Biology:Golden Delicious
| Golden Delicious | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Species | Malus domestica |
| Hybrid parentage | Grimes Golden x ?[1] |
| Cultivar | Golden Delicious |
| Origin | Clay County, West Virginia, United States , 1905 |
Golden Delicious is a cultivar of apple. It is one of the 15 most popular apple cultivars in the United States.[2] It is not closely related to Red Delicious.[3]
History
Golden Delicious arose from a chance seedling, possibly a hybrid of Grimes Golden[4] and Golden Reinette.[5] The original tree was found on the family farm of J. M. Mullins in Clay County, West Virginia, and was locally known as Mullins' Yellow Seedling. Mullins sold the tree and propagation rights to Stark Brothers Nurseries for $5000, which first marketed it as a companion of their Red Delicious in 1914.[6]
In 1943, the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station in Geneva, New York developed the Jonagold apple by cross-breeding Golden Delicious and Jonathan trees. The cultivar was officially released in 1968 and went on to become the leading apple cultivar in Europe.[7] According to the USApple Association website, (As of 2008), Golden Delicious, along with its descendent cultivars Gala, Ginger Gold, Honeycrisp, and Jonagold, were among the fifteen most popular apple cultivars in the United States.[8]
Golden Delicious was designated the official state fruit of West Virginia by a Senate resolution on February 20, 1995.[9] Clay County has hosted an annual Golden Delicious Festival since 1972.
In 2010, an Italian-led consortium announced they had decoded the complete genome of the Golden Delicious apple.[10] It had the highest number of genes (57,000) of any plant genome studied to date.
Golden Delicious was one of four apples honored by the United States Postal Service in a 2013 set of four 33¢ stamps commemorating historic strains, joined by Northern Spy, Baldwin, and Granny Smith.[11]
Appearance and flavor
Golden Delicious is a large, yellowish-green skinned cultivar and very sweet to the taste. It is prone to bruising and shriveling, so it needs careful handling and storage. It is a favorite for eating plain, as well as for use in salads, apple sauce, and apple butter.[12][13] America's Test Kitchen, Food Network, and Serious Eats all list Golden Delicious apples as one of the best apples for baking apple pie due to its balanced flavor and its high pectin content that allows it to stay intact when cooked.[14][15][13]
- Density 0.79 g/cc
- Sugar 13.5 %
- Acid 5.6 gram/litre
- Vitamin C 10-20 mg/litre[16]
| 55-60 mm | 60-65 mm | 65-70 mm | 70-75 mm | 75-80 mm | 80-85 mm |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 % | 12 % | 33 % | 35 % | 13 % | 2 % |
Season
Golden Delicious are harvested 130-150 days after full bloom.
Golden Delicious mutants
- Lucky Rose Golden A patented Golden Delicious mutant[17]
Descendant cultivars
| Name | Parentage | Year: cross made/ selected/ introduced | Country of origin | Patent |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akita Gold | (Golden Delicious × Fuji)[18] | |||
| Ambrosia | (believed to be Starking Delicious × Golden Delicious)[19] | |||
| Angold | (Antonovka x Golden Delicious) | |||
| Annalee (Blount Golden) | Golden Delicious x ? | ?/1962/? | US | USPP 3496 |
| Arlet | (Golden Delicious × Idared) | |||
| Autumn Glory | (Golden Delicious x Fuji)[20] | |||
| Bohemia | (Lord Lambourne × Golden Delicious) | |||
| Brock | Golden Delicious x McIntosh | / /1966 | US | |
| Cadel | (Jonathan × Golden Delicious) | |||
| Cameo | (Golden Delicious × Red Delicious) | |||
| Caudle | (Golden Delicious × Red Delicious) | |||
| Champion | (Golden Delicious × Cox Orange) | |||
