Biology:McIntosh (apple)
| Malus domestica (McIntosh) | |
|---|---|
 McIntosh apples on a tree | |
| Cultivar | McIntosh |
| Origin | Dundela, Upper Canada, 1811 |
The McIntosh ( /ˈmækɪnˌtɒʃ/ MAK-in-tosh), McIntosh Red, or colloquially the Mac, is an apple cultivar, the national apple of Canada. The fruit has red and green skin, a tart flavour, and tender white flesh, which ripens in late September. In the 20th century, it was the most popular cultivar in Eastern Canada and New England, and is considered an all-purpose apple, suitable both for cooking and eating raw.
John McIntosh discovered the original McIntosh sapling on his Dundela farm in Upper Canada in 1811. He and his wife cultivated it, and the family started grafting the tree and selling the fruit in 1835. In 1870, it entered commercial production, and became common in northeastern North America after 1900. While still important in production, the fruit's popularity fell in the early 21st century in the face of competition from varieties such as the Gala. According to the US Apple Association website, it is one of the fifteen most popular apple cultivars in the United States.[1]
Apple Computer employee Jef Raskin named the Macintosh computer line after the cultivar.
Description
The McIntosh, or McIntosh Red (nicknamed the "Mac"),[2] is the most popular apple cultivar in eastern Canada and the northeastern United States. It also sells well in Eastern Europe.[3]
A spreading tree that is moderately vigorous, the McIntosh bears annually or in alternate years.[3] The tree is hardy to at least USDA Hardiness zone 4a, or −34 °C (−29 °F). 50% or more of its flowers die at −3.1 °C (26.4 °F) or below.[3]
The McIntosh apple is a small to medium-sized round fruit with a short stem. It has a red and green skin that is thick, tender, and easy to peel. Its white flesh is sometime tinged with green or pink and is juicy, tender, and firm, soon becoming soft. The flesh is easily bruised.[3]
The fruit is considered "all-purpose", suitable both for eating raw and for cooking.[4] It is used primarily for dessert,[3] and requires less time to cook than most cultivars.[5] It is usually blended when used for juice.[3]
The fruit grows best in cool areas where nights are cold and autumn days are clear; otherwise, it suffers from poor colour and soft flesh, and tends to fall from the tree before harvest. It stores for two to three months in air, but is prone to scald, flesh softening, chilling sensitivity,[3] and coprinus rot.[6] It can become mealy when stored at temperatures below 2 °C (36 °F).[7] The fruit is optimally stored in a controlled atmosphere in which temperatures are between 1.7 and 3.0 °C (35.1 and 37.4 °F), and air content is 1.5–4.5% oxygen and 1–5% carbon dioxide; under such conditions, the McIntosh will keep for five to eight months.[6]
Cultivation
The McIntosh is most commonly cultivated in Canada, the United States, and Eastern Europe.[6] It is one of the top five apple cultivars used in cloning, and research indicates the McIntosh combines well for winter hardiness.[6]
If unsprayed, the McIntosh succumbs easily to apple scab, which may lead to entire crops being unmarketable. It has generally low susceptibility to fire blight, powdery mildew, cedar-apple rust, quince rust, and hawthorn rust. It is susceptible to fungal diseases such as Nectria canker, brown rot, black rot, race 1 of apple rust (but resists race 2). Furthermore, it is moderately resistant to Pezicula bark rot and Alternaria leaf blotch, and resists brown leaf spots well.[6]
The McIntosh is one of the most common cultivars used in apple breeding; a 1996 study found that the McIntosh was a parent in 101 of 439 cultivars selected, more than any other founding clone.[lower-alpha 1] It was used in over half of the Canadian cultivars selected, and was used extensively in the United States and Eastern Europe as well; rarely was it used elsewhere.[8] Offspring of the McIntosh include: the Jersey Black hybrid the Macoun, the Newtown Pippin hybrid the Spartan, the Cortland; the Empire; the Jonamac, the Jersey Mac,[9] the Lobo, the Melba, the Summered, the Tydeman's Red,[6] and possibly the Paula Red.[9]
