Astronomy:WISE 1828+2650

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Coordinates: Sky map 18h 28m 31.10s, +26° 50′ 37.79″

Short description: Rogue planet or brown dwarf in the constellation Lyra
WISEPA J182831.08+265037.8
WISE 1828+2650.jpg
WISE 1828+2650 is circled in the centre
(Infrared image from the WISE space telescope).
Observation data
Equinox J2000.0]] (ICRS)
Constellation Lyra
Right ascension  18h 28m 31.10s[1]
Declination 26° 50′ 37.79″[1]
Characteristics
Spectral type >Y2V[2]
Apparent magnitude (J (MKO filter system)) 23.57 ± 0.35[1]
Apparent magnitude (H (MKO filter system)) 22.45 ± 0.08[2]
Astrometry
Proper motion (μ) RA: 1,016.5±0.8[3] mas/yr
Dec.: 169.3±0.8[3] mas/yr
Parallax (π)100.3 ± 2.0[3] mas
Distance32.5 ± 0.6 ly
(10.0 ± 0.2 pc)
Details
Mass3–6 or 0.5–20[2] MJup
Temperature406±88[3] K
Age2–4 or 0.1–10[2] Gyr
Other designations
WISEPA J182831.08+265037.8[1]
WISEP J182831.08+265037.8[2]
WISEP J1828+2650[4]
WISE J1828+2650[1]
WISE 1828+2650[1]
Database references
SIMBADdata

WISE 1828+2650 (full designation WISEPA J182831.08+265037.8) is a possibly binary[5] brown dwarf or rogue planet[2] of spectral class >Y2,[2] located in the constellation Lyra at approximately 32.5 light-years from Earth.[3] It is the "archetypal member" of the Y spectral class.[4]

History of observations

Discovery

WISE 1828+2650 was discovered in 2011 from data collected by NASA's 40 cm (16 in) Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) space telescope at infrared wavelength. WISE 1828+2650 has two discovery papers: Kirkpatrick et al. (2011) and Cushing et al. (2011), however, basically with the same authors and published nearly simultaneously.[1][4]

  • Kirkpatrick et al. presented discovery of 98 new found by WISE brown dwarf systems with components of spectral types M, L, T and Y, among which also was WISE 1828+2650 – coolest of them.[1][~ 1]
  • Cushing et al. presented discovery of seven brown dwarfs – one of T9.5 type, and six of Y-type – first members of the Y spectral class, ever discovered and spectroscopically confirmed, including "archetypal member" of the Y spectral class – WISE 1828+2650.[4] These seven objects are also the faintest seven of 98 brown dwarfs, presented in Kirkpatrick et al. (2011).[1]

Distance

Currently the most accurate distance estimate of WISE 1828+2650 is a trigonometric parallax, published in 2021 by Kirkpatrick et al.: 100.3±2.0 mas, corresponding to a distance of 10.0±0.2 pc, or 32.5±0.6 ly.[3]

WISE 1828+2650 distance estimates
Source Parallax
(mas)		 Distance
(pc)		 Distance
(ly)		 Ref
Kirkpatrick et al. (2011)
 (Table 6)		 – <9.4 <30.7 [1]
Beichman et al. (2013)
 (according to Kirkpatrick et al. (2012))		 122 ± 13 8.2+1.0−0.8 26.7+3.2−2.6 [6]
Beichman et al. (2013) 90 ± 9.5[~ 2] 11.2+1.3−1.0 36.5+4.2−3.3 [2]
Dupuy & Kraus (2013) 70 ± 14[~ 3] 14.3+3.6−2.4 46.6+11.6−7.8 [7]
Beichman et al. (2014) 106 ± 7 9.4+0.7−0.6 30.8+2.2−1.9 [8]
Non-trigonometric distance estimates are marked in italic. The most precise estimate is marked in bold.

