Astronomy:List of Y-dwarfs

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This is a list of astronomical objects with the spectral type Y. They are a mix of brown dwarfs and planetary-mass objects. They are the coldest such objects in interstellar space and have a temperature around below 500 Kelvin (227°C; 440°F). Only a few are known due to their faint nature. The list is sorted after distance.

Table

List of Y-dwarfs
Name spectral type[1] Teff[1]

(Kelvin)

Mass estimate

(|♃|J}}}}}})

distance[1]

(light years)

Year of discovery
Jupiter Y-class analog[2] 125 1 solar system known since ancient times
WISE J0855−0714 Y4 (extrapolated) 276±9[3] 3−10[4] 7.43±0.04 2014[5]
Epsilon Indi Ab[6] Y3[lower-alpha 1] (estimated) 275 6.31+0.60−0.56 11.867±0.004 2018 (discovered) 2024 (imaging)
WISE J1639−6847 Y0pec 398±20[3] 5−14[7] or 9−17[8] 15.45±0.04[9] 2012[10]
WISE J0350−5658 Y1 355+13−11[3] 3−8[7] or 7−13[8] 18.49±0.24 2012[11]
WISEPA J1541−2250 Y1 411+18−17[3] 8−20[7] 18.9±0.2[12] 2011[13][14]
WISE J2209+2711 Y0[15] 355+13−11[3] 8−19[7] or 5[16] 20.17±0.25 2014[17]
WISEPC J1405+5534 Y0.5 (pec?) 392+16−15[3] 9−21[7] 20.6±0.3 2011[13][14]
WISEPA J0410+1502 Y0 451±88 8−20[7] 21.32±0.10[12] 2011[13][14]
WISE J0825+2805 Y0.5 387±15[3] 3−8[7] or 5[16] 21.4±0.4 2015[18]
CWISE J1055+5443[19] Y0 (pec) 500±150 4−6 22+3−2 2023
WISEPC J2056+1459 Y0 481+26−20[3] 13−23[8] or 5[16] 22.27±0.07[12] 2011[13][14]
WISEPA J1738+2732 Y0 431±27[3] 5−14,[7] 3−9[20] or 11−21[8] 24.4±0.2[12] 2011[13][14]
WISEA J2354+0240 Y1 347+13−11[3] 8−14[8] or 2.5+2.0−1.3[21] 25.0±0.6 2015[18]
WISENF J1936+0408 Y0 (estimated) 460±79 28.6+1.0−0.9 2020[22]
WISE J0647−6232 Y1 394±20[3] 5–13[7] or 4.6+3.0−2.2[21] 29.6±0.6[12] 2013[23]
WISE J0713−2917 Y0 464±88 13−29[7] 29.6±0.2[12] 2012[11]
WISEPC J1217+1626 B Y0 460±79 8−20[7] 30.4±1.0 2012[24]
WISEA J1930−2059 ≥Y1 (estimated) 372±20[3] 30.7+1.5−1.4 2020[25]
CWISEP J0402−2651 ≥Y1 (estimated) 367±79 31.2+5.4−4.0[26] 2020[22]
WISEA J1141−3326 Y0 460±79 3–8[7] 31.4±0.9 2014[27]
CWISEP J1446−2317 Y1[15] 351+16−13[3] 8.0 or 14.6[28] 31.4+1.6−1.4[15] 2020[22]
CWISEP J2256+4002 ≥Y1 (estimated) 367±79 32.0+4.0−3.2 2020[22]
WISEPA J1828+2650 ≥Y2 462±25 or 480 + 340 binary[3] 3–8[7] 32.5+0.7−0.6 2011[13][14]
WISE J0336−0143 A Y0:[29] 460±79 8.5–18[30] 32.7±0.7 2012[11]
WISE J0336−0143 B[30] Y2.5[lower-alpha 1] (estimated) 285–305[31] 5–11.5 32.7±0.7 2023
WISEA J0830+2837 ≥Y1 (estimated) 345±20[3] 4−13[32] 32.9+2.3−2.0[33] 2020[32]
WISEU J0503−5648 ≥Y1 (estimated) 364±20[3] 33.2+1.4−1.3 2020[25]
WISE J2220−3628 Y0 452±88 8–20[7] 34.9±0.4[12] 2012[11]
CWISE J0925−4720 Y0 (estimated) 460±79 ~35.0 2021[34]
