Biology:Microbiological culture
A microbiological culture, or microbial culture, is a method of multiplying microbial organisms by letting them reproduce in predetermined culture medium under controlled laboratory conditions. Microbial cultures are foundational and basic diagnostic methods used as research tools in molecular biology.
The term culture can also refer to the microorganisms being grown.
Microbial cultures are used to determine the type of organism, its abundance in the sample being tested, or both. It is one of the primary diagnostic methods of microbiology and used as a tool to determine the cause of infectious disease by letting the agent multiply in a predetermined medium. For example, a throat culture is taken by scraping the lining of tissue in the back of the throat and blotting the sample into a medium to be able to screen for harmful microorganisms, such as Streptococcus pyogenes, the causative agent of strep throat.[1] Furthermore, the term culture is more generally used informally to refer to "selectively growing" a specific kind of microorganism in the lab.
It is often essential to isolate a pure culture of microorganisms. A pure (or axenic) culture is a population of cells or multicellular organisms growing in the absence of other species or types. A pure culture may originate from a single cell or single organism, in which case the cells are genetic clones of one another. For the purpose of gelling the microbial culture, the medium of agarose gel (agar) is used. Agar is a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed. A cheap substitute for agar is guar gum, which can be used for the isolation and maintenance of thermophiles.
Bacterial culture
There are several types of bacterial culture methods that are selected based on the agent being cultured and the downstream use.
Broth cultures
One method of bacterial culture is liquid culture, in which the desired bacteria are suspended in a liquid nutrient medium, such as Luria broth, in an upright flask. This allows a scientist to grow up large amounts of bacteria for a variety of downstream applications.
Liquid cultures are ideal for preparation of an antimicrobial assay in which the liquid broth is inoculated with bacteria and let to grow overnight (a ‘shaker’ may be used to mechanically mix the broth, to encourage uniform growth). Subsequently, aliquots of the sample are taken to test for the antimicrobial activity of a specific drug or protein (antimicrobial peptides).
Static liquid cultures may be used as an alternative. These cultures are not shaken, and they provide the microbes with an oxygen gradient.[2]
Agar plates
Microbiological cultures can be grown in petri dishes of differing sizes that have a thin layer of agar-based growth medium. Once the growth medium in the petri dish is inoculated with the desired bacteria, the plates are incubated at the optimal temperature for the growing of the selected bacteria (for example, usually at 37 degrees Celsius, or the human body temperature, for cultures from humans or animals, or lower for environmental cultures). After the desired level of growth is achieved, agar plates can be stored upside down in a refrigerator for an extended period of time to keep bacteria for future experiments.
There are a variety of additives that can be added to agar before it is poured into a plate and allowed to solidify. Some types of bacteria can only grow in the presence of certain additives. This can also be used when creating engineered strains of bacteria that contain an antibiotic-resistance gene. When the selected antibiotic is added to the agar, only bacterial cells containing the gene insert conferring resistance will be able to grow. This allows the researcher to select only the colonies that were successfully transformed.
Agar based dipsticks
Miniaturised version of agar plates implemented to dipstick formats, e.g. Dip Slide, Digital Dipstick [3] show potential to be used at the point-of-care for diagnosis purposes. They have advantages over agar plates since they are cost effective and their operation does not require expertise or laboratory environment, which enable them to be used at the point-of-care.
Stab cultures
Stab cultures are similar to agar plates, but are formed by solid agar in a test tube. Bacteria is introduced via an inoculation needle or a pipette tip being stabbed into the center of the agar. Bacteria grow in the punctured area.[4] Stab cultures are most commonly used for short-term storage or shipment of cultures.
Culture collections
Microbial culture collections focus on the acquisition, authentication, production, preservation, cataloguing and distribution of viable cultures of standard reference microorganisms, cell lines and other materials for research in microbial systematics.[5][6] Culture collection are also repositories of type strains.
