. Retrieved October 8, 2018. 
  6. ↑ "Tchau Orkut". Google. June 30, 2014. Archived from the original on July 23, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140723220408/http://en.blog.orkut.com/2014/06/tchau-orkut.html. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Gundotra, Vic Gundotra (June 28, 2011). "Introducing the Google+ project: Real-life sharing, rethought for the web". Google. http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/06/introducing-google-project-real-life.html. 
  8. ↑ Lytle, Ryan (Oct 27, 2013). "The Beginner's Guide to Google+". Mashable. http://mashable.com/2013/10/27/google-plus-beginners-guide/. 
  9. ↑ Garcia Martinez, Antonio (June 3, 2016). "How Mark Zuckerberg Led Facebook's War to Crush Google Plus". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/news/2016/06/how-mark-zuckerberg-led-facebooks-war-to-crush-google-plus. Retrieved June 4, 2016. 
  10. ↑ Bosker, Bianca (March 10, 2012). "Vic Gundotra, Google's Social Chief, Explains What Google+ Is (But Not Why To Use It)". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/10/vic-gundotra-google-plus_n_1336601.html. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Google doubles Plus membership with brute-force signup process, Ars Technica, January 22, 2012
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Google Accounts basics". Google Official Blog. https://support.google.com/accounts/answer/27439?hl=en. Retrieved November 11, 2013. 
  13. ↑ Murphy, David (January 21, 2012). "Will The Real Google+ Engagement Figures Please Stand Up?". PC. https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2399183,00.asp. 
  14. ↑ "Google+ Grows to 10 Million Users". CNN. July 14, 2011. http://money.cnn.com/2011/07/14/technology/google_q2_earnings/index.htm. Retrieved July 15, 2011. 
  15. ↑ Wasserman, Todd (August 2, 2011). "Google+ Hits 25 Million Visitors; Users Are Spending More Time There [STUDY]". Mashable. http://mashable.com/2011/08/02/google-plus-25-million-visitors/. Retrieved August 29, 2011. 
  16. ↑ "Here is my Google earnings remarks I just gave and the quote from our press…". google.com. https://plus.google.com/106189723444098348646/posts/EanXz8fLwDh. 
  17. ↑ "Google+ Draws 25 Million Visitors in a Month, ComScore Says". August 3, 2011. Archived from the original on September 15, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110915235617/http://www.ip6net.net/index.php/news. 
  18. ↑ "Google Announces Fourth Quarter and Fiscal Year 2011 Results". google.com. http://investor.google.com/earnings/2011/Q4_google_earnings.html. 
  19. ↑ Two years later, Google+ Hits 300 Million Active Monthly “In-Stream” Users, 540 Million Across Google, MarketingLand, October 29, 2013.
  20. ↑ "Google+ Hangouts and Photos: save some time, share your story". Google Inc Official Blog. October 29, 2013. http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2013/10/google-hangouts-and-photos-save-some.html. Retrieved October 29, 2013. 
  21. ↑ Google's social network sees 58% jump in users, USAToday, October 29, 2013.
  22. ↑ Two years later, Google+ is growing, with 540 m active users worldwide, 1.5b photos uploaded each week, The Next Web, October 29, 2013.
  23. ↑ "Google Plus Users Spent Just 3.3 Minutes There Last Month". CNN. February 28, 2012. http://www.cnn.com/2012/02/28/tech/social-media/google-plus-comscore/index.html. 
  24. ↑ Wasserman, Todd (June 27, 2012). "Google+: A Year of Missed Opportunities". Mashable. http://mashable.com/2012/06/27/google-plus-one-year-later/. 
  25. ↑ Wasserman, Todd (May 10, 2013). "Report: Google+ Visitors Spent an Average of About 7 Minutes on the Site in March". Mashable. http://mashable.com/2013/05/10/google-has-20-million-u-s-monthly-mobile-users-report-says/. 
  26. ↑ Miller, Claire Cain (February 14, 2014). "The Plus in Google Plus? It’s Mostly for Google". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/15/technology/the-plus-in-google-plus-its-mostly-for-google.html. 
  27. ↑ Gannes, Liz (April 24, 2012). "Google+ Head Vic Gundotra Leaving Company". Re/code. http://recode.net/2014/04/24/exclusive-google-head-vic-gundotra-leaving-company/. 
  28. ↑ Linden, Ingrid (March 1, 2015). "Bradley Horowitz is Now Running Google+". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2015/03/01/bradley-horowitz-is-now-running-google/. 
  29. ↑ "Exclusive: Sundar Pichai's Plan To Keep Google Almighty". Forbes. February 26, 2015. https://www.forbes.com/sites/miguelhelft/2015/02/26/exclusive-sundar-pichais-plan-to-keep-google-almighty/3/. 
  30. ↑ Google+ as We Knew It Is Dead, But Google Is Still a Social Network, Wired.com
  31. ↑ Levy, Steven (May 28, 2015). "Bradley Horowitz Says That Google Photos is Gmail for Your Images. And That Google Plus Is Not Dead…". https://medium.com/backchannel/bradley-horowitz-says-that-google-photos-is-gmail-for-your-images-and-that-google-plus-is-not-dead-54be1d641526. Retrieved May 30, 2015. 
  32. ↑ Kastrenakes, Jacob (May 28, 2015). "Google announces unlimited picture and video storage with new Photos app". The Verge. Vox Media. Archived from the original on May 28, 2015. https://www.webcitation.org/6Yryp6dwD?url=http://www.theverge.com/2015/5/28/8678629/google-photos-app-announced. Retrieved May 28, 2015. 
  33. ↑ Horowitz, Bradley (July 27, 2015). "Everything in its right place". Google. http://googleblog.blogspot.co.uk/2015/07/everything-in-its-right-place.html. 
  34. ↑ "Keeping the conversation going". http://youtube-global.blogspot.com/2015/07/youtube-comments.html. Retrieved July 28, 2015. 
  35. ↑ Nieva, Richard (July 27, 2015). "Google+ to be subtracted from YouTube, other services". CNET. http://www.cnet.com/news/google-lifting-google-social-network-requirement-for-youtube-other-services/. 
  36. ↑ Roettgers, Janko (July 27, 2015). "Google Separates YouTube from Google+, Refocuses Social Network". https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/google-separates-youtube-from-google-refocuses-social-network-1201549150/. Retrieved July 28, 2015. 
  37. ↑ "Create & manage events - Computer - Google+ Help" (in en). https://support.google.com/plus/answer/2673334. 
  38. ↑ "Get a custom URL for your Google+ profile - Google+ Help" (in en). https://support.google.com/plus/answer/2676340. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 "What's changing with Google+ - Google+ Help". https://web.archive.org/web/20160928023234/https://support.google.com/plus/answer/6320397. 
  40. ↑ "Circle Count Google+ Gender Stats". http://www.circlecount.com/statistic/gender/. Retrieved November 11, 2013. 
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