CWISER J0216+4230 Y0 (estimated) 460±79 ~35.2 2023[1]
WISEA J2243−1458 Y0 (estimated) 460±79 37.4+3.0−2.6[26] 2020[25]
WISE J1206+8401 Y0 472+26−30[3] 6−14[7] or 12−22[8] 38.5+1.0−0.9 2015[18]
CWISEP J0238−1332 ≥Y1 (estimated) 367±79 38.6+3.8−3.1[26] 2020[22]
CWISE J2351−7000 Y0 (estimated) 393±20[3] 29±3[3] 2020[25]
WISE J0359−5401 Y0 443+23−19[3] 12−22[8] or 13[16] 44.3±1.2 2012[11]
WISE J0734−7157 Y0 466+28−23[3] 9−20[7] 44.5±0.4[12] 2012[11]
WISE J0304−2705 Y0 pec 465±88 44.6+1.6−1.5 2014[35]
CWISEP J2011−4812 Y0 (estimated) 460±79 3.8+2.6−1.8[21] 46±2 2020[22]
CWISE J1811+6658 early-Y (estimated) 412±79 47+5−4 2023[1]
CWISEP J1935−1546A ≥Y1 (estimated) 367±79 12–39[36] 47+3−2 2019[37]
CWISEP J1935−1546B >Y1 (estimated) 360–420 7–24[36] 47+3−2 2025[36]
WISE J0535−7500 Y1[15] 496+28−23 or 480 + 340 binary[3] 8−20[7] or 12+18[16] 47.5+1.4−1.3 2012[11]
CWISEP J0940+5233 ≥Y1 (estimated) 413±20[3] 2.8+3.0−1.6[21] 47.7+6.3−5.0[26] 2020[22]
CWISEP J1047+5457 Y1[15] 395+23−21[3] 20.6 or 15.9[28] or 1–3[33] 47.9+3.7−3.2[15] 2020[22]
CWISEP J0321+6932 Y0.5 (estimated) 412±79 48±3 2020[22]
WISEA J1257+7153 ≥Y1 (estimated) 382±20[3] 4.7+3.0−2.2[21] 48.2+14.3−9.0[26] 2020[25]
CWISEP J0938+0634 Y0 (estimated) 460±79 49.9+6.2−5.0[26] 2020[22]
CWISEP J2230+2549 ≥Y1 (estimated) 389±20[3] 52.4+4.8−4.0[26] 2020[22]
CWISEP J2356−4814 Y0.5 (estimated) 412±79 3.1+2.3−1.6[21] 52.6+7.6−5.9[26] 2020[22]
CWISEP J0634+5049 Y0 (estimated) 460±79 53+4−3 2020[22]
WISEA J1534−1043 esdY0–esdY2 (estimated)[38] 447±45[39] 53 ±4 2020[22]
WISEA J0302−5817 Y0: 460±79 55±3 2018[40]
CWISE J1531−3306 Y0 (estimated) 460±79 ~55.4 2021[34]
CWISEP J0859+5349 Y0 (estimated) 460±79 56.3+5.0−4.0[26] 2020[22]
Ross 19 B sdY (estimated)[38] 460 ±79 15−40[41] 56.89±0.04 2021[41]
WISE 0226-0211 B T9.5 to Y0 (estimated) 511 ±79 57.9+2.7−2.4 2019[42]
14 Herculis c[43] Y3[lower-alpha 1] (estimated) 275 7.9+1.6−1.2 58.38±0.03 2021 (discovered) 2025 (imaging)
CWISEP J2355+3804 Y0 (estimate, might be T-dwarf)[22] 450+109−102 60+5.8−4.9[26] 2020[22]
WD 0806−661 B Y0[44] 377±88 7−9[7] 62.73±0.02 2011[45]
WISE J0146+4234 B Y0 411±20[3] 8−20[7] 63±2 2015[46]
CWISE J2227+2604 Y0 (estimated) 460±79 ~65.2 2023[1]
CFBDSIR 1458+10 B[47] Y0 (estimated) 370±40 6–15 75.34±7.83 2011
CWISEP J1359-4352 Y0 (estimated) 472+90−89 79.4+9.3−7.5[26] 2020[22]
CWISEP J0156+3255 sdY (estimated) 125+19−17 2020/2024[22][38]
JADES-GS-BD-5 sdY (estimated) 322–500[48] 228–1239[48] 2024, shows proper motion[49] Spectrum in upcoming paper[48]
Capotauro Y2–Y3 (estimated) 342+67−46 1044–2870 2025[50][48]
JADES-GN-BD-8 sdY (estimated) 400–502 1076-2348 2025[48]
PANO-GS-BD-18 sdY (estimated) 487–511 1174–1500 2025[48]