| Chantecler | (Golden Delicious × Reinette Clochard) | |||
| Cripps Pink (marketed as Pink Lady | Golden Delicious × Lady Williams)[21] | |||
| Dalitron | Golden Delicious x Pilot | 1994/1997/ | France | USPP |
| Delbarestivale | ( Stark Jonagrimes x Golden Delicious) | |||
| Elan | (Golden Delicious x James Grieve) | ?/? /1984 | Netherlands | |
| Elstar | (Ingrid Marie × Golden Delicious) | 1955/ ? /1972 | Netherlands | USPP 6450 |
| Falstaff | James Grieve x Golden Delicious | |||
| Firm Gold | (Starkspur Golden Delicious, U.S. PP 2024 × Starkrimson Red Delicious, U.S. PP 1565)[22] | |||
| Gala | (Kidds Orange × Golden Delicious) | |||
| Ginger Gold | (Albemarle Pippin × Golden Delicious) | |||
| GoldRush (Coop 38) | Golden Delicious x Coop 17 | ? / ?/ 1993 | US | USPP |
| Goldspur a Golden Delicious-like cultivar from Holland which is spur bearing | ||||
| Goro | Golden Delicious x Swiss Orange | 1951/ /1973 | Switzerland | |
| Honeycrisp | (MN1627 [Golden Delicious × Duchess of Oldenburg] × Keepsake [Frostbite (MN447) x Northern Spy]) | |||
| Honeygold | Golden Delicious x Haralason | |||
| Iduna | (Golden Delicious × Glockenapfel) | |||
| Jonagold | (Golden Delicious × Jonathan) | 1943/ /1968 | US | |
| Kissabel Jaune | Golden Delicious x SJ 109 | 2006/?/2011 | France | USPP 30041 |
| Kissabel Orange | Golden Delicious x SD 109 | 2006/?/2012 | France | USPP 28201 |
| Kizuri | Golden Delicious x NY75413-30 | 1990/?/? | Belgium | USPP 27926 |
| Ligolina | Linda x Golden Delicious | ?/1972/? | Poland | |
| Magnolia Gold | Golden Delicious x ? | ? / ? /1970 | US | |
| Maigold | (Fraurotacher × Golden Delicious) | 1944 / /1964 | Switzerland | |
| Mutsu (apple) | (Golden Delicious x Indo apple) | |||
| Opal (apple) | (Topaz × Golden Delicious) | Czech Republic | USPP 15963 | |
| Orin | Golden Delicious x Indo | Japan | ||
| Ozark Gold | (Golden Delicious x (Conrad x Red delicious) | |||
| Pink Lady | Golden Delicious x Williams | ?/1979/1989 | Australia | |
| Pinova | (Clivia × Golden Delicious) | |||
| Rebella | Golden Delicious x Remo | ?/1986/? | Germany | USPP 15134 |
| Red Baron | Golden Delicious x Red van Buren | 1926/1940/1969 | US | |
| Rubinette(Rafzubin | (Golden Delicious × Cox Orange) | Switzerland | ||
| Sekai Ichi | (Golden Delicious × Red Delicious) | |||
| Sinta | Golden Delicious x Grimes Golden | 1955/1965/ ? | US | |
| Spigold | (Northern Spy × Golden Delicious) | |||
| Summerland | McIntosh x Golden Delicious | 1926/1939/1969 | Canada | |
| Sundance (Coop 29) | GD x 1050NJ-1 | 1964/1972/? | US | USPP 13819 |
| Sundowner | (Golden Delicious × Lady Williams) | Australia | USPP 8477 | |
| Swiss Gourmet | Golden Delicious x Idared | ?/?/1984 | Switzerland | USPP 6689 |
| Tentation delblush | (Grifer' (Blushing Golden) × Golden Delicious) | |||
| Trajan | Golden Delicious x Wijcik McIntosh | ?/?/1989 | England | USPP 6226 |
| Virginiagold | Albemerle pippin x Golden Delicious | 1944/1956/ ? | US |
References
- ↑ Luby, Howard, Tillman, Bedford. HortScience 57(3): 472-477. 2022
- ↑ "Varieties". US Apple Association. http://www.usapple.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21&Itemid=21. "...a total of 15 popular varieties account for almost 90 percent of 2008 production: Braeburn, Honeycrisp, Cortland, Idared, Empire, Jonagold, Fuji, Jonathan, Gala, McIntosh, Ginger Gold, Red Delicious, Golden Delicious, Rome, Granny Smith"
- ↑ Dominique A.M. Noiton and Peter A. Alspach (September 1996). "Founding Clones, Inbreeding, Coancestry, and Status Number of Modern Apple Cultivars". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science. pp. 773–782. http://journal.ashspublications.org/content/121/5/773.full.pdf.
