Chemistry:Aducanumab

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Short description: Monoclonal antibody against β-amyloid
Aducanumab
Monoclonal antibody
TypeWhole antibody
SourceHuman
TargetAmyloid beta
Clinical data
Trade namesAduhelm
Other namesAducanumab-avwa, BIIB037, BIIB-037
License data
Routes of
administration		Intravenous
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Elimination half-life24.8 days[2]
Identifiers
CAS Number
DrugBank
ChemSpider
  • none
UNII
KEGG
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC6472H10028N1740O2014S46
Molar mass145912.34 g·mol−1

Aducanumab, sold under the brand name Aduhelm, is a medication designed to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD).[1][2] It is a monoclonal antibody[1][2] that targets aggregated forms (plaque)[3][4] of amyloid beta (Aβ) found in the brains of people with Alzheimer's disease to reduce its buildup.[5][6] It was developed by Biogen and Eisai.[7]

Aducanumab was approved for medical use in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in June 2021,[8] in a controversial decision that led to the resignation of three advisers to the FDA in the absence of evidence that the drug is effective.[9][10][11] The FDA stated that it represents a first-of-its-kind treatment approved for Alzheimer's disease and that it is the first new treatment approved for Alzheimer's since 2003.[1] Aducanumab's approval is controversial for numerous reasons including ambiguous clinical trial results regarding efficacy, the high cost of the drug and the very high rate of serious adverse events.[12][11] The FDA considers it to be a first-in-class medication.[13]

In November 2020, a panel of outside experts for the FDA concluded that a pivotal study of aducanumab failed to show strong evidence that the drug worked, citing questionable efficacy and multiple red flags found with the data analysis.[14] There were also significant health risks associated with the drug; brain swelling or brain bleeding was found in 41% of patients enrolled in the studies.[15] Nevertheless, the drug was approved under the FDA's accelerated approval pathway, and the FDA requires Biogen to perform follow-up reviews to assure the drug is a safe and effective treatment for Alzheimer's disease.[1][16] The Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services was asked to investigate interaction between the drug company and the FDA prior to the drug's approval.[17]

Medical uses

In the U.S., Aducanumab is indicated for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.[1][2] In July 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limited the indication to people with mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia stage of disease, the population in which treatment was initiated in clinical trials.[2]

Aducanumab is given as an intravenous infusion, which is repeated approximately every four weeks.[2]

Mechanism of action

Aducanumab is a monoclonal IgG1 antibody that binds to the amyloid beta protein at amino acids 3–7, which is posited to result in slowing the progression of Alzheimer's disease.[18]

Adverse effects

Amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIA) are monitored by magnetic resonance imaging of the brain one to two times per year.

The most common serious adverse reactions reported are:[2]

  • ARIA-E edema of brain (35% of patients treated with Aduhelm vs 3% of patients treated with placebo) – Symptoms may include headache, changes in mental state, confusion, vomiting, nausea, tremor and gait disturbances.[2]
  • “Headache” (21% vs 16%), including headache, head discomfort, migraine, migraine with aura, and occipital neuralgia.[2]
  • ARIA-H microhemorrhage or bleeding of brain (19% vs 7%) – Symptoms can include headache, one-sided weakness, vomiting, seizures, decreased level of consciousness, and neck stiffness.[2]
  • ARIA-H superficial siderosis (hemosiderin) (15% vs 2%)[2]
  • Fall (15% vs 12%)[2]
  • Diarrhea (9% vs 7%)[2]
  • Confusion/delirium/altered mental status/disorientation (8% vs 4%)[2]

History

Aducanumab was developed by Biogen Inc., which licensed the drug candidate from Neurimmune, who discovered it with the University of Zurich.[19][20]

Clinical trials

Interim results from the second Phase I study of the drug were reported in March 2015.[21]

A Phase Ib study was published in August 2016, based on one year of "monthly intravenous infusions" of aducanumab, with brain scans to measure amyloid plaques.[22] Phase II trials were not required by the FDA and were not conducted by Biogen for aducanumab, a decision that received criticism from some experts.[23][24] Phase III trials followed the conclusion of Phase I studies.