Bullet-BD1 Y (estimated) 350+110−80 7-12 1402±228 2026[51] shows proper motion
JADES-GS-BD-8 sdY (estimated) 404–508[48] 1500–3066[48] 2024[49]
COSMOS-Web BD11 sdY0 (estimated) 750 2020 2025[52]
JADES-GS-BD-21 sdY (estimated) 340–507 2414–5871 2025[48]
JADES-GN-BD-5 sdY (estimated) 398–507 2707–3946 2025[48]
JADES-GN-BD-9 sdY (estimated) 441–524 2740–4827 2025[48]
JADES-GN-BD-16 sdY (estimated) 375–526 2838–5675 2025[48]
Bullet-BD2 Y (estimated) 410+110−50 12-22 2805±359 2026[51] shows proper motion
CEERS-EGS-BD-6 sdY (estimated) 600 3590 2024[49]
JADES-GS-BD-4 sdY (estimated) 483–545[48] 4175–5055[48] 2024[49]
CEERS-EGS-BD-7 sdY (estimated) 650 4240 2024[49]
COSMOS-Web BD16 sdY0 (estimated) 975 4650 2025[52]
JADES-GN-BD-11 sdY (estimated) 463–562 6817–10111 2025[48]

JADES-GN-BD-1 and JADES-GN-BD-3 were included as Y-dwarf candiates,[49] but were later found to be consistent with T-dwarfs.[48]

A large number of about 50 new candidate Y-dwarf were discovered with SPHEREx. These are only candidates and need confirmation.[53][54]

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Estimated using the effective temperature. By using Eric Mamajek's table[55] one can compare Teff with the spectral type. Alternatively one can fit a curve to T5-Y4 dwarfs, which gives the formula Teff=1.35×107×SpType−3.441, with SpType 19 is T9, 20 is Y0, 21 is Y1, etc. Might be inaccurate for objects with non-solar metallicity.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Kirkpatrick, J. Davy et al. (December 2023). "The Initial Mass Function Based on the Full-sky 20-pc Census of ∼3,600 Stars and Brown Dwarfs" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 271 (2): 55. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ad24e2. Bibcode: 2024ApJS..271...55K. 
  2. ↑ Coulter, Daniel J.; Barnes, Jason W.; Fortney, Jonathan J. (2022-11-01). "Jupiter and Saturn as Spectral Analogs for Extrasolar Gas Giants and Brown Dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 263 (1): 15. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac886a. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 2022ApJS..263...15C. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 Leggett, S. K. (2026-03-25). "The Coldest Known Y Dwarfs: Estimates of their Effective Temperatures". The Astrophysical Journal. 
  4. ↑ Luhman, K. L.; Tremblin, P.; Oliveira, C. Alves de; Birkmann, S. M.; Baraffe, I.; Chabrier, G.; Manjavacas, E.; Parker, R. J. et al. (January 2024). "JWST/NIRSpec Observations of the Coldest Known Brown Dwarf*" (in en). The Astronomical Journal 167 (1): 5. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ad0b72. ISSN 1538-3881. Bibcode: 2024AJ....167....5L. 