- ↑ Gwin, Adrian (2008). "Golden Delicious: State Fruit of West Virginia – Dunbar Man 'Discoverer' of Golden Delicious Apple". West Virginia Archives & History. (from Charleston Daily Mail October 18, 1962): West Virginia Division of Culture and History. http://www.wvculture.org/HISTORY/goldendelicious02.html. "He is J. M. Mullins, now a man in his 87th year and living in Dunbar, though he spent his lifetime until recent years in Clay County.".
- ↑ Mass, V. 1970. Golden Delicious. pp. 69-85. In North American apples: varieties, rootstocks, outlook. Michigan State Univ. Press, East Lansing.
- ↑ Higgins, Adrian (August 5, 2005). "Why the Red Delicious No Longer Is. Decades of Makeovers Alter Apple to Its Core.". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/04/AR2005080402194.html. "When Stark's successors, in a similar stunt, found and named the Golden Delicious growing in West Virginia in 1914, the Delicious became Red Delicious."
- ↑ Volk, Gayle M.; Olmstead, James W.; Finn, Chad E.; Janick, Jules (January 1, 2013). "The ASHS Outstanding Fruit Cultivar Award: A 25-year Retrospective". HortScience 48 (1): 4–12. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI.48.1.4. ISSN 0018-5345. https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/48/1/article-p4.xml.
- ↑ "Varieties". http://usapple.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=21&Itemid=21.
- ↑ "Golden Delicious: State Fruit of West Virginia". October 7, 2008. http://www.wvculture.org/history/goldendelicious01.html.
- ↑ "An Italian-led international research consortium decodes the apple genome". AlphaGallileo. August 29, 2010. http://www.alphagalileo.org/ViewItem.aspx?ItemId=83717&CultureCode=en.
- ↑ "Postal Service Issues Apples Postcard Stamps; Release No. 13-004". January 17, 2013. http://about.usps.com/news/national-releases/2013/pr13_004.htm.
- ↑ "Golden Delicious". https://www.applesfromny.com/varieties/golden-delicious/.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 López-Alt, J. Kenji (October 2011). "A Guide to the Best Apples for Apple Pie" (in en). Serious Eats. https://www.seriouseats.com/the-food-lab-what-are-the-best-apples-for-apple-pies-how-to-make-pie.
- ↑ "Best Apples for Baking" (in en). America's Test Kitchen. https://www.americastestkitchen.com/cooksillustrated/how_tos/5386-best-apples-for-baking.
- ↑ "The Best Baking Apples" (in en). Warner Bros. Discovery, Inc.. September 17, 2022. https://www.foodnetwork.com/how-to/packages/food-network-essentials/the-best-baking-apples.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Silbereisen, Robert; Götz, Gerhard; Hartmann, Walter; Tambour, Gisela; Eberle, Christl (1996). Obstsorten – Atlas. Ulmer (Eugen). ISBN 9783800155378.
- ↑ "'Lucky Rose Golden' Apple tree". http://www.freepatentsonline.com/PP09707.pdf.
- ↑ "Apple tree "Akita Gold"". http://www.freepatentsonline.com/PP08354.html.
- ↑ "Apple tree named 'Ambrosia'". http://www.freepatentsonline.com/PP10789.html.
- ↑ Brown, Susan K., and Kevin E. Maloney. "An Update on Apple Cultivars, Brands and Club-Marketing." {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090025/http://www.nyshs.org/pdf/
- ↑ "Pink Lady v the British apple". BBC News. October 21, 2013. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24578762.
- ↑ "Apple tree". http://www.freepatentsonline.com/PP04166.html.
External links
- Overview of various apple cultivars
- A cook's overview of various apple cultivars
- Golden Delicious apple, in What Am I Eating? A Food Dictionary
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