History
Apple trees were introduced to Canada at the Habitation at Port-Royal as early as 1606 by French settlers. Following its introduction, apple cultivation spread inland.[10]
The McIntosh's discoverer, John McIntosh (1777 – c. 1845–46),[2] left his native Mohawk Valley home in New York State({{{1}}}, {{{2}}}) in 1796[10] to follow his love, Dolly Irwin, who had been taken to Upper Canada by her Loyalist parents. She had died by the time he found her, but he settled as a farmer in Upper Canada.[11] He married Hannah Doran in 1801, and they farmed along the Saint Lawrence River until 1811,[lower-alpha 2] when McIntosh exchanged the land he had with his brother-in-law Edward Doran for a plot in Dundela.[lower-alpha 3][2]
While clearing the overgrown plot, McIntosh discovered some apple seedlings on his farm. Since the crabapple was the only native apple in North America before European settlement, it must have had European origins. The Snow Apple (or Fameuse) had been popular in Lower Canada before that time; the seedlings may have sprouted from discarded fruit. Fall St Lawrence and Alexander have also been proposed, but the parentage remains unknown.[3] He transplanted the seedlings next to his house. One of the seedlings bore particularly good fruit.[2] The McIntosh grandchildren dubbed the fruit it produced "Granny's apple", as they often saw their grandmother taking care of the tree in the orchard.[13] McIntosh was selling seedlings from the tree by 1820, but they did not produce fruit of the quality of the original.[2]
John McIntosh's son Allan (1815–1899)[2] learned grafting about 1835;[10] with this cloning, the McIntoshes could maintain the distinctive properties of the fruit of the original tree. Allan and brother Sandy (1825–1906), nicknamed "Sandy the Grafter", increased production and promotion of the cultivar.[2] Earliest sales were in 1835, and in 1836 the cultivar was renamed the "McIntosh Red";[lower-alpha 4] it entered commercial production in 1870. The apple became popular after 1900, when the first sprays for apple scab were developed.[3] A house fire damaged the original McIntosh tree in 1894; it last produced fruit in 1908, and died and fell over in 1910.[2]
Horticulturist William Tyrrell Macoun of the Central Experimental Farm in Ottawa is credited with popularizing the McIntosh in Canada. He stated the McIntosh needed "no words of praise", that it was "one of the finest appearing and best dessert apples grown". The Macoun, a hybrid of the McIntosh and Jersey Black grown by the Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, NY, was named for him in 1923.[2] In the northeastern United States, the McIntosh replaced many Baldwins that were killed in a severe winter in 1933–34.[3] In the late 1940s, Canadian ambassador to the United Nations Andrew McNaughton told the Soviet Minister for Foreign Affairs Andrei Gromyko that the McIntosh Red was Canada's best apple.[14][dubious ]
The McIntosh made up 40% of the Canadian apple market by the 1960s;[15] and at least thirty varieties of McIntosh hybrid were known by 1970.[2]
Its popularity later waned in the face of competition from imports; in the first decade of the 21st century, the Gala accounted for 33% of the apple market in Ontario to the McIntosh's 12%, and the Northern Spy had become the preferred apple for pies.[16] Production remained important to Ontario, however, as 30,000,000 kilograms (66,000,000 lb) of McIntoshes were produced in 2010.[14]
The original tree discovered by John McIntosh bore fruit for more than ninety years, and died in 1910.[10] Horticulturalists from the Upper Canada Village heritage park saved cuttings from the last known first-generation McIntosh graft before it died in 2011 for producing clones.[12]
Descendant Cultivars
| Name | Parentage | Selected year | Introduced year |
|---|---|---|---|