Phase III clinical trials were ongoing in September 2016,[22] but were canceled in March 2019 after "an independent group's analysis show[ed] that the trials were unlikely to 'meet their primary endpoint.'"[25]

Biogen halted development of the drug in March 2019, after preliminary data from two phase III trials suggested it would not meet the primary endpoint.[26][27][28]

On 22 October 2019, Biogen announced that it would be restarting the FDA approval process for aducanumab stating that analysis of a larger dataset[29][30][31] claimed that the drug reduced clinical decline in patients with early Alzheimer's disease when given at higher doses.[32] In the first trial, "EMERGE",(NCT02484547), an analysis split by dose indicated that high doses reduced rate of decline by 23% versus placebo. A second identical trial, "ENGAGE", failed to replicate this, with a non-significant 2% reduction in decline compared to placebo.[33][34][35] The FDA accepted Biogen's aducanumab Biologics License Application (BLA) on 7 August 2020 with a Priority Review.[36]

FDA review and approval

In November 2020, a panel of outside experts on the FDA's Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee concluded that a pivotal study of aducanumab failed to show "strong evidence" that the drug worked, along with potential safety issues, and suggested that the FDA not approve aducanumab, citing questionable efficacy and multiple "red flags" found with the data analysis.[14][12]

Aducanumab was approved for medical use in the United States on 7 June 2021,[1][8][16] and was the first Alzheimer's treatment to receive approval through an accelerated pathway.[37]

Coverage in the United States

The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) finalized a coverage decision for Aduhelm (Aducanumab) on 7 April 2022. Aduhelm coverage will be limited to individuals participating in randomized controlled trials to confirm the efficacy and safety for the Medicare population.[38]

European review

Aducanumab was rejected for medical use in Europe on 17 December 2021 by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) but it will be left pending as Biogen will be allowed to ask for a re-examination.[39][40][41]

Society and culture

Efficacy

The June 2021 approval of the drug by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) was controversial because clinical trials gave conflicting results on its effectiveness.[12][14][42][43][44] Specific criticisms of the approval included: insufficient evidence of efficacy, that the drug offers false hope, and that the high cost will adversely impact patient finances and Medicare budget.[45][12]

Ten of the eleven outside experts that had served on the FDA's Peripheral and Central Nervous System Advisory Committee voted in November 2020 against approving aducanumab.[10][11][42][46] Soon after the approval was announced in early June 2021, three of the panelists who had voted against aducanumab's approval—Joel S. Perlmutter, MD, David S. Knopman, MD, and Aaron Kesselheim, MD, JD, MPH—resigned in protest.[10][42][46][47][48] Kesselheim said that the FDA move was "probably the worst drug approval decision in recent U.S. history".[10][49]

Process concerns

Public Citizen[50] and the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review criticized the approval.[51]

Senator Joe Manchin heavily criticized the decision and said that the acting director of the FDA, Janet Woodcock, "should be quickly replaced."[52] According to The New York Times, the review process for the drug "took several unusual turns, including a decision for the FDA to work far more closely with Biogen than is typical in a regulatory review."[53] According to a 2022 report released by two House committees,[54] FDA and Biogen worked in concert to receive accelerated approval at a cost to patients of $56,000 a year.[55]

A 29 June 2021 STAT article reported that in the months prior to Aducanumab's FDA approval, FDA officials had met with "Biogen executives" using "back channels".[56][57]

On 9 July 2021, the FDA's Acting Commissioner, Janet Woodcock, requested that the Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services conduct an independent review of interactions between FDA officials and Biogen representatives prior to the FDA's 27 June approval of aducanumab.[17][56] It was reported in August that the OIG will also investigate the "accelerated approval pathway, the regulatory mechanism" the FDA used to approve Aducanumab in spite of "conflicting data over whether it could actually slow Alzheimer's patients' mental decline."[58]

Patient advocacy groups had lobbied heavily for the approval of the drug for a debilitating condition with very few therapy choices.[44] Advocacy groups such as Alzheimer's Association,[59] Alzheimer Society of Canada,[60] and Alzheimer's Foundation of America[61] were also in favor of the decision. Alzheimer's Association denies their support for aducanumab was influenced by the at least $1.4 million they received since 2018 from Biogen and Eisai.[62]