  5. ↑ Luhman, K. L. (2014-05-01). "Discovery of a ~250 K Brown Dwarf at 2 pc from the Sun". The Astrophysical Journal 786 (2): L18. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/786/2/L18. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2014ApJ...786L..18L. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...786L..18L. 
  6. ↑ Matthews, E. C. et al. (July 2024). "A temperate super-Jupiter imaged with JWST in the mid-infrared". Nature 633 (8031): 789–792. doi:10.1038/s41586-024-07837-8. PMID 39048015. PMC 11424479. Bibcode: 2024Natur.633..789M. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07837-8.epdf?sharing_token=rDmIHPiLMl77NbVHtDcNGdRgN0jAjWel9jnR3ZoTv0Nc2mduqijOgU08KVCfXgyTyeY9f3uMYgxWiSdta81Y3w7HMv4naw7o4Gl0w_iF06iej7hWIJFS__ui3TPqa5Z6IpEk7UMnCUdEGQOjTJF60h8HPpxUutnFPv_UqIZlqvDNTK273QCp7aD7CkdFuR4o8IyHo_b7w-GjzJWK6IUu8g9xmtkAdOr2SLA0f8vFWrmOXYKbXaW-9XlUm_VT_AhC6E9pf_LQnU96WMsUGGfeNA%3D%3D&tracking_referrer=www.cbc.ca. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 Leggett, S. K.; Tremblin, P.; Esplin, T. L.; Luhman, K. L.; Morley, Caroline V. (2017-06-01). "The Y-type Brown Dwarfs: Estimates of Mass and Age from New Astrometry, Homogenized Photometry, and Near-infrared Spectroscopy". The Astrophysical Journal 842 (2): 118. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa6fb5. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2017ApJ...842..118L. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Fontanive, Clémence; Bedin, Luigi R.; De Furio, Matthew; Biller, Beth; Anderson, Jay; Bonavita, Mariangela; Allers, Katelyn; Pantoja, Blake (2023-12-01). "An HST survey of 33 T8 to Y1 brown dwarfs: NIR photometry and multiplicity of the coldest isolated objects". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 526 (2): 1783–1798. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2870. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2023MNRAS.526.1783F. 
  9. ↑ Fontanive, C.; Bedin, L. R.; Bardalez Gagliuffi, D. C. (2021-02-01). "The Y dwarf population with HST: unlocking the secrets of our coolest neighbours – I. Overview and first astrometric results". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 501 (1): 911–915. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3732. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2021MNRAS.501..911F. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/501/1/911/6017306. 
  10. ↑ Tinney, C. G.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Wright, Edward L.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Cushing, Michael C.; Griffith, Roger L.; Salter, Graeme (2012-11-01). "WISE J163940.83-684738.6: A Y Dwarf Identified by Methane Imaging". The Astrophysical Journal 759 (1): 60. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/60. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...759...60T. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...759...60T. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Cushing, Michael C.; Mace, Gregory N.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Wright, Edward L. et al. (2012-07-01). "Further Defining Spectral Type "Y" and Exploring the Low-mass End of the Field Brown Dwarf Mass Function". The Astrophysical Journal 753 (2): 156. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/2/156. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...753..156K. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...753..156K. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Fontanive, Clémence; Bedin, Luigi R.; Albert, Loïc; Gagliuffi, Daniella C. Bardalez (2024-12-21). "The Y Dwarf Population with HST: unlocking the secrets of our coolest neighbours – II. Parallaxes and Proper Motions". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 537 (1): 419. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf032. Bibcode: 2025MNRAS.537..419F. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Michael C.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Wright, Edward L.; Mainzer, A. et al. (2011-12-01). "The First Hundred Brown Dwarfs Discovered by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 197 (2): 19. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/197/2/19. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 2011ApJS..197...19K. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJS..197...19K. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Cushing, Michael C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Mainzer, A.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Beichman, Charles A. et al. (2011-12-01). "The Discovery of Y Dwarfs using Data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)". The Astrophysical Journal 743 (1): 50. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/50. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...743...50C. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...743...50C. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 Beiler, Samuel A.; Cushing, Michael C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Schneider, Adam C.; Mukherjee, Sagnick; Marley, Mark S.; Marocco, Federico; Smart, Richard L. (11 Jul 2024). "Precise Bolometric Luminosities and Effective Temperatures of 23 late-T and Y dwarfs Obtained with JWST". The Astrophysical Journal 973 (2): 107. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad6301. Bibcode: 2024ApJ...973..107B. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Leggett, S. K.; Tremblin, Pascal (2024-01-01). "James Webb Space Telescope Spectra of Cold Brown Dwarfs are Well-reproduced by Phosphine-free, Diabatic, ATMO2020++ Models". Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society 8 (1): 13. doi:10.3847/2515-5172/ad1b61. ISSN 2515-5172. Bibcode: 2024RNAAS...8...13L. 
