Biology:Sordariomycetes

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Short description: Class of fungi

Sordariomycetes
Sordaria fimicola perithecium magnified 40x
Sordaria fimicola perithecium magnified 40x
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
(unranked): Saccharomyceta
Subdivision: Pezizomycotina
(unranked): Leotiomyceta
(unranked): Sordariomyceta
Class: Sordariomycetes
O.E.Erikss. & Winka, Myconet 1 (1): 10 (1997)
Subclasses & orders

Sordariomycetes is a class of fungi in the subdivision Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota).[1] It is the second-largest class of Ascomycota, with a worldwide distribution that mostly accommodates terrestrial based taxa, although several can also be found in aquatic habitats.[2] Some are phytopathogens that can cause leaf, stem, and root diseases in a wide variety of hosts, while other genera can cause diseases in arthropods and mammals .[3][4]

The name Sordariomycetes is derived from the Latin sordes (filth) because some species grow in animal feces, though growth habits vary widely across the class.

In 2013, it consisted of 3 subclasses, 12 orders, 600 genera and 3000 species,[5] Then by 2015, it had 3 subclasses, 28 orders, 90 families and 1344 genera.[1] This has increased to 4 subclasses and 54 orders in 2020.[6] It then increased to 6 subclasses and 54 orders in 2023.[7] In May 2023, the GBIF listed 26,295 species in Sordariomycetes.[8]

Sordariomycetes generally produce their asci in perithecial fruiting bodies.

Sordariomycetes are also known as Pyrenomycetes, from the Greek πυρἠν - 'the stone of a fruit' - because of the usually somewhat tough texture of their tissue.[9]

Sordariomycetes possess great variability in morphology, growth form, and habitat. Most have perithecial (flask-shaped) fruiting bodies, but ascomata can be less frequently cleistothecial (such as in the genera Anixiella, Apodus, Boothiella, Thielavia and Zopfiella).[10][11] Fruiting bodies may be solitary or gregarious, superficial, or immersed within stromata or tissues of the substrates and can be light to bright or black. Members of this group can grow in soil, dung, leaf litter, and decaying wood as decomposers, as well as being fungal parasites, and insect, human, and plant pathogens.[12][13][14]

Sordariomycetes are one of the classes that can also be found in the sea, such as orders, Lulworthiales and Koralionastetales, which were placed in the subclass Lulworthiomycetidae, consist of exclusively marine taxa.[15]

Some species of Sordariomycetes are economically important as bio-control agents,[16] and other genera can produce a wide range of chemically diverse metabolites, that are important in agricultural, medicinal and other biotechnological industries.[17]

Subclasses and Orders

As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2022.[7]

Subclass Diaporthomycetidae


Subclass Hypocreomycetidae


Subclass Lulworthiomycetidae

Subclass Pisorisporiomycetidae

Subclass Savoryellomycetidae

Subclass Sordariomycetidae


Subclass Xylariomycetidae

Order incertae sedis

  • Amplistromatales
  • Catabotryales
  • Spathulosporales
  • Tracyllalales
  • Trichosphaeriales
  • Vermiculariopsiellales

Familia incertae sedis

These are families in the Sordariomycetes whose taxonomic affinities are not sufficiently well known to be placed in any order.

  • Batistiaceae
  • Obryzaceae
  • Papulosaceae
  • Plectosphaerellaceae
  • Thyridiaceae (contains Balzania, Mattirolia, Pleurocytospora, Sinosphaeria, Thyridium, Thyronectria and Thyronectroidea[18])
  • Vialaeaceae


