Biology:Dysplasia
Dysplasia is any of various types of abnormal growth or development of cells (microscopic scale) or organs (macroscopic scale), and the abnormal histology or anatomical structure(s) resulting from such growth.[1] Dysplasias on a mainly microscopic scale include epithelial dysplasia and fibrous dysplasia of bone. Dysplasias on a mainly macroscopic scale include hip dysplasia, myelodysplastic syndrome, and multicystic dysplastic kidney.
In one of the modern histopathological senses of the term, dysplasia is sometimes differentiated from other categories of tissue change including hyperplasia, metaplasia, and neoplasia, and dysplasias are thus generally not cancerous. An exception is that the myelodysplasias include a range of benign, precancerous, and cancerous forms. Various other dysplasias tend to be precancerous. The word's meanings thus cover a spectrum of histopathological variations.
Microscopic scale
Epithelial dysplasia
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Dysplasia, in which cell maturation and differentiation are delayed,[2] can be contrasted with metaplasia, in which cells of one mature, differentiated type are replaced by cells of another mature, differentiated type.[3]
Myelodysplastic syndrome
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature and therefore do not become healthy blood cells.[4] Problems with blood cell formation result in some combination of low red blood cells, low platelets, and low white blood cells.[4] Some types have an increase in immature blood cells, called blasts, in the bone marrow or blood.[4]
Fibrous dysplasia of bone
Fibrous dysplasia of bone is a disorder where normal bone and marrow is replaced with fibrous tissue, resulting in formation of bone that is weak and prone to expansion. As a result, most complications result from fracture, deformity, functional impairment and pain.[5]
Macroscopic scale
Hip dysplasia
Hip dysplasia is an abnormality of the hip joint where the socket portion does not fully cover the ball portion, resulting in an increased risk for joint dislocation.[6] Hip dysplasia may occur at birth or develop in early life.[6] Regardless, it does not typically produce symptoms in babies less than a year old.[7] Occasionally one leg may be shorter than the other.[6] The left hip is more often affected than the right.[7] Complications without treatment can include arthritis, limping, and low back pain.[7]
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) is a condition that results from the malformation of the kidney during fetal development. The kidney consists of irregular cysts of varying sizes. Multicystic dysplastic kidney is a common type of renal cystic disease, and it is a cause of an abdominal mass in infants.[8]
Etymology
From Ancient Greek δυσ- dys- 'bad' or 'difficult' and πλάσις plasis 'formation'.[9] The equivalent surface analysis, in parallel with classical compounds, is dys- + -plasia.[1]
See also
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Definition of dysplasia". https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dysplasia.
- ↑ Speight, Paul M. (September 2007). "Update on oral epithelial dysplasia and progression to cancer". Head and Neck Pathology 1 (1): 61–66. doi:10.1007/s12105-007-0014-5. ISSN 1936-0568. PMID 20614284. PMC 2807503. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2807503/.
- ↑ Giroux, Veronique; Rustgi, Anil K. (October 2017). "Metaplasia: tissue injury adaptation and a precursor to the dysplasia-cancer sequence". Nature Reviews. Cancer 17 (10): 594–604. doi:10.1038/nrc.2017.68. ISSN 1474-1768. PMID 28860646. PMC 5998678. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28860646.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Myelodysplastic Syndromes Treatment (PDQ®)–Patient Version". NCI. 12 August 2015. https://www.cancer.gov/types/myeloproliferative/patient/myelodysplastic-treatment-pdq#section/all.
- ↑ "Fibrous Dysplasia/McCune–Albright Syndrome". Gene Reviews. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle. February 2015. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK274564/.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Developmental Dislocation (Dysplasia) of the Hip (DDH)". American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. October 2013. http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00347.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "Evaluation and Referral for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Infants". Pediatrics 138 (6): e20163107. December 2016. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-3107. PMID 27940740.
- ↑ Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Imaging at eMedicine
- ↑ Vladimir, Petrovi?. "Dysplasia: Understanding the Abnormal Cellular Changes" (in en). Journal of Interdisciplinary Histopathology. https://www.ejmjih.com/ejmjih-articles/dysplasia-understanding-the-abnormal-cellular-changes-100481.html.
Further reading
- Modern Surgical Pathology. London: W.B. Saunders. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7216-7253-3. OCLC 50244347.
- Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease (6th ed.). London: W.B. Saunders. 1999. ISBN 978-0-7216-7335-6. OCLC 39465455.
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