  17. ↑ Cushing, Michael C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Mace, Gregory N.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Gould, Andrew (2014-05-01). "Three New Cool Brown Dwarfs Discovered with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and an Improved Spectrum of the Y0 Dwarf WISE J041022.71+150248.4". The Astronomical Journal 147 (5): 113. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/5/113. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 2014AJ....147..113C. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AJ....147..113C. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Schneider, Adam C.; Cushing, Michael C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Mace, Gregory N.; Wright, Edward L.; Eisenhardt, Peter R.; Skrutskie, M. F. et al. (2015-05-01). "Hubble Space Telescope Spectroscopy of Brown Dwarfs Discovered with the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer". The Astrophysical Journal 804 (2): 92. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/804/2/92. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2015ApJ...804...92S. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...804...92S. 
  19. ↑ Robbins, Grady; Meisner, Aaron M.; Schneider, Adam C.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gagné, Jonathan; Hsu, Chih-Chun; Moranta, Leslie et al. (2023-11-01). "CWISE J105512.11+544328.3: A Nearby Y Dwarf Spectroscopically Confirmed with Keck/NIRES". The Astrophysical Journal 958 (1): 94. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad0043. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...958...94R. 
  20. ↑ Leggett, S. K.; Tremblin, P.; Saumon, D.; Marley, M. S.; Morley, Caroline V.; Amundsen, D. S.; Baraffe, I.; Chabrier, G. (2016-06-01). "Near-infrared Spectroscopy of the Y0 WISEP J173835.52+273258.9 and the Y1 WISE J035000.32-565830.2: The Importance of Non-equilibrium Chemistry". The Astrophysical Journal 824 (1): 2. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/824/1/2. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2016ApJ...824....2L. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 21.4 21.5 Gagné, Jonathan; Moranta, Leslie; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Curtis, Jason Lee; Bickle, Thomas P.; Couture, Dominic; Chiasson David, Amélie; Christie, Katie et al. (17 Feb 2026). "The Montreal Open Clusters and Associations (MOCA) Database: A Census of Nearby Associations, Open Clusters, and Young Substellar Objects within 500 pc of the Sun" (in en). arXiv e-prints: arXiv:2602.15695. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026arXiv260215695G/abstract. 
  22. ↑ 22.00 22.01 22.02 22.03 22.04 22.05 22.06 22.07 22.08 22.09 22.10 22.11 22.12 22.13 22.14 22.15 22.16 22.17 22.18 Meisner, Aaron M.; Caselden, Dan; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Marocco, Federico; Gelino, Christopher R.; Cushing, Michael C.; Eisenhardt, Peter R. M.; Wright, Edward L. et al. (2020-02-01). "Expanding the Y Dwarf Census with Spitzer Follow-up of the Coldest CatWISE Solar Neighborhood Discoveries". The Astrophysical Journal 889 (2): 74. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab6215. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2020ApJ...889...74M. 
  23. ↑ Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Michael C.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Beichman, Charles A.; Tinney, C. G.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Schneider, Adam; Mace, Gregory N. (2013-10-01). "Discovery of the Y1 Dwarf WISE J064723.23-623235.5". The Astrophysical Journal 776 (2): 128. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/776/2/128. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2013ApJ...776..128K. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...776..128K. 