Genera incertae sedis

These 108 genera within the Sordariomycetes have an uncertain taxonomic placement (incertae sedis), according to the 2007 Outline of Ascomycota. A question mark preceding the genus name means the placement of that genus within this order is uncertain.[19] Abyssomyces – Acerbiella – Acrospermoides – Ameromassaria – Amphisphaerellula – Amphisphaerina – Amphorulopsis – Amylis – Anthostomaria – Anthostomellina – Apharia – Apodothina – Apogaeumannomyces – Aquadulciospora – Aquamarina – Aropsiclus – Ascorhiza – Ascoyunnania – Assoa – Aulospora – Azbukinia – Bactrosphaeria – Barrina – Biporispora – Bombardiastrum – Brenesiella – Byrsomyces – Byssotheciella – Caleutypa – Calosphaeriopsis – Caproniella – Chaetoamphisphaeria – Ciliofusospora – Clypeoceriospora – Clypeosphaerulina – Cryptoascus – Cryptomycina – Cryptovalsa – Cucurbitopsis – Curvatispora – Dasysphaeria – Delpinoella – Diacrochordon – Dontuzia – Dryosphaera – Endoxylina – Esfandiariomyces – Frondisphaera – Glabrotheca – Heliastrum – Hyaloderma – Hydronectria – Hypotrachynicola – Immersisphaeria – Iraniella – Khuskia – Konenia – Kravtzevia – Kurssanovia – Lecythium – Leptosacca – Leptosphaerella – Leptosporina – Lyonella – Mangrovispora – Melomastia – Microcyclephaeria – Mirannulata – Monosporascus – Myrmecridium – ?Naumovela – ?Neocryptospora – Neolamya – Neothyridaria – Oceanitis – Ophiomassaria – Ornatispora – Pareutypella – Phomatospora – Phyllocelis – Plectosphaerella – Pleocryptospora – Pleosphaeria – Pontogeneia – Porodiscus – Protocucurbitaria – Pulvinaria – Pumilus – Rehmiomycella – Rhamphosphaeria – Rhizophila – Rimaconus – Rhopographella – Rhynchosphaeria – Rivulicola – Romellina – Saccardoëlla – Sarcopyrenia – Sartorya – Scharifia – Scoliocarpon – Scotiosphaeria – Servaziella – Sporoctomorpha – Stearophora – Stegophorella – Stellosetifera – Stomatogenella – Sungaiicola – Synsphaeria – Tamsiniella – Thelidiella – Thyridella – Thyrotheca – Trichospermella – Trichosphaeropsis – Vleugelia – Zignoina