Proper motion

WISE 1828+2650 has a proper motion of 1,030.5±1.1 milliarcseconds per year.[3]

WISE 1828+2650 proper motion estimates
Source μ
mas/yr		 P. A.
°		 μRA
mas/yr		 μDEC
mas/yr		 Ref
Kirkpatrick et al. (2011) 1084 84 1078 ± 327 118 ± 409 [1]
Beichman et al. (2013) 966 81 954 ± 11 153 ± 12.5 [2]
Dupuy & Kraus (2013) 1034 ± 15 80.4 ± 0.9 1020 ± 15 173 ± 16 [7]
Beichman et al. (2014) 1039 80.4 1024 ± 7 174 ± 6 [8]
The best estimate is marked in bold.

Physical properties

Until the discovery of WISE 0855−0714 in 2014, WISE 1828+2650 was considered as the coldest currently known brown dwarf or the first example of free-floating planet (it is not currently known if it is a brown dwarf or a free-floating planet).[2] It has a temperature in the range 250–400 K (−23–127 °C; −10–260 °F)[2] and was initially estimated below 300 K,[4] or about 27 °C (81 °F). It has been assigned the latest known spectral class (>Y2,[2] initially estimated as >Y0[4]).

The mass of WISE 1828+2650 is in the range 0.5–20 |♃|J}}}}}} for ages of 0.1–10 Gyr.[2] The high tangential velocity of WISE 1828+2650, characteristic of an old disk population, indicates a possible age of WISE 1828+2650 in the range 2–4 Gyr, leading to a mass estimate of about 3–6 |♃|J}}}}}}.[2] This suggests that WISE 1828+2650 may be a free-floating planet rather than a brown dwarf, since it is below the lower mass limit for deuterium fusion (~13 MJup).

WISE 1828+2650 is similar in appearance to the other Y-type object WD 0806-661 B. WD 0806-661 B could have formed as a planet close to its primary, WD 0806-661 A, and later, when the primary became a white dwarf and lost most of its mass, have migrated into a larger orbit of 2500 AU, and similarity between WD 0806-661 B and WISE 1828+2650 may indicate that WISE 1828+2650 had formed in the same way.[2]

JWST observation with MIRI detected water vapor (H2O), methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3) in the atmosphere of WISE 1828+2650. The work detected a low amount of ammonia containing the 15N isotope when compared to ammonia containing the 14N isotope. The 14NH3-to-15NH3 ratio was measured as 670. This amount of 15NH3 is lower than in any Solar System body and it is an indication that WISE 1828+2650 has formed like a star and not like a planet. Thus, this provides evidence that the object is a (sub-)brown dwarf and not a free-floating planet.[9][10]

Possible binarity

Comparison between WISE 1828+2650 and WD 0806-661 B may suggest that WISE 1828+2650 is a system of two equal-mass objects. Observations with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and Keck-II LGS-AO system had not revealed binarity, suggesting that if any such companion exists, it would have an orbit less than 0.5 AU, and no direct evidence for binarity yet exists.[2] However, the spectrum of the system best fits a pair of brown dwarfs, each with an effective temperature of about 325 K and a mass of about 5 |♃|J}}}}}}.[5]

JWST NIRCam imaging observations did not find a companion at a separation larger than 0.5 astronomical units.[11] NIRSpec low resolution prism observations cannot be explained with existing Sonora Bobcat models of planetary objects, neither single nor multiple.[12] The binary model fails to provide an improved fit for the existing photometric data.[11]

Comparison

Brown dwarfs Teide 1, Gliese 229B, and WISE 1828+2650 compared to red dwarf Gliese 229A, Jupiter and the Sun

See also

The other six discoveries of brown dwarfs, published by Cushing et al. in 2011:[4]

Notes

  1. ↑ These 98 brown dwarf systems are only among first, not all brown dwarf systems, discovered from data, collected by WISE: six discoveries were published earlier (however, also listed in Kirkpatrick et al. (2011)) in Mainzer et al. (2011) and Burgasser et al. (2011), and the other discoveries were published later.
  2. ↑ According to Dupuy & Kraus (2013), this measurement uncertainty is likely underestimated.
  3. ↑ Relative parallax.