  24. ↑ Liu, Michael C.; Dupuy, Trent J.; Bowler, Brendan P.; Leggett, S. K.; Best, William M. J. (2012-10-01). "Two Extraordinary Substellar Binaries at the T/Y Transition and the Y-band Fluxes of the Coolest Brown Dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal 758 (1): 57. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/758/1/57. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...758...57L. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012ApJ...758...57L. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 25.4 Meisner, Aaron M.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Schneider, Adam C.; Caselden, Dan; Gagné, Jonathan; Kuchner, Marc J.; Burgasser, Adam J. et al. (2020-08-01). "Spitzer Follow-up of Extremely Cold Brown Dwarfs Discovered by the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project". The Astrophysical Journal 899 (2): 123. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aba633. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2020ApJ...899..123M. 
  26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 Marocco, Federico (9 Mar 2026). "Spitzer + HST parallaxes of 13 late T and Y dwarfs". arXiv:2603.08984 [astro-ph].
  27. ↑ Tinney, C. G.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Mike; Morley, Caroline V.; Wright, Edward L. (2014-11-01). "The Luminosities of the Coldest Brown Dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal 796 (1): 39. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/796/1/39. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2014ApJ...796...39T. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014ApJ...796...39T. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Zhijun, Tu; Shu, Wang; Liu, Jifeng (28 September 2024). "Physical Parameters and Properties of 20 Cold Brown Dwarfs in JWST". The Astrophysical Journal 976 (1): 82. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad815a. Bibcode: 2024ApJ...976...82T. 
  29. ↑ Martin, Emily C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Beichman, Charles A.; Smart, Richard L.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Cushing, Michael C.; Schneider, Adam C. et al. (2018-11-01). "Y Dwarf Trigonometric Parallaxes from the Spitzer Space Telescope". The Astrophysical Journal 867 (2): 109. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aae1af. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2018ApJ...867..109M. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Calissendorff, Per; De Furio, Matthew; Meyer, Michael; Albert, Loïc; Aganze, Christian; Ali-Dib, Mohamad; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Baron, Frederique et al. (2023-04-01). "JWST/NIRCam Discovery of the First Y+Y Brown Dwarf Binary: WISE J033605.05-014350.4". The Astrophysical Journal 947 (2): L30. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/acc86d. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...947L..30C. 
  31. ↑ Leggett, S. K.; Tremblin, Pascal (September 2023). "The First Y Dwarf Data From JWST Show That Dynamic and Diabatic Processes Regulate Cold Brown Dwarf Atmospheres". The Astrophysical Journal 959 (2): 86. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acfdad. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...959...86L. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Schneider, Adam C.; Meisner, Aaron; Caselden, Dan; Colin, Guillaume; Goodman, Sam; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy et al. (2020-06-01). "WISEA J083011.95+283716.0: A Missing Link Planetary-mass Object". The Astrophysical Journal 895 (2): 145. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab8d25. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2020ApJ...895..145B. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Albert, Loïc; Leggett, Sandy K.; Calissendorff, Per; Vandal, Thomas; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gagliuffi, Daniella C. Bardalez; Furio, Matthew De; Meyer, Michael et al. (2025-01-23). "JWST 1.5 μm and 4.8 μm Photometry of Y Dwarfs". The Astronomical Journal 169 (3): 163. doi:10.3847/1538-3881/adadf9. Bibcode: 2025AJ....169..163A. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Meisner, Aaron M.; Caselden, Dan; Schneider, Adam C.; Marocco, Federico; Cayago, Alfred J. et al. (2021-03-01). "The Field Substellar Mass Function Based on the Full-sky 20 pc Census of 525 L, T, and Y Dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 253 (1): 7. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/abd107. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 2021ApJS..253....7K. 
  35. ↑ Pinfield, D. J.; Gromadzki, M.; Leggett, S. K.; Gomes, J.; Lodieu, N.; Kurtev, R.; Day-Jones, A. C.; Ruiz, M. T. et al. (2014-10-01). "Discovery of a new Y dwarf: WISE J030449.03-270508.3". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 444 (2): 1931–1939. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1540. ISSN 0035-8711. Bibcode: 2014MNRAS.444.1931P. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Matthew De Furio; Jacqueline Kelly Faherty; Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella C.; Gagné, Jonathan; Gonzales, Eileen C.; Kiman, Rocio; Kuchner, Marc; Marocco, Federico et al. (2025). "Discovery of the Second Y+Y Dwarf Binary System: CWISEP J193518.59-154620.3". The Astrophysical Journal 990 (2): L63. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adfee1. Bibcode: 2025ApJ...990L..63D. 