| Collection Acronym | Name | Location |
|---|---|---|
| ATCC | American Type Culture Collection | Manassas, Virginia |
| BCCM | Belgian Co-ordinated Collections of Micro-organisms | Decentralized, Coordination Cell in Brussels, Belgium |
| CCUG | Culture Collection University of Gothenburg | Gothenburg, Sweden |
| CECT | Colección Española de Cultivos Tipo | Valencia, Spain |
| CIP | Collection d'Institut Pasteur | Paris, France |
| DSMZ | Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen | Braunschweig, Germany |
| NCPPB | National Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria | York, UK |
| ICMP | International Collection of Microorganisms from Plants | Auckland, New Zealand |
| JCM | Japan Collection of Microorganisms | Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan |
| NCTC | National Collection of Type Cultures | Public Health England, London, United Kingdom |
| NCIMB | National Collection of Industrial, Food and Marine Bacteria | Aberdeen, Scotland |
| NCPPB | National Collection of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria | York, England |
Solid plate culture of thermophilic microorganisms
For solid plate cultures of thermophilic microorganisms such as Bacillus acidocaldarius, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Thermus aquaticus and Thermus thermophilus etc. growing at temperatures of 50 to 70 degrees C, low acyl clarified gellan gum has been proven to be the preferred gelling agent comparing to agar for the counting or isolation or both of the above thermophilic bacteria.[7]
Viral culture
Virus and phage cultures require host cells in which the virus or phage multiply. For bacteriophages, cultures are grown by infecting bacterial cells. The phage can then be isolated from the resulting plaques in a lawn of bacteria on a plate. Viral cultures are obtained from their appropriate eukaryotic host cells. The streak plate method is a way to physically separate the microbial population, and is done by spreading the inoculate back and forth with an inoculating loop over the solid agar plate. Upon incubation, colonies will arise and single cells will have been isolated from the biomass. Once a microorganism has been isolated in pure culture, it is necessary to preserve it in a viable state for further study and use in cultures called stock cultures. These cultures have to be maintained, such that there is no loss of their biological, immunological and cultural characters.
Eukaryotic cell culture
Isolation of pure cultures
For single-celled eukaryotes, such as yeast, the isolation of pure cultures uses the same techniques as for bacterial cultures. Pure cultures of multicellular organisms are often more easily isolated by simply picking out a single individual to initiate a culture. This is a useful technique for pure culture of fungi, multicellular algae, and small metazoa, for example.
Developing pure culture techniques is crucial to the observation of the specimen in question. The most common method to isolate individual cells and produce a pure culture is to prepare a streak plate. The streak plate method is a way to physically separate the microbial population, and is done by spreading the inoculate back and forth with an inoculating loop over the solid agar plate. Upon incubation, colonies will arise and single cells will have been isolated from the biomass. Once a microorganism has been isolated in pure culture, it is necessary to preserve it in a viable state for further study and use. Stock cultures have to be maintained, such that there is no loss of their biological, immunological and cultural characters.
See also
- Colony-forming unit
- Blood culture
- Microbial dark matter
- Microbial Food Cultures
- Screening cultures
- Sputum culture
- Synchronous culture
- Gellan gum
References
- ↑ Healthwise, Incorporated (2010-06-28). "Throat Culture". WebMD. http://www.webmd.com/oral-health/throat-culture.
- ↑ Old, D.C.; Duguid, J.P. (1970). "Selective Outgrowth of Fimbriate Bacteria in Static Liquid Medium". Journal of Bacteriology (American Society for Microbiology) 103 (2): 447–456. doi:10.1128/JB.103.2.447-456.1970. PMID 4914569.
- ↑ Iseri, Emre; Biggel, Michael; Goossens, Herman; Moons, Pieter; van der Wijngaart, Wouter (2020). "Digital dipstick: miniaturized bacteria detection and digital quantification for the point-of-care". Lab on a Chip 20 (23): 4349–4356. doi:10.1039/D0LC00793E. ISSN 1473-0197. PMID 33169747.
- ↑ "Addgene: Streaking a Plate from an Addgene Stab Culture". https://www.addgene.org/recipient-instructions/streak-plate/.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Madigan, Michael T. (2012). Brock biology of microorganisms (13th ed.). San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 9780321649638.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Uruburu, F. (2003). "History and services of culture collections". International Microbiology 6 (2): 101–103. doi:10.1007/s10123-003-0115-2. PMID 12811589. http://roderic.uv.es/bitstream/10550/12955/1/10.Uruburu_International%20Microbiology_6_2003.pdf.
- ↑ Lin, Chi Chung and Casida, L. E. (1984) GELRITE as a Gelling Agent in Media for the Growth of Thermophilic Microorganisms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 47, 427-429.
External links
- EFFCA - European Food and Feed Cultutes Association. Information about production and uses of microbial cultures as well as legislative aspects.
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