In December 2022, a Congressional investigation done by the House Committee on Oversight and Reform and the House Committee on Energy and Commerce was released that found the FDA had broke with its own protocols in reviewing and approving aducanumab. The investigation found that the FDA had held unreported meetings and failed to gain internal consensus before engaging in collaboration with the drugmaker. The FDA also gave the drug a broad label, allowing it to be used on all Alzheimer’s patients regardless of severity, even though it had only been tested on people with early Alzheimer’s and mild symptoms. The report also questioned the agency's decision to abruptly switch from the traditional approval pathway to the accelerated approval pathway to grant approval in the drug's label to a broad patient population.[63]

The investigation further reported concerns related to Biogen's "aggressive launch and marketing plans." They obtained documents that show the company estimated a peak revenue of $18 billion per year with an initial price of $56,000 for patient treatment per year, despite what the Committees described as "a lack of demonstrated clinical benefit in a broad population." Documents show that Biogen estimated abucanumab would cost the Medicare program $12 billion a year and that Medicare patients would incur out-of-pocket costs that could account for as much as 20% of their income. Aware that the high price would trigger "pushback" from payers and providers, "Biogen developed an external narrative about the drug's value to sell to the patients and the public." According to the report, Biogen knew its $56,000 launch price was “unjustifiably high,” but company executives wanted to “make history” and “establish Aduhelm as one of the top pharmaceutical launches of all time.” Findings showed that Biogen estimated that from 2020 to 2024 it would spend more than $3.3 billion on sales and marketing.[64]

Economics and cost

Drug treatment is estimated to cost US$56,000 per year, and Biogen's CEO stated that they would maintain this price for at least four years.[65][66] In their 10 June 2021 article, Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF) researchers said that a conservative estimate of the cost to Medicare would be $USD29 billion in one year. This is based on 500,000 Medicare patients potentially receiving Aduhelm. To put this in perspective—in 2019, "total Medicare spending for all doctor-administered drugs reached $37bn."[67][68] For patients with applicable health insurance and/or Medicare, the drug is a Tier 5 Specialty drug[69][70] and the copayment for such therapy would be about $11,500 annually.[71][10] An initial brain positron emission tomography (PET scan) is required to detect the presence of amyloid beta; since 2013, it has not been covered by Medicare,[72][73] and as of 2018, can cost $2,250 – $10,700.[74] In November 2021, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), announced a 14% increase in Medicare Part B premiums for 2022 in response to the expected cost of Aduhelm.[75] A 15 July 2021 article in The Economist reported that the annual price of Aduhelm and the controversial 2021 FDA approval process resulted in the launch of an investigation by the United States House of Representatives, the Committee on Oversight and Reform, and the Committee on Energy and Commerce, making Aduhelm the "poster-child" for the Elijah Cummings Lower Drug Costs Now Act (H.R.3) campaign.[68][65] By December 2021, Biogen announced a 50% price cut for Aduhelm, from $56,000 to $28,200; this would have no impact on the cost of brain scans.[76]