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Michael C.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Wright, Edward L.; Mainzer, Amy K. et al. (2011). "The First Hundred Brown Dwarfs Discovered by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement 197 (2): 19. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/197/2/19. Bibcode: 2011ApJS..197...19K. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 Beichman, Charles A.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Barman, Travis S.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Cushing, Michael C.; Wright, Edward L. (2013). "The Coldest Brown Dwarf (or Free-floating Planet)?: The Y Dwarf WISE 1828+2650". The Astrophysical Journal 764 (1): 101. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/764/1/101. Bibcode: 2013ApJ...764..101B. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Kirkpatrick, J. Davy et al. (March 2021). "The Field Substellar Mass Function Based on the Full-sky 20 pc Census of 525 L, T, and Y Dwarfs". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 253 (1): 7. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/abd107. Bibcode: 2021ApJS..253....7K. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Cushing, Michael C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Mainzer, Amy K.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Beichman, Charles A. et al. (2011). "The Discovery of Y Dwarfs using Data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)". The Astrophysical Journal 743 (1): 50. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/743/1/50. Bibcode: 2011ApJ...743...50C. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cushing, Michael C.; Schneider, Adam C.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Morley, Caroline V.; Marley, Mark S.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Mace, Gregory N.; Wright, Edward L. et al. (2021). "An Improved Near-infrared Spectrum of the Archetype Y Dwarf WISEP J182831.08+265037.8". The Astrophysical Journal 920 (1): 20. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac12cb. Bibcode: 2021ApJ...920...20C. 
  6. ↑ Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Cushing, Michael C.; Mace, Gregory N.; Griffith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Marsh, Kenneth A.; Wright, Edward L. et al. (2012). "Further Defining Spectral Type "Y" and Exploring the Low-mass End of the Field Brown Dwarf Mass Function". The Astrophysical Journal 753 (2): 156. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/2/156. Bibcode: 2012ApJ...753..156K. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Dupuy, Trent J.; Kraus, Adam L. (2013). "Distances, Luminosities, and Temperatures of the Coldest Known Substellar Objects". Science 341 (6153): 1492–5. doi:10.1126/science.1241917. PMID 24009359. Bibcode: 2013Sci...341.1492D. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Beichman, Charles A.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Michael C.; Dodson-Robinson, Sally; Marley, Mark S.; Morley, Caroline V.; Wright, Edward L. (2014). "WISE Y Dwarfs As Probes of the Brown Dwarf-Exoplanet Connection". The Astrophysical Journal 783 (2): 68. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/783/2/68. Bibcode: 2014ApJ...783...68B. 
  9. ↑ "An ammonia trail to exoplanets" (in en). 2023-11-07. https://www.phys.ethz.ch/news-and-events/d-phys-news/2023/11/an-ammonia-trail-to-exoplanets.html. 
  10. ↑ Barrado, David et al. (November 2023). "15NH3 in the atmosphere of a cool brown dwarf". Nature. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06813-y. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 De Furio, Matthew; Lew, Ben; Beichman, Charles; Roellig, Thomas; Bryden, Geoffrey; Ciardi, David; Meyer, Michael; Rieke, Marcia et al. (2023-05-01). "JWST Observations of the Enigmatic Y-Dwarf WISE 1828+2650. I. Limits to a Binary Companion". The Astrophysical Journal 948 (2): 92. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acbf1e. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2023ApJ...948...92D. 
  12. ↑ Beichman, Charles; De Furio, Matthew; Roellig, Thomas; Lew, Ben; Greene, Thomas; Leisenring, Jarron; Misselt, Karl; Stansberry, John et al. (2023-01-01). "JWST Observations of the Enigmatic Y Dwarf WISE 1828+2650". American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts 55 (2): 345.05. Bibcode: 2023AAS...24134505B. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023AAS...24134505B. 

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