| Edgar | McIntosh x Forest | 1929 | |
| Toshfor | McIntosh x Forest | 1926 | |
| Maud | McIntosh x Longfield | 1921 | |
| Sharon | McIntosh x Longfield | 1920 | 1922 |
| Blair | McIntosh x Fameuse | 1944 | 1973 |
| Jubilee | McIntosh x Grimes Golden | 1936 | 1939 |
| Macoun | McIntosh x Jersey Black | 1918 | 1923 |
| Toshlaw | McIntosh x Lawver | 1925 | |
| Fantazja | McIntosh x Linda | 1954 | 1960 |
| South Dakota Macata | McIntosh x Malus Baccata | 1938 | |
| Toshkee | McIntosh x Milwaukee | 1923 | |
| Spartan | McIntosh x Newtown | 1936 | |
| Maga | McIntosh x Virginia Crab | 1919 | 1933 |
| Michaelmas Red | McIntosh x Worcester Pearmain | 1945 | |
| Tydemans Early Worcester | McIntosh x Worcester Pearmain | 1945 | |
| Newtosh | McIntosh x Yellow Newtown | 1922 | 1923 |
| Killand | McIntosh x Dolgo | 1951 | 1957 |
| Northland | McIntosh x Dolgo | 1938 | 1957 |
| Stonetosh | Stone x McIntosh | 1922 | |
| Rosilda | Prince x McIntosh | 1916 | 1921 |
| Cortland | Ben Davis x McIntosh | 1915 | |
| Toshprince | Prince x McIntosh | 1923 | |
| McPrince | Prince x McIntosh | 1922 | |
| Niagara | Carlton x McIntosh | 1950 | 1962 |
| George | McIntosh O.P. | 1948 | |
| Glendale | McIntosh O.P. | 1948 | 1956 |
| Glenelm | McIntosh O.P. | 1945 | 1952 |
| Glenmary | McIntosh O.P. | 1940 | 1948 |
| Glenwale | McIntosh O.P. | 1940 | 1958 |
| Kress McIntosh | McIntosh O.P. | 1920 | 1934 |
| Lobo | McIntosh O.P. | 1906 | 1930 |
| Melba | McIntosh O.P. | 1909 | 1924 |
| Patricia | McIntosh O.P. | 1920 | |
| Reta | McIntosh O.P. | 1953 |
O.P. = Open Pollinated
Cultural significance
The McIntosh has been designated the national apple of Canada.[18] A popular subscription funded a plaque placed 100 metres (110 yd) from the original McIntosh tree in 1912. The Ontario Archaeological and Historic Sites Board replaced the plaque with a more descriptive one in 1962, and the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada put up another in a park nearby in 2001, by a painted mural commemorating the fruit.[2]
Apple Inc. employee Jef Raskin named the Macintosh line of personal computers after the McIntosh. He deliberately misspelled the name to avoid conflict with the hi-fi equipment manufacturer McIntosh Laboratory. Apple's attempt in 1982 to trademark the name Macintosh was nevertheless denied due to the phonetic similarity between Apple's product and the name of the hi-fi manufacturer. Apple licensed the rights to the name in 1983, and bought the trademark in 1986.[19]
In 1995, the Royal Canadian Mint commissioned Toronto artist Roger Hill to design a commemorative silver dollar for release in 1996. Mint engraver Sheldon Beveridge engraved the image of a group of three McIntoshes and a McIntosh blossom, which adorn one side with a ribbon naming the variety. An inscription on the edge reads "1796 Canada Dollar 1996". Issued sheathed in a silver cardboard sleeve in a black leatherette case, 133,779 pieces of the proof were sold, as well as 58,834 pieces of the uncirculated version in a plastic capsule and silver sleeve.[2]
See also
- List of Canadian inventions and discoveries
- Ambrosia (apple)
- Jubilee apple
- Spartan (apple)
- Wijcik McIntosh
Notes
- ↑ The same study found that 64% of the cultivars selected came from five founding clones: in descending order, the McIntosh, the Golden Delicious, the Jonathan, the Cox's Orange Pippin, and the Red Delicious.[8]
- ↑ Several print and online sources, as well as the 1996 commemorative silver dollar, have mistakenly stated 1796 as the year of the McIntosh's discovery. 1796 was the year of McIntosh's immigration to Canada. The confusion may have stemmed from an error on the 1912 plaque erected by the McIntosh family.[2]
- ↑ Dundela is about 70 km south of Ottawa, the Canadian capital.[12]
- ↑ The "Gem" was also considered as a name for the apple.[2]
References
- ↑ Apple varieties by US Apple Association
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 Fox 2010.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Ferree & Warrington 2003, p. 74.