Sales

Sales of the drug have been far lower than analyst's predictions. As of September 2021, only about 100 patients had received the drug,[77] far short of the 10,000 that would be needed by the end of 2021 to meet Wall Street expectations for Biogen's revenue.[78]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 "FDA Grants Accelerated Approval for Alzheimer's Drug". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (Press release). 7 June 2021. Archived from the original on 8 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 "Aduhelm- aducanumab injection, solution". https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=41706573-546f-6774-6872-5374726f6e67. 
  3. ↑ "Aducanumab for Alzheimer's disease?". BMJ 374: n1682. July 2021. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1682. PMID 34226181. 
  4. ↑ "The antibody aducanumab reduces Aβ plaques in Alzheimer's disease". Nature 537 (7618): 50–56. September 2016. doi:10.1038/nature19323. PMID 27582220. Bibcode: 2016Natur.537...50S. 
  5. ↑ "Comparative Analysis of Aducanumab, Zagotenemab and Pioglitazone as Targeted Treatment Strategies for Alzheimer's Disease". Aging and Disease 12 (8): 1964–1976. 2021. doi:10.14336/AD. PMID 34881080. 
  6. ↑ "What lessons can be learned from failed Alzheimer's disease trials?". Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology 8 (3): 267–269. May 2015. doi:10.1586/17512433.2015.1034690. PMID 25860157. 
  7. ↑ "Biogen takes full control of troubled Aduhelm in revamped Eisai deal" (in en). 15 March 2022. https://www.fiercepharma.com/marketing/biogen-revamps-eisai-alzheimers-disease-pact-taking-full-control-over-troubled-aduhelm. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Drug Approval Package: Aduhelm (aducanumab-avwa)". 22 June 2021. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2021/761178Orig1s000TOC.cfm. 
  9. ↑ "Three FDA advisory panel members resign over approval of Alzheimer's drug". BMJ 373: n1503. June 2021. doi:10.1136/bmj.n1503. PMID 34117086. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 "3 Experts Have Resigned From An FDA Committee Over Alzheimer's Drug Approval". 11 June 2021. https://www.npr.org/2021/06/11/1005567149/3-experts-have-resigned-from-an-fda-committee-over-alzheimers-drug-approval. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 "Three F.D.A. Advisers Resign Over Agency's Approval of Alzheimer's Drug". The New York Times. 10 June 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/10/health/aduhelm-fda-resign-alzheimers.html. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 "FDA releases fresh details on internal debate over controversial Alzheimer's drug". The Washington Post. 22 June 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/06/22/aducanumab-aduhelm-alzheimers-drug-controversy-/. 
  13. ↑ (PDF) Advancing Health Through Innovation: New Drug Therapy Approvals 2021 (Report). 13 May 2022. https://www.fda.gov/media/155227/download. Retrieved 22 January 2023.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 "FDA panel urges rejection of experimental Alzheimer's drug". Associated Press. 6 November 2020. https://apnews.com/article/dementia-alzheimers-disease-8ce05b6c22ca4e649d299bb3abafe43a. 
  15. ↑ "Concerns Grow Over Safety of Aduhelm After Death of Patient Who Got the Drug" (in en-US). The New York Times. 22 November 2021. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/11/22/health/aduhelm-death-safety.html. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "FDA's Decision to Approve New Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease". U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 7 June 2021. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fdas-decision-approve-new-treatment-alzheimers-disease. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Acting FDA commissioner calls for independent investigation into approval of Alzheimer's drug". CNN. 9 July 2021. https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/09/health/aduhelm-fda-requests-inspection/index.html. 
  18. ↑ "Aducanumab". https://go.drugbank.com/drugs/DB12274. 
  19. ↑ "Biogen Inks $380 Million Deal with Swiss Company". Xconomy. 20 November 2007. http://www.xconomy.com/boston/2007/11/20/biogen-inks-380-million-deal-with-swiss-company/. 
  20. ↑ "Approval for New Alzheimer's Drug Developed at UZH". 7 June 2021. https://www.media.uzh.ch/en/Press-Releases/2021/Approval.html. 
