Biology:Thyroxine 5-deiodinase
 Generic protein structure example |
Thyroxine 5-deiodinase also known as type III iodothyronine deiodinase (EC number 1.21.99.3) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DIO3 gene.[1][2] This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction
- 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine + iodide + A + H+ [math]\displaystyle{ \rightleftharpoons }[/math] L-thyroxine + AH2
The protein encoded by this intronless gene belongs to the iodothyronine deiodinase family. It catalyzes the inactivation of thyroid hormone by inner ring deiodination of the prohormone thyroxine (T4) and the bioactive hormone 3,3',5-triiodothyronine (T3) to inactive metabolites, 3,3',5'-triiodothyronine (RT3) and 3,3'-diiodothyronine (T2), respectively. This enzyme is highly expressed in the pregnant uterus, placenta, fetal and neonatal tissues, suggesting that it plays an essential role in the regulation of thyroid hormone inactivation during embryological development.[3]
Discovery
The gene was mapped to chromosome 14q32 using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in 1998.[4]
Structure
This protein contains a selenocysteine (Sec) residue, which is essential for efficient enzyme activity. The selenocysteine is encoded by the UGA codon, which normally signals translation termination. The 3' UTR of Sec-containing genes have a common stem-loop structure, the sec insertion sequence (SECIS), which is necessary for the recognition of UGA as a Sec codon rather than as a stop signal.[3]
Function
| Thyroxine 5-deiodinase | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| EC number | 1.21.99.3 | ||||||||
| CAS number | 74506-30-2 | ||||||||
| Databases | |||||||||
| IntEnz | IntEnz view | ||||||||
| BRENDA | BRENDA entry | ||||||||
| ExPASy | NiceZyme view | ||||||||
| KEGG | KEGG entry | ||||||||
| MetaCyc | metabolic pathway | ||||||||
| PRIAM | profile | ||||||||
| PDB structures | RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The DIO3 gene codes for type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (D3), an enzyme that inactivates thyroid hormones and is highly expressed throughout fetal development, peaking early and decreasing towards the end of gestation. Part of the DLK1-Dio3 imprinting control region, this gene is one involved in the epigenetic process that causes a subset of genes to be regulated based on their parental origin .[5] Such imprinted genes are required for the formation of the placenta as well as the development of cellular lineages such as those derived from the mesoderm and ectoderm.[6] D3 is found in the pregnant uterus, placenta, and mammalian fetal tissues where it is thought to be involved in the transfer of thyroid hormone between the mother and fetus.[7] Expression of D3 contributes to the development of the brain, skin, liver, bone, ovary, testis, intestine, and brown adipose tissue. Introductory observations of D3-deficient mice indicate growth retardation and even some neonatal death. Due to its ability to activate or inactivate thyroid hormone, Dio3 coding of D3 could be a target for therapeutic intervention in insulin-related illness such as diabetes. In addition, an abnormal amount of Dio3 related to insufficient thyroid hormone levels could be responsible for the disruption of brain development in conjunction with alcohol exposure.[8] Many factors modify genetic imprinting of Dio3, making it a potential aid in understanding prenatal insults and their production of spectrum disorders.
References
- ↑ "Characteristics of inner ring (3 or 5) monodeiodination of 3,5-diiodothyronine in rat liver: evidence suggesting marked similarities of inner and outer ring deiodinases for iodothyronines". Endocrinology 110 (1): 89–97. Jan 1982. doi:10.1210/endo-110-1-89. PMID 7053997.
- ↑ "Iodothyronine deiodinases". Protein Sensors and Reactive Oxygen Species - Part A: Selenoproteins and Thioredoxin. Methods in Enzymology. 347. 2002. pp. 125–167. doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(02)47014-0. ISBN 9780121822484.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Entrez Gene: Deiodinase, iodothyronine, type III". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/1735.
- ↑ "Localization of the type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO3) gene to human chromosome 14q32 and mouse chromosome 12F1". Genomics 53 (1): 119–121. Oct 1998. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5505. PMID 9787088.
- ↑ "Differential regulation of imprinting in the murine embryo and placenta by the Dlk1-Dio3 imprinting control region". Development 134 (2): 417–426. Jan 2007. doi:10.1242/dev.02726. PMID 17166925.
- ↑ "The gene locus encoding iodothyronine deiodinase type 3 (Dio3) is imprinted in the fetus and expresses antisense transcripts". Endocrinology 143 (11): 4483–4486. Nov 2002. doi:10.1210/en.2002-220800. PMID 12399446.
- ↑ "The thyroid hormone-inactivating type III deiodinase is expressed in mouse and human beta-cells and its targeted inactivation impairs insulin secretion". Endocrinology 152 (10): 3717–3727. Oct 2011. doi:10.1210/en.2011-1210. PMID 21828183.
- ↑ "Strain-specific vulnerability to alcohol exposure in utero via hippocampal parent-of-origin expression of deiodinase-III". FASEB Journal 25 (7): 2313–2324. Jul 2011. doi:10.1096/fj.10-179234. PMID 21429942.
Further reading
- "Substitution of cysteine for selenocysteine in the catalytic center of type III iodothyronine deiodinase reduces catalytic efficiency and alters substrate preference". Endocrinology 144 (6): 2505–13. Jun 2003. doi:10.1210/en.2003-0084. PMID 12746313.
- "Increased type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase activity in a regrown hepatic hemangioma with consumptive hypothyroidism". European Journal of Pediatrics 169 (2): 215–21. Feb 2010. doi:10.1007/s00431-009-1009-x. PMID 19548001.
- "The thyroid hormone-inactivating deiodinase functions as a homodimer". Molecular Endocrinology 22 (6): 1382–1393. Jun 2008. doi:10.1210/me.2007-0490. PMID 18356288.
- "Deiodinases: the balance of thyroid hormone: local impact of thyroid hormone inactivation". The Journal of Endocrinology 209 (3): 273–82. Jun 2011. doi:10.1530/JOE-11-0002. PMID 21398344.
- "The thyroid hormone-inactivating type III deiodinase is expressed in mouse and human beta-cells and its targeted inactivation impairs insulin secretion". Endocrinology 152 (10): 3717–3727. Oct 2011. doi:10.1210/en.2011-1210. PMID 21828183.
- "DLK1-DIO3 genomic imprinted microRNA cluster at 14q32.2 defines a stemlike subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma associated with poor survival". The Journal of Biological Chemistry 286 (35): 30706–30713. Sep 2011. doi:10.1074/jbc.M111.229831. PMID 21737452.
- "The microRNAs within the DLK1-DIO3 genomic region: involvement in disease pathogenesis". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 70 (5): 795–814. Mar 2013. doi:10.1007/s00018-012-1080-8. PMID 22825660.
- "Increased type 3 deiodinase expression in papillary thyroid carcinoma". Thyroid 22 (9): 897–904. Sep 2012. doi:10.1089/thy.2012.0031. PMID 22823995.
- "Localization of the type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (DIO3) gene to human chromosome 14q32 and mouse chromosome 12F1". Genomics 53 (1): 119–21. Oct 1998. doi:10.1006/geno.1998.5505. PMID 9787088.
External links
- Thyroxine+5-deiodinase at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
This article incorporates text from the United States National Library of Medicine, which is in the public domain.
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