  37. ↑ Marocco, Federico; Caselden, Dan; Meisner, Aaron M.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Wright, Edward L.; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Eisenhardt, Peter R. M. et al. (2019-08-01). "CWISEP J193518.59-154620.3: An Extremely Cold Brown Dwarf in the Solar Neighborhood Discovered with CatWISE". The Astrophysical Journal 881 (1): 17. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab2bf0. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2019ApJ...881...17M. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Jun-Yan Zhang, Jerry; Lodieu, Nicolas; Martín, Eduardo L.; Rosa Zapatero Osorio, María; Béjar, Victor J. S.; Ivanov, Valentin D.; Boffin, Henri M. J.; Shahbaz, Tariq et al. (2025). "Optical constraints on the coldest metal-poor population". Astronomy & Astrophysics 698: A141. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453246. Bibcode: 2025A&A...698A.141Z. 
  39. ↑ Burgasser, Adam J.; Schneider, Adam C.; Meisner, Aaron M.; Caselden, Dan; Hsu, Chih-Chun; Gerasimov, Roman; Aganze, Christian; Softich, Emma et al. (2024-11-02). "New Cold Subdwarf Discoveries from Backyard Worlds and a Metallicity Classification System for T Subdwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal 982 (2): 79. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb39f. Bibcode: 2025ApJ...982...79B. 
  40. ↑ Tinney, C. G.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Mace, Gregory N.; Cushing, Mike; Gelino, Christopher R.; Burgasser, Adam J.; Sheppard, Scott S. et al. (2018-06-01). "New Y and T Dwarfs from WISE Identified by Methane Imaging". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 236 (2): 28. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aabad3. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 2018ApJS..236...28T. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Schneider, Adam C.; Meisner, Aaron M.; Gagné, Jonathan; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Marocco, Federico; Burgasser, Adam J.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Kuchner, Marc J. et al. (2021-11-01). "Ross 19B: An Extremely Cold Companion Discovered via the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project". The Astrophysical Journal 921 (2): 140. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac1c75. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2021ApJ...921..140S. 
  42. ↑ Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Martin, Emily C.; Smart, Richard L.; Cayago, Alfred J.; Beichman, Charles A.; Marocco, Federico; Gelino, Christopher R.; Faherty, Jacqueline K. et al. (2019-02-01). "Preliminary Trigonometric Parallaxes of 184 Late-T and Y Dwarfs and an Analysis of the Field Substellar Mass Function into the "Planetary" Mass Regime". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 240 (2): 19. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aaf6af. ISSN 0067-0049. Bibcode: 2019ApJS..240...19K. 
  43. ↑ Bardalez Gagliuffi, Daniella et al. (June 2025). "JWST Coronagraphic Images of 14 Her c: a Cold Giant Planet in a Dynamically Hot, Multi-planet System". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 988 (1): L18. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ade30f. Bibcode: 2025ApJ...988L..18B. 
  44. ↑ Voyer, Maël; Changeat, Quentin; Lagage, Pierre-Olivier; Tremblin, Pascal; Waters, Rens; Güdel, Manuel; Henning, Thomas; Absil, Olivier et al. (2025). "MIRI-LRS Spectrum of a Cold Exoplanet around a White Dwarf: Water, Ammonia, and Methane Measurements". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 982 (2): L38. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adbd46. Bibcode: 2025ApJ...982L..38V. 
  45. ↑ Luhman, K. L.; Burgasser, A. J.; Bochanski, J. J. (2011-03-01). "Discovery of a Candidate for the Coolest Known Brown Dwarf". The Astrophysical Journal 730 (1): L9. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/730/1/L9. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...730L...9L. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...730L...9L. 