  21. ↑ "O4-04-05: Aducanumab (BIIB037), an anti-amyloid beta monoclonal antibody, in patients with prodromal or mild Alzheimer's disease: Interim results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1b study". Alzheimer's & Dementia 11 (7S_Part_6): P277. July 2015. doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.07.367. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 "The antibody aducanumab reduces Aβ plaques in Alzheimer's disease". Nature 537 (7618): 50–56. September 2016. doi:10.1038/nature19323. PMID 27582220. Bibcode: 2016Natur.537...50S. 
  23. ↑ "If the FDA approves Biogen's Alzheimer's treatment, I won't prescribe it". STAT. 30 May 2021. https://www.statnews.com/2021/05/30/if-the-fda-approves-biogens-alzheimers-treatment-i-wont-prescribe-it/. 
  24. ↑ "Alzheimer's Drug Poses a Dilemma for the F.D.A.". The New York Times. 5 June 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/05/health/alzheimers-aducanumab-fda.html. 
  25. ↑ "Biogen shares plunge nearly 30% after ending trial for Alzheimer's drug Aducanumab". CNBC. 21 March 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/21/biogen-shares-plunge-more-than-25percent-after-ending-trial-for-alzheimers-drug-aducanumab.html. 
  26. ↑ "Biogen Halts Promising Alzheimer's Drug Trials Due to Disappointing Results". Time. 21 March 2019. http://time.com/5555868/biogen-aducanumab-trials/. Retrieved 21 March 2019. 
  27. ↑ "Biogen posts its the worst day in 14 years after ending trial for blockbuster Alzheimer's drug". CNBC. 21 March 2019. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/21/biogen-shares-plunge-more-than-25percent-after-ending-trial-for-alzheimers-drug-aducanumab.html. 
  28. ↑ "Biogen Plunges More Than 25 Percent on Alzheimer's Setback". Bloomberg News. https://news.bloomberglaw.com/pharma-and-life-sciences/biogen-plunges-more-than-25-percent-on-alzheimers-setback-2-1. 
  29. ↑ "First drug to slow Alzheimer's may be available soon". BBC News. 22 October 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-50137041. 
  30. ↑ "Drug 'could be biggest Alzheimer's development'". 26 October 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/av/science-environment-50186508/dementia-new-alzheimer-s-drug-could-slow-rate-at-which-disease-progresses. 
  31. ↑ "Biogen's potential new drug for Alzheimer's disease gets cautiously optimistic review following presentation". The Washington Post. 6 December 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2019/12/05/biogens-potential-new-drug-alzheimers-disease-gets-cautiously-optimistic-review-following-presentation/. 
  32. ↑ "Drugmaker to seek approval for Alzheimer's treatment". CNN. 23 October 2019. https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/22/health/biogen-alzheimers-drug-fda/index.html. 
  33. ↑ "Mixed Results for Aducanumab in Two Phase 3 AD Trials". 28 May 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/931294. 
  34. ↑ "In shocking reversal, Biogen to submit Alzheimer's drug for approval". STAT. 22 October 2019. https://www.statnews.com/2019/10/22/biogen-to-submit-aducanumab/. ""In one study, called Emerge, patients on the high-dose aducanumab had a 23% reduction in their rate of decline compared to those on placebo; those who were on the low dose were 11% lower than placebo, but that result was not statistically significant. But in the second trial, Engage, the decrease was only 2% in patients on the high dose."" 
  35. ↑ "Biogen Plans Regulatory Filing for Aducanumab in Alzheimer's Disease Based on New Analysis of Larger Dataset from Phase 3 Studies". Biogen. 22 October 2019. http://investors.biogen.com/news-releases/news-release-details/biogen-plans-regulatory-filing-aducanumab-alzheimers-disease. 
  36. ↑ "FDA Accepts BLA for Biogen's Alzheimer's Drug, Grants Priority Review". BioSpace. 7 August 2020. https://www.biospace.com/article/biogen-jumps-after-fda-accepts-bla-for-alzheimer-s-drug-aducanumab-grants-priority-review/. 
  37. ↑ Bell, Jacob (February 6, 2023). "Eisai gives first glimpse into Alzheimer's drug launch". BiopharmaDive (Washington, D.C.: Informa). https://www.biopharmadive.com/news/eisai-alzheimers-leqembi-launch-earnings/642067/. 
  38. ↑ "NCA - Monoclonal Antibodies Directed Against Amyloid for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease (CAG-00460N) - Decision Memo" (in en). https://www.cms.gov/medicare-coverage-database/view/ncacal-decision-memo.aspx?proposed=N&ncaid=305. 
