Chemistry:Valeric acid
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| IUPAC name
Pentanoic acid
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| Other names
1-Butanecarboxylic acid
Propylacetic acid C5:0 (Lipid numbers) | |
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| Properties | |
| C5H10O2 | |
| Molar mass | 102.133 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Density | 0.930 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | −34.5 °C (−30.1 °F; 238.7 K) |
| Boiling point | 185 °C (365 °F; 458 K) |
| 4.97 g/100 mL | |
| Acidity (pKa) | 4.82 |
| -66.85·10−6 cm3/mol | |
| Hazards[2] | |
| GHS pictograms | 
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| GHS Signal word | Danger |
| H314, H412 | |
| P273, P280, P303+361+353, P305+351+338+310 | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Flash point | 86 °C (187 °F; 359 K) |
| Related compounds | |
Related compounds
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Butyric acid, Hexanoic acid |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
| Infobox references | |
Valeric acid or pentanoic acid is a straight-chain alkyl carboxylic acid with the chemical formula CH
3(CH
2)
3COOH. Like other low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids, it has an unpleasant odor. It is found in the perennial flowering plant Valeriana officinalis, from which it gets its name. Its primary use is in the synthesis of its esters. Salts and esters of valeric acid are known as valerates or pentanoates. Volatile esters of valeric acid tend to have pleasant odors and are used in perfumes and cosmetics. Several, including ethyl valerate and pentyl valerate are used as food additives because of their fruity flavors.
History
Valeric acid is a minor constituent of the perennial flowering plant valerian (Valeriana officinalis), from which it gets its name.[3] The dried root of this plant has been used medicinally since antiquity.[4] The related isovaleric acid shares its unpleasant odor and their chemical identity was investigated by oxidation of the components of fusel alcohol, which includes the five-carbon amyl alcohols.[5] Valeric acid is one volatile component in swine manure. Other components include other carboxylic acids, skatole, trimethyl amine, and isovaleric acid.[6] It is also a flavor component in some foods.[7]
Manufacture
In industry, valeric acid is produced by the oxo process from 1-butene and syngas, forming valeraldehyde, which is oxidised to the final product.[8]
- H
2 + CO + CH
3CH
2CH=CH
2 → CH
3CH
2CH
2CH
2CHO → valeric acid
It can also be produced from biomass-derived sugars via levulinic acid and this alternative has received considerable attention as a way to produce biofuels.[9][10]
Reactions
Valeric acid reacts as a typical carboxylic acid: it can form amide, ester, anhydride, and chloride derivatives.[11] The latter, valeryl chloride is commonly used as the intermediate to obtain the others.
Uses
Valeric acid occurs naturally in some foods but is also used as a food additive.[12] Its safety in this application was reviewed by an FAO and WHO panel, who concluded that there were no safety concerns at the likely levels of intake.[13] The compound is used for the preparation of derivatives, notably its volatile esters which, unlike the parent acid, have pleasant odors and fruity flavors and hence find applications in perfumes, cosmetics and foodstuffs.[8] Typical examples are the methyl valerates,[14] ethyl valerates,[15] and pentyl valerates.[16]
Biology
In humans, valeric acid is a minor product[17] of the gut microbiome and can also be produced by metabolism of its esters found in food.[18] The restoration of levels of this acid in the gut has been suggested as the mechanism that results in control of Clostridioides difficile infection after fecal microbiota transplant.[19]
Valerate salts and esters
The valerate, or pentanoate, ion is C
4H
9COO−
, the conjugate base of valeric acid. It is the form found in biological systems at physiological pH. A valerate, or pentanoate, compound is a carboxylate salt or ester of valeric acid.
Many steroid-based pharmaceuticals, for example ones based on betamethasone or hydrocortisone, include the steroid as the valerate ester.