- ↑ Small 2009, p. 64.
- ↑ Small 2009, p. 61.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Ferree & Warrington 2003, p. 75.
- ↑ Ferree & Warrington 2003, p. 74–75.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Noiton & Alspach 1996, p. 777.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kipfer 2012, p. 356.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Canadian Geographic staff 2002.
- ↑ Gollner 2008, p. 10.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 CBC News staff 2011.
- ↑ Boyle 2011, p. 29.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Tapper 2011.
- ↑ Kearney & Ray 2002, p. 184.
- ↑ "The History of the McIntosh / Concepts du sablier" (in en). https://www.cdsboutique.com/en/blog_old/did-you-know-that/the-history-of-the-mcintosh.
- ↑ Fruit Varieties Journal vol. 29, 1975
- ↑ Davidson 2014, p. 30.
- ↑ Linzmayer 2004, p. 87.
Works cited
- Boyle, Terry (2011). Hidden Ontario: Secrets from Ontario's Past. Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-4597-0029-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=uXk3yUgj1yYC.
- "Canadian food firsts". Canadian Geographic. January–February 2002. http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/jf02/canadianfoodfirsts.asp.
- CBC News staff (2011-08-25). "Oldest McIntosh apple tree descendant cut down". CBC News. http://www.cbc.ca/news/offbeat/story/2011/08/25/ottawa-mcintosh-apple-tree-dies.html.
- Davidson, Alan (2014). The Oxford Companion to Food. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-104072-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=bIIeBQAAQBAJ.
- Ferree, David David Curtis; Warrington, I. Ian J. (2003). Apples: Botany, Production, and Uses. CABI. ISBN 978-0-85199-799-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=_-MePLY9imoC.
- Fox, Mark (2010-06-30). "McIntosh Given Numismatic Nod". World Coin News (Krause Publications). http://secure.numismaster.com/ta/numis/Article.jsp?ad=article&ArticleId=11849. Retrieved 2013-06-18.
- Gollner, Adam Leith (2008). The Fruit Hunters: A Story of Nature, Adventure, Commerce, and Obsession. Charles Scribner's Sons. ISBN 978-1-4165-6561-1. https://archive.org/details/fruithuntersstor00adam.
- Kearney, Mark; Ray, Randy (2002). I Know That Name!: The People Behind Canada's Best Known Brand Names from Elizabeth Arden to Walter Zeller. Dundurn Press. ISBN 978-1-55002-407-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=e3KE9KjwONEC.
- Kipfer, Barbara Ann (2012). The Culinarian: A Kitchen Desk Reference. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-544-18603-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=7xUafQwz2tkC.
- Linzmayer, Owen W. (2004). Apple Confidential 2.0: The Definitive History of the World's Most Colorful Company. No Starch Press. ISBN 978-1-59327-010-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=mXnw5tM8QRwC.
- Noiton, Dominique A.M.; Alspach, Peter A. (September 1996). "Founding Clones, Inbreeding, Coancestry, and Status Number of Modern Apple Cultivars". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 121 (5): 773–782. doi:10.21273/JASHS.121.5.773.
- Small, Ernest (2009). Top 100 Food Plants. NRC Research Press. ISBN 978-0-660-19858-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=nyWY_YkV7qAC.
- Tapper, Josh (2011-10-15). "Where have you gone, Mr McIntosh?". Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2011/10/15/where_have_you_gone_mr_mcintosh.html.
External links
- Macintosh Apples, Archives of Ontario YouTube channel
- Ontario Plaques: John McIntosh
- National Fruit Collection, http://www.nationalfruitcollection.org.uk/full2.php?id=3874&&fruit=apple
- "Oldest McIntosh apple tree descendant cut down". CBC News. http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/oldest-mcintosh-apple-tree-descendant-cut-down-1.1001566.
- "Where does the McIntosh Apple Come From?". mysteriesofcanada.com. http://www.mysteriesofcanada.com/ontario/where-does-the-mcintosh-apple-come-from/.
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