  39. ↑ European Medicines Agency (February 2022). "Refusal of the marketing authorisation for Aduhelm (aducanumab) EMA/112932/2022 Rev.1 / EMEA/H/C/005558". https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/medicine-qa/questions-answers-refusal-marketing-authorisation-aduhelm-aducanumab_en.pdf. 
  40. ↑ biopharma-reporter.com. "Aducanumab rejected in the EU: Biogen to ask EMA to re-examine application" (in en-GB). https://www.biopharma-reporter.com/Article/2021/12/20/Aducanumab-rejected-in-the-EU-Biogen-will-ask-EMA-to-re-examine-application. 
  41. ↑ "Alzheimer's drug aducanumab not approved for use in EU" (in en-GB). BBC News. 17 December 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-59699907. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 "FDA Reviewers: Why We Are Against Approval of Aducanumab for Alzheimer's". Medscape Medical News. 5 May 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/950565?src=ppc_google_rlsa-traf_mscp_news-perspectives-hdle-cohort_md_us. 
  43. ↑ "US approves first new Alzheimer's drug in 20 years". 7 June 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/health-57383763. 
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 "F.D.A. Approves Alzheimer's Drug Despite Fierce Debate Over Whether It Works". 7 June 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/07/health/aduhelm-fda-alzheimers-drug.html. 
  45. ↑ "Furor rages over FDA approval of controversial Alzheimer's drug". The Washington Post. 17 June 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/06/17/alzheimers-drug-controversy/. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 "Third member of FDA expert committee resigns over Alzheimer's decision". STAT. 10 June 2021. https://www.statnews.com/2021/06/10/third-member-of-fda-expert-committee-resigns-over-controversial-alzheimers-therapy-decision/. 
  47. ↑ "Two members of an FDA advisory committee quit after approval of controversial Alzheimer's drug". The Washington Post. 9 June 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/06/09/alzheimers-drug-controversy/. 
  48. ↑ "Harvard Expert Quits FDA Panel as Furor Over Biogen Drug Grows". Bloomberg. 10 June 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-10/harvard-expert-quits-fda-panel-as-furor-over-biogen-drug-grows. 
  49. ↑ "Harvard Expert Quits FDA Panel as Biogen Drug Furor Grows". Bloomberg. 10 June 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-10/harvard-expert-quits-fda-panel-as-furor-over-biogen-drug-grows. 
  50. ↑ "Statement: FDA's Decision to Approve Aducanumab for Alzheimer's Disease Shows Reckless Disregard for Science, Severely Damages Agency's Credibility". 7 June 2021. https://www.citizen.org/news/statement-fdas-decision-to-approve-aducanumab-for-alzheimers-disease-shows-reckless-disregard-for-science-severely-damages-agencys-credibility/. 
  51. ↑ "ICER Issues Statement on the FDA's Approval of Aducanumab for Alzheimer's Disease". https://icer.org/news-insights/press-releases/icer-issues-statement-on-the-fdas-approval-of-aducanumab-for-alzheimers-disease/. 
  52. ↑ "Key Democrat Manchin Bashes FDA Leader on Alzheimer's Approval". Bloomberg News. 17 June 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-17/key-democrat-manchin-bashes-fda-leader-on-alzheimer-s-approval. 
  53. ↑ "How Aduhelm, an Unproven Alzheimer's Drug, Got Approved". New York Times. 20 July 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/19/health/alzheimers-drug-aduhelm-fda.html. 
  54. ↑ "The High Price of Aduhelm's Approval: An Investigation into FDA's Atypical Review Process and Biogen's Aggressive Launch Plans". https://energycommerce.house.gov/sites/democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/files/documents/Final%20Aduhelm%20Report_12.29.22.pdf. 
  55. ↑ "House investigation faults FDA, Biogen for Alzheimer's drug approval". The Washington Post. 29 December 2022. https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2022/12/29/alzheimers-fda-biogen-aduhelm/. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 "FDA Commissioner Calls For Inspector General Probe Into Biogen Alzheimer's Drug Approval". Forbes. 9 July 2021. https://www.forbes.com/sites/leahrosenbaum/2021/07/09/fda-commissioner-calls-for-inspector-general-probe-into-biogen-alzheimers-drug-approval/. 
  57. ↑ "How Biogen used an FDA back channel to win Alzheimer's drug approval". STAT. 29 June 2021. https://www.statnews.com/2021/06/29/biogen-fda-alzheimers-drug-approval-aduhelm-project-onyx/. 