Examples
- Methyl valerate
- Ethyl valerate
- Pentyl valerate
- Betamethasone valerate
- Estradiol valerate
- Hydrocortisone valerate
- Testosterone valerate
See also
- List of saturated fatty acids
- List of carboxylic acids
- 4-Hydroxy-4-methylpentanoic acid
- Pivalic acid (2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid)
- 3-Methylbutanoic acid, also called isovaleric acid
References
- ↑ Merck Index, 13th Edition, 2001, page 1764.
- ↑ Sigma-Aldrich. "Valeric acid". https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/aldrich/W310107?lang=en®ion=GB.
- ↑ Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Valeric Acid". Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 859.
- ↑ Patočka, Jiří; Jakl, Jiří (2010). "Biomedically relevant chemical constituents of Valeriana officinalis". Journal of Applied Biomedicine 8: 11–18. doi:10.2478/v10136-009-0002-z.
- ↑ Pedler, Alexander (1868). "On the isomeric forms of valeric acid". Journal of the Chemical Society 21: 74–76. doi:10.1039/JS8682100074. https://zenodo.org/record/2175638.
- ↑ Ni, Ji-Qin; Robarge, Wayne P.; Xiao, Changhe; Heber, Albert J. (2012). "Volatile organic compounds at swine facilities: A critical review". Chemosphere 89 (7): 769–788. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.04.061. PMID 22682363. Bibcode: 2012Chmsp..89..769N.
- ↑ Wang, Pao-Shui; Kato, Hiromichi; Fujimaki, Masao (1970). "Studies on Flavor Components of Roasted Barley". Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 34 (4): 561–567. doi:10.1080/00021369.1970.10859653.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Riemenschneider, Wilhelm (2002). "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a05_235.
- ↑ Lange, Jean-Paul; Price, Richard; Ayoub, Paul M.; Louis, Jurgen; Petrus, Leo; Clarke, Lionel; Gosselink, Hans (2010). "Valeric Biofuels: A Platform of Cellulosic Transportation Fuels". Angewandte Chemie International Edition 49 (26): 4479–4483. doi:10.1002/anie.201000655. PMID 20446282.
- ↑ Yan, Long; Yao, Qian; Fu, Yao (2017). "Conversion of levulinic acid and alkyl levulinates into biofuels and high-value chemicals". Green Chemistry 19 (23): 5527–5547. doi:10.1039/C7GC02503C.
- ↑ Jenkins, P. R. (1985). "Carboxylic acids and derivatives". General and Synthetic Methods. 7. pp. 96–160. doi:10.1039/9781847556196-00096. ISBN 978-0-85186-884-4.
- ↑ Shahidi, Fereidoon; Rubin, Leon J.; d'Souza, Lorraine A.; Teranishi, Roy; Buttery, Ron G. (1986). "Meat flavor volatiles: A review of the composition, techniques of analysis, and sensory evaluation". CRC Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 24 (2): 141–243. doi:10.1080/10408398609527435. PMID 3527563.
- ↑ FAO/WHO Expert Committee on food additives (1998). "Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants". http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v040je10.htm.
- ↑ "Methyl valerate". http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1008901.html.
- ↑ "Ethyl valerate". http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1000701.html.
- ↑ "Amyl valerate". http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1005951.html.
- ↑ Markowiak-Kopeć, Paulina; Śliżewska, Katarzyna (2020). "The Effect of Probiotics on the Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids by Human Intestinal Microbiome". Nutrients 12 (4): 1107. doi:10.3390/nu12041107. PMID 32316181.
- ↑ "Metabocard for Valeric acid". 2020-04-23. https://hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0000892.
- ↑ McDonald, Julie A.K.; Mullish, Benjamin H.; Pechlivanis, Alexandros; Liu, Zhigang; Brignardello, Jerusa; Kao, Dina; Holmes, Elaine; Li, Jia V. et al. (2018). "Inhibiting Growth of Clostridioides difficile by Restoring Valerate, Produced by the Intestinal Microbiota". Gastroenterology 155 (5): 1495–1507.e15. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.014. PMID 30025704.
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