  46. ↑ Dupuy, Trent J.; Liu, Michael C.; Leggett, S. K. (2015-04-01). "Discovery of a Low-luminosity, Tight Substellar Binary at the T/Y Transition". The Astrophysical Journal 803 (2): 102. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/803/2/102. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2015ApJ...803..102D. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015ApJ...803..102D. 
  47. ↑ Liu, Michael C.; Delorme, Philippe; Dupuy, Trent J.; Bowler, Brendan P.; Albert, Loic; Artigau, Etienne; Reylé, Celine; Forveille, Thierry et al. (2011-10-01). "CFBDSIR J1458+1013B: A Very Cold (>T10) Brown Dwarf in a Binary System". The Astrophysical Journal 740 (2): 108. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/740/2/108. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...740..108L. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJ...740..108L. 
  48. ↑ 48.00 48.01 48.02 48.03 48.04 48.05 48.06 48.07 48.08 48.09 48.10 48.11 48.12 48.13 48.14 48.15 Hainline, Kevin N.; Helton, Jakob M.; Miles, Brittany E.; Leisenring, Jarron; Marley, Mark S.; Mukherjee, Sagnick; Wogan, Nicholas F.; Bunker, Andrew J.; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Maiolino, Roberto; Rieke, Marcia; Rinaldi, Pierluigi; Robertson, Brant; Sun, Fengwu; Tacchella, Sandro; Williams, Christina C.; Willmer, Christopher N. A. (2025). "JADES: An Abundance of Ultra-Distant T- and Y-Dwarfs in Deep Extragalactic Data". arXiv:2510.00111 [astro-ph.SR].
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 Hainline, Kevin N.; Helton, Jakob M.; Johnson, Benjamin D.; Sun, Fengwu; Topping, Michael W.; Leisenring, Jarron M.; Baker, William M.; Eisenstein, Daniel J. et al. (March 2024). "Brown Dwarf Candidates in the JADES and CEERS Extragalactic Surveys" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 964 (1): 66. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad20d1. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2024ApJ...964...66H. 
  50. ↑ Gandolfi, Giovanni (2025). "Mysteries of Capotauro – investigating the puzzling nature of an extreme F356W-dropout". arXiv:2509.01664 [astro-ph.GA].
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Bradač, Maruša; Willott, Chris; Asada, Yoshihisa; Albert, Loïc; Rihtaršič, Gregor; Harshan, Anishya; Judež, Jon; Martis, Nicholas S. et al. (2026-04-26), Two Exciting High-redshift Galaxy Candidates Turn Out to Be Two Exciting Ultra-cool Brown Dwarfs, arXiv, doi:10.48550/arXiv.2604.23668, arXiv:2604.23668, http://arxiv.org/abs/2604.23668, retrieved 2026-04-28 
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Chen, Amos Y.-A.; Goto, Tomotsugu; Wu, Cossas K.-W.; Ling, Chih-Teng; Kim, Seong Jin; Ho, Simon C.-C.; Kilerci, Ece; Uno, Yuri et al. (March 2025). "Brown dwarf number density in the JWST COSMOS-Web field". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 42. doi:10.1017/pasa.2025.25. Bibcode: 2025PASA...42...42C. 
  53. ↑ Gagné, Jonathan; Faherty, Jacqueline K.; Ruiz Diaz, Azul; Coulombe, Louis-Philippe; Bickle, Thomas P.; Schneider, Adam C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Kuchner, Marc J. et al. (April 2026). "A SPHEREx Pipeline and Spectral Library for Ultracool Dwarfs" (in en). arXiv e-prints: arXiv:2604.22012. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2026arXiv260422012G/abstract. 
  54. ↑ Gagné, Jonathan (April 25, 2026). "The SPHEREx Photometry and Image Fitting Framework (SPIFF) Spectrophotometry Library". https://zenodo.org/records/19051216. 
  55. ↑ Mamajek, Eric (2022-04-16). "A Modern Mean Dwarf Stellar Color and Effective Temperature Sequence". https://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/EEM_dwarf_UBVIJHK_colors_Teff.txt. 



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