  58. ↑ "HHS extends Aduhelm investigation into the accelerated approval pathway, wading into a brewing controversy". Endpoints News. 4 August 2021. https://endpts.com/hhs-extends-aduhelm-investigation-into-the-accelerated-approval-pathway-wading-into-a-brewing-controversy/. 
  59. ↑ "It's a New Day in the Fight Against Alzheimer's — Aducanumab Approved". https://www.alz.org/get-involved-now/new-day. 
  60. ↑ "First new treatment for Alzheimer's disease approved in nearly two decades offers hope for people living with dementia". 7 June 2021. https://alzheimer.ca/en/whats-happening/news/first-new-treatment-alzheimers-disease-approved-nearly-two-decades-offers-hope. 
  61. ↑ "Alzheimer's Foundation of America Statement on FDA Approving First New Alzheimer's Medication in Nearly 20 Years". 7 June 2021. https://alzfdn.org/alzheimers-foundation-of-america-statement-on-fda-approving-first-new-alzheimers-medication-in-nearly-20-years/. 
  62. ↑ "Alzheimer's Association Denies Conflict in Aducanumab Support" (in en). https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/947047. 
  63. ↑ "House investigation faults FDA approval of Alzheimer's drug Aduhelm as 'rife with irregularities'". 29 December 2022. https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/3792154-house-investigation-faults-fda-approval-of-alzheimers-drug-aduhelm-as-rife-with-irregularities/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20report%2C%20Biogen%20knew%20its%20%2456%2C000,potential%20peak%20revenue%20of%20%2418%20billion%20per%20year.. 
  64. ↑ "House investigation faults FDA approval of Alzheimer's drug Aduhelm as 'rife with irregularities'". 29 December 2022. https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/3792154-house-investigation-faults-fda-approval-of-alzheimers-drug-aduhelm-as-rife-with-irregularities/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20report%2C%20Biogen%20knew%20its%20%2456%2C000,potential%20peak%20revenue%20of%20%2418%20billion%20per%20year.. 
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 "The Health 202: The pricey new Alzheimer's drug adds to the pressure for drug price controls". 16 June 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/06/16/health-202-pricey-new-alzheimer-drug-adds-pressure-drug-price-controls/. 
  66. ↑ "Biogen CEO: committed to gathering new data on FDA-approved Alzheimer's drug". 7 June 2021. https://seekingalpha.com/news/3703844-biogen-ceo-committed-to-gathering-new-data-on-fda-approved-alzheimers-drug. 
  67. ↑ "FDA's Approval of Biogen's New Alzheimer's Drug Has Huge Cost Implications for Medicare and Beneficiaries". Kaiser Family Foundation (KFF). 10 June 2021. https://www.kff.org/medicare/issue-brief/fdas-approval-of-biogens-new-alzheimers-drug-has-huge-cost-implications-for-medicare-and-beneficiaries/. 
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  69. ↑ How do drug tiers work? . Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
  70. ↑ What Medicare Part D drug plans cover . US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
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  72. ↑ National Coverage Analysis (NCA) for Beta Amyloid Positron Emission Tomography in Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease (CAG-00431N) . 27 September 2013. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  73. ↑ New Alzheimer's drug could be 'devastating' for Medicare 15 June 2021. Politico. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
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  76. ↑ "Biogen halves price of Alzheimer's drug to $28,200" (in en). Reuters. 20 December 2021. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/biogen-cut-price-alzheimers-drug-by-half-2021-12-20/. 
  77. ↑ "Biogen's Aduhelm sales slower than disclosed, forcing company to consider cost-cutting measures". STAT News. 22 September 2021. https://www.statnews.com/2021/09/22/biogens-aduhelm-sales-slower-than-disclosed-forcing-company-to-consider-cost-cutting-measures. 
  78. ↑ "Struggling with Alzheimer's launch, Biogen couldn't present 'clear case for growth' outside of Aduhelm". Fierce Pharma. 22 September 2021. https://www.fiercepharma.com/pharma/biogen-s-pipeline-prospects-may-not-be-enough-to-shield-from-sluggish-aduhelm-uptake. 

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