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Maharachchikumbura, S. S., Hyde, K. D., Jones, E. G., McKenzie, E. H., Huang, S. K., Abdel-Wahab, M. A., ... & Hongsanan, S.. (2015). Towards a natural classification and backbone tree for Sordariomycetes.. " Fungal Diversity.. pp. 199–301. 
  2. ↑ Zhang, N.; Castlebury, L. A.; Miller, A. N.; Huhndorf, S. M.; Schoch, C. L.; Seifert, K. A.; Rossman, A. Y.; Rogers, J. D. et al. (2006). "An overview of the systematics of the Sordariomycetes based on a four-gene phylogeny". Mycologia 98 (6): 1076–1087. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1076. ISSN 0027-5514. PMID 17486982. http://dx.doi.org/10.3852/mycologia.98.6.1076. 
  3. ↑ Jayawardena, Ruvishika S.; Hyde, Kevin D.; Jeewon, Rajesh; Ghobad-Nejhad, Masoomeh; Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N.; Liu, NingGuo; Phillips, Alan J. L.; Oliveira-Filho, José Ribamar C. et al. (2019). "One stop shop II: taxonomic update with molecular phylogeny for important phytopathogenic genera: 26–50". Fungal Diversity 94: 41–129. doi:10.1007/s13225-019-00418-5. 
  4. ↑ Hyde, Kevin D.; Xu, Jianchu; Rapior, Sylvie; Jeewon, Rajesh; Lumyong, Saisamorn; Niego, Allen Grace T.; Abeywickrama, Pranami D.; Aluthmuhandiram, Janith V. S. et al. (2019). "The amazing potential of fungi: 50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially". Fungal Diversity 97: 1–136. doi:10.1007/s13225-019-00430-9. 
  5. ↑ H.C. Dube An Introduction to Fungi, 4th Ed. (2013) , p. 224, at Google Books
  6. ↑ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Wijayawardene, N.N.; Hyde, K.D.; Dai, D.Q.; Sánchez-García, M.; Goto, B.T.; Saxena, R.K. et al. (2022). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa – 2021". Mycosphere 13 (1): 53–453 [160]. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/13/1/2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358798332. 
  8. ↑ "GBIF Species search" (in en). https://www.gbif.org/species/search?rank=SPECIES&highertaxon_key=320&status=ACCEPTED. 
  9. ↑ Century Dictionary entry for pyrenomycetes
  10. ↑ Lundqvist, N. (1972). "Nordic Sordariaceae s. lat". Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 20: 1–374. urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-124116.+ISSN 0082-0644. 
  11. ↑ von Arx, J.A. (1975). "On Thielavia and some similar genera of ascomycetes". Studies in Mycology 8: 1–31. http://www.westerdijkinstitute.nl/publications/1008/content_files/content.htm. 
  12. ↑ Spatafora, J.W. (1995). "Ascomal evolution of filamentous ascomycetes: evidence from molecular". Canadian Journal of Botany 73 (S1): 811–5. doi:10.1139/b95-326. 
  13. ↑ "Comparative-analysis of molecular and biological characteristics of strains of Beauveria brongniartii isolated from insects". Mycological Research 98 (3): 322–8. 1994. doi:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80460-7. 
  14. ↑ "Two ascomycete classes based on fruiting-body characters and ribosomal DNA sequence". Molecular Biology and Evolution 9 (2): 278–284. 1992. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040719. PMID 1560763. 
  15. ↑ Poli, Anna; Prigione, Valeria; Bovio, Elena; Perugini, Iolanda; Varese, Giovanna Cristina (2021). "Insights on Lulworthiales Inhabiting the Mediterranean Sea and Description of Three Novel Species of the Genus Paralulworthia". J. Fungi 7 (11): 940. doi:10.3390/jof7110940. 
  16. ↑ Kaewchai, S.; Soytong, K.; Hyde, Kevin D. (2009). "Mycofungicides and fungal biofertilizers.". Fungal Diversity 38: 25–50. 
  17. ↑ Helaly, S.E.; Thongbai, B.; Stadler, M. (2018). "Diversity of biologically active secondary metabolites from endophytic and saprotrophic fungi of the ascomycete order Xylariales.". Natural Product Reports 35 (9): 992–1014. doi:10.1039/C8NP00010G. 
  18. ↑ "Thyridiaceae" (in en). https://www.gbif.org/species/2457. 
  19. ↑ "Outline of Ascomycota — 2007". Myconet 13: 1–58. December 2007. http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp. 

Further reading

  • Barr, M.E. (1987). Prodromus to Class Loculoascomycetes. Amherst MA: Newell. 
  • Barr, M.E. (1990). "Prodromus to nonlichenized, pyrenomycetous members of Class Hymenoascomycetes". Mycotaxon 39: 43–184. 
  • Castlebury, L.A.; Rossman, A.Y.; Jaklitsch, W.J.; Vasilyeva, L.N. (2002). "A preliminary overview of the Diaporthales based on large subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences". Mycologia 94 (6): 1017–31. doi:10.2307/3761867. PMID 21156573. 
  • Lumbsch, H.T. (2000). "Phylogeny of filamentous ascomycetes". Naturwissenschaften 87 (8): 335–342. doi:10.1007/s001140050736. PMID 11013884. Bibcode: 2000NW.....87..335L. 
  • Luttrell, E.S. (1951). "Taxonomy of the Pyrenomycetes". University Missouri Stud. Sci. Ser. 24: 1–120. 
  • Lutzoni, F. et al. (2004). "Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits". Am. J. Bot. 91 (10): 1446–80. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1446. PMID 21652303. 
  • Spatafora, J.W.; Blackwell, M. (1993). "Molecular systematics of unitunicate perithecial ascomycetes: the Clavicipitales-Hypocreales connection". Mycologia 85 (6): 912–922. doi:10.2307/3760674. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q133607 entry



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